NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TIP-CLEARANCE FLOW IN CASCADE

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｉｐ ｃｌｅａｒａｎｃｅｆｌｏｗｓｏｃｃｕｒｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ ｉｎｇａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｓｕｃｈａｓａｘｉａｌ ｆｌｏｗ ｐｕｍｐｓａｎｄｄｕｃｔ ｅｄｐｒｏｐｅｌｌｅｒｓ .Ｔｈｅｉｎｅｒｔｉａｌｆｏｒｃｅｓａｃｔｉｎｇｕｐｏｎｔｈｅｆｌｕｉｄｉｎｔｈｅｎａｒｒｏｗ ｇａｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｂｌａｄｅｔｉｐａｎｄｔｈｅｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇｗａｌｌａｒｅｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｔｏ ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅａｔｉｐｌｅａｋａｇｅｖｏｒｔｅｘｏｎｔｈｅｓｕｃｔｉｏｎｓ…     

Numerical predictions of pressure pulses in a Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes

Previous experimental and numerical analyses of the pressure pulse characteristics in a Francis turbine are extended here by using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the shear stress transport （SST） turbulence model to model the unsteady flow within the entire flow passage of a large Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes at the rated rotational speed. The S-curve characteristics are analyzed by a combined use of the model test and the steady state simulation with the aligned guide vane firstly. Four misaligned guide vanes with two different openings are chosen to analyze the influence of pressure pulses in the turbine. The characteristics of the dominant unsteady flow frequencies in different parts of the pump turbine for various misaligned guide vane openings are investigated in detail. The predicted hydraulic performance and the pressure fluctuations show that the misaligned guide vanes reduce the relative pressure fluctuation amplitudes in the stationary part of the flow passage, but not the runner blades. The misaligned guide vanes have changed the low frequencies in the entire flow passage with the change of the pulse amplitudes mainly due to changes in the rotor-stator interaction and the low frequency vortex rope flow behavior.     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF SILT ABRASIVE EROSION IN HYDRAULIC TURBINE

1.INTRODUCTIONTherearemanyhydraulicturbinesoperatedinsiltladenriversintheworld.Thepresenceofsolidparticlesintheflowoftencauseabrasivedegradationofcertainpartsofthehydraulicturbinewhichareespeciallyexposedtotheflow.Theerosivewearduetohydroabrasiondependsprimarilyonthesurfacematerialandonthematerialoftheabrasiveparticlesinwater.Thefluiddynamicsoftheparticlemotionalsoplayaveryimportantroleinthistribologicalsystem.Therelativevelocityofparticlesandthefrequencyofimpactarekeyfactorsindetermining…     

运西水电站竖井贯流式水轮机性能优化

采用雷诺时均方程(RANS),选择S-A湍流模型,运用SIMPLEC算法,利用CFD数值模拟技术,数值模拟了不同方案的运西水电站水轮机流道内流场,分析了转轮直径、叶片翼型、叶片个数、叶片安放角、转轮轮毂、转轮转速、导叶翼型、导叶轴线与机组中心线夹角、导叶个数、叶片及导叶安装位置、导叶开度对水轮机性能的影响,叶片数为3时水轮机装置性能较优,机组最高效率点分别在转速为187.5r/min、导叶个数为15时出现。对原有流道可改变部件做适当优化后,将优化后的转轮应用于电站进行数值计算,根据全流道的数值模拟结果,预测电站改造后机组的水力性能。根据数值计算的结果制作模型水轮机和真机进行模型试验和真机测试。结果表明,数值模拟结果与模型实验以及现场运行结果曲线的变化趋势一致,数值模拟结果基本能够准确反映电站的外特性和内部流场特征。     

三峡水轮机全流道三维流动数值模拟研究

本文使用商业CFD软件FLUENT,开发了部分接口程序,进行了全流道原型水轮机三维湍流数值模拟研究,计算对象是中国水利水电科学研究院机电研究所为三峡右岸开发的水轮机模型,该水力模型有完整的模型试验资料,可用于检验计算结果。水轮机全流道三维湍流数值模拟,计算区域为包括蜗壳、固定导叶、活动导叶、转轮和尾水管的全部流道。模拟中控制方程采用了三维时均N—S方程、湍流模型采用两方程RNG k-ε模型,数值方法采用贴体坐标的有限体积法。共进行了3个开度条件下的计算,每个开度各进行4个典型工况的三维湍流流场模拟,通过数值方法求解控制方程,获得了全流道的流速和压力分布。计算结果表明流速和压力分布合理,数值计算得到的效率与试验得到的效率进行比较,结果吻合良好。     

基于熵产理论的水泵水轮机反S区水力损失机理分析

水泵水轮机在水轮机工况运行时易进入反S不稳定区,影响机组的安全稳定运行。传统压差法在计算水力损失时不能获得损失的具体分布和详细来源,因此水泵水轮机在反S区水力损失机理仍有待深入研究。本文采用雷诺时均方法对某原型抽蓄电站水泵水轮机在活动导叶开度分别为12°和35°下的反S区运行工况进行了数值模拟,基于熵产理论对各个过流部件和不同类型的水力损失进行了定量分析,并结合流场分布情况进一步明确了水力损失的分布特点和产生原因。结果表明,水泵水轮机进入反S区会引起导叶段水力损失占总水力损失的比例逐渐增大,而转轮段水力损失逐渐减小。在不同类型的能量损失中,湍流熵产占据主导,壁面熵产次之,直接熵产最小。随着水泵水轮机进入深度反S区,转轮区湍流熵产损失较大区域从转轮进口的叶片压力面转移到转轮出口叶片吸力面。水泵水轮机位于反S区时,转轮对水流做功输入能量,使无叶区总压大幅上升,活动导叶开度增大会显著增大无叶区水流能量幅值。     

A FAST LAGRANGIAN SIMULATION METHOD FOR FLOW ANALYSIS AND RUNNER DESIGN IN PELTON TURBINES

In the present work,an alternative numerical methodology is developed for a fast and effective simulation and analysis of the complex flow and energy conversion in Pelton impulse hydro turbines.The algorithm is based on the Lagrangian approach and the unsteady free-surface flow during the jet-bucket interaction is simulated by tracking the trajectories of representative fluid particles at very low computer cost.Modern regression tools are implemented in a new parameterization technique of the inner bucket surface.Key-feature of the model is the introduction of additional terms into the particle motion equations to account for various hydraulic losses and the flow spreading,which are regulated and evaluated with the aid of experimental data in a Laboratory Pelton turbine.The model is applied to study the jet-runner interaction in various operation conditions and then to perform numerical design optimization of the bucket shape,using a stochastic optimizer based on evolutionary algorithms.The obtained optimum runner attains remarkably higher hydraulic efficiency in the entire load range.Finally,a new small Pelton turbine(150 kW) is designed,manufactured and tested in the Laboratory,and its performance and efficiency verify the model predictions.     

水轮机流道非恒定流对过机鱼体影响研究

基于鱼类借助水轮机流道下行过坝时成活率较低的背景,在利用视频分析技术捕捉草鱼幼鱼通过模型轴流式水轮机下行典型路径的基础上,结合CFD数值模拟技术对水轮机流道非恒定流对过机鱼体的影响进行深入研究。结果表明,水轮机过渡过程中导叶关闭时间与过机鱼体的损伤概率有一定的相关性。随着水轮机导叶关闭时间的延长,鱼体通过水轮机下行的受压力损伤概率降低,但受压力梯度损伤的概率增加。综合比较压力及压力梯度对过机鱼体的损伤影响,表明:导叶关闭时间延长会增加对过机鱼体造成损伤的概率。因此,对于水轮机流道有过鱼需求的水电站,在不影响稳定运行的条件下,为保护鱼体安全过机,应适当降低导叶关闭时间。研究结论可对减小过机鱼体损伤概率的水轮机优化运行提供一定参考。     

高水头混流式水轮机减负荷瞬态流动特性研究

为了平衡和补偿间歇性可再生能源不定时并网对电网的不利冲击,水轮机不得不频繁地经历减负荷瞬态工况转换过程,从而诱发水轮机内部不稳定的压力脉动及涡流结构。基于多面体网格及动网格技术,开展了高水头混流式水轮机导叶关闭减负荷过程水轮机特征参数响应、压力脉动及涡流演化特性的数值模拟工作。研究发现,采用压力边界条件获得的水轮机水头与试验结果吻合较好,流量结果可信度高。负荷变化过程中,无叶区压力脉动相对变化趋势与导叶运动规律一致,且幅值变化不大。导叶开始及停止运动,引起尾水管内的压力信号发生突变,并逐渐形成低频周期性压力脉动。涡带运动诱发的不稳定压力脉动,是转轮轴向水推力形成的主要原因。在导叶闭合过程中,强度较小的轴对称涡带首先沿轴向和径向拉伸,随后沿轴向收缩。导叶停止运动进入部分负荷工况,直涡结构进一步收缩,演变为细长状双螺旋结构,最后双螺旋涡结构合并成强度较高的单一螺旋状涡带。此外,水轮机负荷的减小使尾水管内出现回流,漩涡运动等不稳定现象。     

水轮机活动导叶的耐磨设计及实验研究

通过对含沙水流条件下水轮机导叶的水力损失及磨蚀机理进行分析研究，重新设计制作了活动导叶的翼型，并与现行标准导叶在专门设计的模型实验台上进行了对比实验，得出了一些有价值的结果。为进一步进行导叶翼型的研究提供了有益的参考。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF CAVITATION ON THE SURFACE OF THE GUIDE VANE IN THREE GORGES HYDROPOWER UNIT

Large-area erosions such as rust and obvious cavitation were found on the surface of the guide vane in Three Gorges hydropower units. A numerical explanation of the cavitation is given in this article. At first, based on the characteristic performance curves of the prototype hydro-turbine supplied by ALSTOM together with the actual operating conditions, an operating point is chosen for numerical analysis using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The flow passages from the inlet of the spiral case to the outlet of the draft tube are included in the computational domain. The results show that the static pressure on the guide vane surface is much higher than the critical pressure of cavitation. Secondly, a tiny protrusion on the guide vane surface is considered and the problem is simplified to a 2-D problem to study the local detailed flow near the guide vane surface. The protrusion is 0.5 mm in height and is 5.0 mm in width. On the basis of the results of RANS simulations, the 2-D problem is studied using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES). It is shown that there exists a region in which the static pressure reaches a level below the vapor pressure of the water. Thirdly, a cavitation model is included for the 0.5 mm protrusion case and another tiny pit case, with a tiny pit 0.3 mm in depth and 1.0 mm in width. The results show that vapor bubble exists at the protrusion entrance and the pit exit as the low pressure regions.     

Design and development of guide vane cascade for a low speed number Francis turbine

Guide vane cascade of a low speed number Francis turbine is developed for the experimental investigations.The test setup is able to produce similar velocity distributions at the runner inlet as that of a reference prototype turbine.Standard analytical methods are used to design the reference turbine.Periodic walls of flow channel between guide vanes are identified as the starting profile for the boundary of the cascade.Two alternative designs with three guide vanes and two guide vanes,without runner,are studied.A new approach,for the hydraulic design and optimization of the cascade test setup layout,is proposed and investigated in details.CFD based optimization methods are used to define the final layout of the test setup.The optimum design is developed as a test setup and experimental validation is done with PIV methods.The optimized design of cascade with one guide vane between two flow channels is found to produce similar flow conditions to that in the runner inlet of a low speed number Francis turbine.     

大型水电站福伊特水轮机模型试验研究

为了检验某大型水电站水轮机的水力特性,进行了水轮机福伊特模型验收试验,包括尺寸检查、效率试验、出力试验、飞逸试验、空化试验、蜗壳差压试验、压力脉动试验、导叶水力矩试验、轴向水推力试验、筒阀下拉力试验等内容。试验结果表明：模型水轮机及换算得到的原型的效率、出力、空化、压力脉动、飞逸、轴向水推力、导叶水力矩、筒阀压力等性能指标均满足合同技术要求。     

水泵水轮机导叶间不同周向偏距对水力效率的影响研究

通过三维定常数值模拟方法,分析混流式水泵水轮机导叶间不同周向偏距RCP对水力效率的影响研究。选取9种不同的周向偏距RCP,对4种不同工况的计算,得到周向偏距RCP对水泵水轮机各工况效率影响规律。考虑机组设计工况和非设计工况下机组性能,周向偏距RCP在0-4/18之间比较合理。周向偏距RCP的变化引起水力效率下降的因素为:造成活动导叶出口处速度分布不均匀,进而活动导叶出口后的过流部件流速分布不均匀使得损失增大,导致水力效率降低。     

NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF VORTEX FLOW IN HYDRAULIC TURBINE DRAFT TUBE FOR LES

The three-dimensional unsteady turbulent flow is studied numerically in the whole flow passage of hydraulic turbine, and vortex flow in the draft tube is predicted accurately in this paper. The numerical prediction is based on the Navier-Stokes equations and Large-Eddy Simulation （LES） model. The SIMPLE algorithm with the body fitted coordinate and tetrahedroid grid system is applied for the solution of the discretization governing equations.     

低扬程灯泡贯流泵水力特性及内部流场数值模拟

为了更加深入地研究灯泡贯流泵及其后置导叶的水力性能,采用CFD方法,借助于RNG k-ε湍流模型,应用SIMPLIEC算法,对灯泡贯流泵装置全流道进行了数值模拟,分析了其在4种特殊流量工况点下机组后置导叶的流动特性,研究了灯泡贯流泵的内部流动特征。结果表明:在最优工况点时,泵装置的内部流态较好,水流平直顺畅,导叶的导流作用最好;在小流量工况下,泵叶轮进口处出现了大范围的回流、漩涡区,叶轮出口处出水流的流态紊乱,相邻叶片翼型周围有明显的回流区,后置导叶翼型周围的流态紊乱,存在大范围的不良流态区域;在大流量工况下,叶片周围流态较好,出水流态内的回流区较少,但导叶周围的流态较差。可见,后置导叶对叶轮出口处水流的导流作用明显,偏离最优工况时,导叶区的水力损失较大。     

INVESTIGATION OF VISCOUS FLOW FIELD AROUND AN APPENDED REVOLUTION BODY WITH GUIDE VANE PROPELLER

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｆｌｏｗａｒｏｕｎｄａｎａｐｐｅｎｄｅｄｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｂｏｄｙａｔｈｉｇｈＲｅｙｎｏｌｄｓｎｕｍｂｅｒｉｓｐａｒｔｏｆａｃｏｍ ｐｅｔｉｔｉｖｅｂｅｎｃｈｍａｒｋｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｔｏｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｃｏｍｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎａｌｆｌｕｉｄｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ (ＣＦＤ)ｃａｐａ ｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓｆｏｒｉｎｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｂｌｅｖｉｓｃｏｕｓｆｌｏｗ .Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｌｗａｙｓａｐｐｅｎｄａｇｅｓｅｑｕｉｐｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｓｕｂｍａｒｉｎｅ′ｓｓｔｅｒ…     

隔河岩水利枢纽水力学原型观测

１９９２～１９９３年对隔河岩工程的原型观测部位包括一、二级消力池、表孔、深孔以及电站引水隧洞和厂房。观测内容有脉动特性、流态、雾化程度和范围、掺气以及空化情况等。观测结果表明，一级消力池是安全的，二级消力池起到了消能作用；４号深孔洞身时均压力分布均匀，无负压，设计侧墙高度满足运行要求；电站１～４号机进口快速闸门漏水量达到或超过设计允许值，１号机导叶漏水量满足设计值。     

UNSTEADY FLOW ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF AXIAL-FLOW PUMP

The three-dimensional unsteady turbulent flow in axial-flow pumps was simulated based on Navier-Stoke solver embedded with k-ε RNG turbulence model and SIMPLEC algorithm.Numerical results show that the unsteady prediction results are more accurate than the steady results,and the maximal error of unsteady prediction is only 4.54%.The time-domain spectrums show that the static pressure fluctuation curves at the inlet and outlet of the rotor and the outlet of the stator are periodic,and all have four peaks and four valleys.The pressure fluctuation amplitude increases from the hub to the tip at the inlet and outlet of the rotor,but decreases at the outlet of the stator.The pressure fluctuation amplitude is the greatest at the inlet of the rotor,and the average amplitude decreases sharply from the inlet to the outlet.The frequency spectrums obtained by Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) show that the dominant frequency is approximately equal to the blade passing frequency.The static pressure on the pressure side of hydrofoil on different stream surfaces remains almost consistent,and increases gradually from the blade inlet to the exit on the suction side at different time steps.The axial velocity distribution is periodic and is affected by the stator blade number at the rotor exit.The experimental results show that the flow is almost axial and the pre-rotation is very small at the rotor inlet under the conditions of 0.8 QN -1.2 QN.Due to the clearance leakage,the pressure,circulation and meridional velocity at the rotor outlet all decrease near the hub leakage and tip clearance regions.     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TIP CLEARANCE FLOWS ON THE UNSTEADY CAVITATING FLOWS IN A THREE- D IMENSIONAL INDUCER

To clarify the influences of the tip clearance flows on the unsteady cavitating flow,the three-dimensional unsteady cavitating flows through both the two-dimensional cascades and the three-dimensional inducer with and without tip clearance are performed numerically.The governing equations for the compressible fluid flow with the DES turbulence model are employed with the assumption of the isentropic process of liquid phase.The evolution of cavities is represented as the source/sink of vapor phase.The basic equations in the curve linear coordinate are solved by the finite difference method.As the results of the three-dimensional cavitating flows through the two-dimensional cascades,the tip clearance flows from the pressure side to the suction side of the blade produces the tip vortex cavitation,which affects the sheet cavitation on the leading edge of the next blade and enhances the blockage effect near the casing than the flows without tip clearance.On the other hand,in the case of the three-dimensional inducer,the large backflow cavitation is observed around the inlet of the inducer,where the cavities are developed on the casing by the tip clearance flows.The large pressure gradient between the non-cavitating pressure side and the cavitating suction side enhances the tip clearance flows.The calculation considering the tip clearance reproduces the developed cavitation region similar to that of experimental visualizations.Additionally,the backflow cavitation rotates with the speed slower than the rotation speed of the inducer.Then,the rotation of backflow cavitation causes the periodic fluctuation of the outlet pressure greater than that of the inlet pressure.