NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE GUIDE-VANE FLOW AND THE INFLUENCE FROM THE LEAKAGE FLOW

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水轮机内部湍流计算方法研究

概述了水轮机内部流动计算近几十年的发展历史与研究现状,介绍了水轮机内部三维流动计算的控制方程及其解法以及常用商业软件,总结了湍流的数值计算方法,重点讨论了湍流模型理论,并指出水轮机内部湍流计算正朝着全三维、小尺度、瞬时化处理发展。     

旋转流场中沙粒运动的数值模拟

本文给出了低含沙浓度旋转流场中沙粒运动的数值方法，并得到了沙粒运动方程的通解，同时数值模拟了一水轮机转轮流场中的沙粒运动。     

虹吸式出水流道水力性能数值计算湍流模型适用性

为寻求适用于大型低扬程泵站虹吸式出水流道水力性能数值计算的湍流模型,首先采用透明流道模型对某低扬程泵站虹吸式出水流道进行了试验研究,测试了流道水头损失并分析了流道内流态; 在网格无关性分析的基础上,选择常用的一方程湍流模型(S-A湍流模型)、二方程湍流模型(k-ε湍流模型、k-ω湍流模型)及Reynolds Stress湍流模型分别对该虹吸式出水流道水力性能进行了三维湍流流动数值计算,并将计算结果与模型试验结果进行比较。结果表明:与一方程湍流模型和Reynolds Stress湍流模型相比,二方程湍流模型在虹吸式出水流道水头损失的计算中更具优越性,采用Standard k-ε,Realizable k-ε和SST k-ω等3种二方程湍流模型计算得到的流道水头损失相对误差小于3%,其中,Standard k-ε湍流模型计算得到的流场与模型试验结果最吻合。     

三峡水轮机全流道三维流动数值模拟研究

本文使用商业CFD软件FLUENT,开发了部分接口程序,进行了全流道原型水轮机三维湍流数值模拟研究,计算对象是中国水利水电科学研究院机电研究所为三峡右岸开发的水轮机模型,该水力模型有完整的模型试验资料,可用于检验计算结果。水轮机全流道三维湍流数值模拟,计算区域为包括蜗壳、固定导叶、活动导叶、转轮和尾水管的全部流道。模拟中控制方程采用了三维时均N—S方程、湍流模型采用两方程RNG k-ε模型,数值方法采用贴体坐标的有限体积法。共进行了3个开度条件下的计算,每个开度各进行4个典型工况的三维湍流流场模拟,通过数值方法求解控制方程,获得了全流道的流速和压力分布。计算结果表明流速和压力分布合理,数值计算得到的效率与试验得到的效率进行比较,结果吻合良好。     

水轮机泥沙磨损研究进展

本文从泥沙磨损机理的试验研究和数值模拟、磨损影响因素及磨损预估模型三个方面阐述了国内外对水轮机泥沙磨损问题的研究成果,并提出了今后水轮机泥沙磨损研究的相关建议,为进一步开展磨损机理的研究进而建立可靠实用的磨损预估模型提供参考。     

多沙河流小型水轮机技术开发

多泥沙河流小型卧式水轮机技术开发的目标是减轻水轮机过流部件的磨蚀破坏，延长大修周期和提高出力．从水电站实际出发，研制了清、浑水转轮，开发利用尾水跌水能量，设计渠道水力排沙装置，以及采用诸多水轮机改进措施，从而实现减缓磨蚀，延长大修周期和增容之目标，社会经济效益显著．     

桥梁基桩在含沙水流冲击作用下的冲蚀磨损数值模拟研究

过水桥梁的基桩外露已成为影响桥梁安全性的重要因素,携沙水流会对外露部分的基桩产生冲蚀作用,加速混凝土的破坏,累积到一定程度,会导致桥梁安全性降低,影响桥梁交通的正常运营。为研究携沙水流对基桩的冲蚀磨损规律及其影响因素,利用ANSYS-Workbench建立三维模型,在FLUENT的工作环境下,模拟水沙两相流的流动特性,并求解得出基桩最大冲蚀磨损速率。通过数值模拟,研究了携沙水流的流场特性,并得出了在不同流速、含沙量及粒径下的冲蚀磨损规律。结果表明:流速、含沙量及粒径都对最大冲蚀率有较大影响,其中,最大冲蚀率随流速的增加而增大,并呈现出明显的指数关系;含沙量与最大冲蚀率呈现出正相关关系;最大冲蚀率随粒径的增大呈现出先减少后趋于稳定的趋势。研究成果可以为后续基桩冲蚀磨损预测的工程应用提供相关依据。     

Analyzing hydro abrasive erosion in Kaplan turbine:A case study from India

Sediment flow through hydro turbine causes erosion of hydraulic components resulting in drop of turbine efficiency, particularly in hydropower plants of the Himalayan region. The measurement of erosion and monitoring of sediment flow in turbine are major concerns in erosion study. Attempts have been made to study erosion mainly in Pelton and Francis turbines. In this study, a simple and effective method has been presented to measure erosion in a Kaplan turbine of a run-of-river scheme Chilla hydropower plant in foothills of Himalaya. Recent techniques were used to measure sediment parameters like concentration, size, shape and mineral content. A standard erosion model is applied to estimate the erosion in Kaplan turbine blade, runner chamber and draft tube cone. A calibration factor has been proposed to apply the erosion model for site specific conditions. It has been found that the outer trailing edges of the turbine blade and upper runner chamber are most erosion prone zones. Sediment analysis revealed that effective operation can reduce erosion in turbine components. The estimated erosion values from model are found to be consistent with measured values. Finally, suggestions for design improvements and effective operation of erosion affected hydropower plants are given.     

冲击式水轮机喷射机构泥沙磨损特性的数值模拟

为分析泥沙颗粒的直径及浓度对喷射机构磨损位置和磨损率的影响,基于Fluent平台对模型冲击式水轮机的喷射机构进行了三维建模,在水气两相流非定常计算稳定的基础之上,加入离散相,应用基于颗粒轨道的欧拉-拉格朗日法对水气沙三相进行了非定常数值模拟。在泥沙体积分数为1%的条件下,泥沙径粒分别取0.01、0.05、0.4和1 mm;在泥沙径粒为0.05 mm的条件下,泥沙体积分数分别取1%、2%、3%、4%和5%。结果表明,喷嘴出口处的压能大部分转化为了动能,且喷嘴出口处出现了负压;随着泥沙径粒的增加,泥沙的随流性会变差;泥沙径粒影响喷嘴的磨损范围,但喷嘴表面的磨损位置是相似的;喷针头部的针尖位置更容易受到细小颗粒的磨损,且喷针的过渡段磨损与径粒大小呈正相关;喷射机构受到的最大磨损率随泥沙浓度的增加而增大;在同一泥沙浓度下,喷嘴受到的磨损要大于喷针;泥沙浓度的增加会使喷嘴、喷针的磨损率增加,但泥沙颗粒的运动轨迹及喷针磨损的位置是相似的。     

长短叶片水轮机转轮内固液两相流数值模拟

运用RNGκ-ε湍流模型和两相流混合模型,分别对常规叶片和长短叶片的混流式水轮机全流道在不同开度下的含沙水流运动进行数值模拟,并对常规叶片转轮磨损情况与实验结果进行比较分析。对固体颗粒在2种转轮内的流动状况及叶片表面泥沙磨损程度进行分析时发现:2种转轮叶片表面泥沙颗粒速度曲线趋势相同,都是在叶片进口处存在速度最大值;在最优工况下,常规叶片表面的泥沙浓度要高于长短叶片,在叶片进口压力面和出口处出现了严重的泥沙磨损;长短叶片表面的泥沙浓度分布更为均匀。此外,在计算过程中还发现,叶片进口压力面的磨损程度随开度的减小而稍有加剧,最严重区域发生在距叶片进口1/5位置处。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OF PLUNGE POOL AND ENERGY DISSIPATION ANALYSIS

A 3-D numerical model for simulating the complicated turbulent flows was developed and the code was made. A numerical calculation of the plunge pool of Laxiwa project in China was carried on. Those 3-D distributions of velocity,pressure on bottom wall,turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence energy dissipation rate are revealed in detail and the detailed flow patterns of plunge pool were shown. By studying on the characteristics of turbulent diffusion and energy dissipation,the calculated results show that the major turbulence and energy dissipation are taken place near the axis of water jet. The calculated results also indicated that the calculated maximum impact pressures on the bottom wall of the plunge pool have a good agreement with those obtained by physical hydraulic model test.     

基于数值试验的水轮机改造新方法

传统的水轮机改造方法是针对水电站水轮机中拟改造的过流部件和实际运行条件，采用类似新电站设计的多方案设计和模型试验进行性能对比来论证改造方案和验证设计，在水轮机改造过程中，因受到了已有流道的限制，其过流部件与新建电站的设计思路有很大的差异，根据水轮机改造中过流部件设计的特点，基于数字化设计与试验的思想，对全流道进行联合的三维粘性流动数值模拟，在数值模拟的基础上进行性能预测，以数值试验取代模型性能试验，提出一套基于数值试验的水轮机改造技术，并简介该技术在水电站水轮机改造中的实际应用情况。     

龙抬头水电站泄洪洞水力特性研究

针对青海省某大型水电站龙抬头泄洪洞工程,采用计算流体力学软件Flow-3D,应用RNG k-ε紊流模型、VOF方法,对泄洪洞整体水力特性进行三维数值模拟研究,得到泄洪洞闸室、龙抬头段、挑坎等部位水流流态、壁面压强、水流流速等水力参数。将部分数值模拟结果同整体水工模型试验实测结果进行比较,两者吻合良好。数值模拟及试验成果显示,泄洪洞闸室合理设置突扩突跌设施可有效掺气、利于减蚀,龙抬头段水流流态平稳无突变、壁面无负压;而且,扭曲斜切挑坎有利于挑射水流归槽,可避免水流冲刷对向河岸,泄洪洞体型设计合理。研究表明,数值模拟与理论研究结果接近,可靠度较高,可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

THE APPLICATIONS AND STUDY OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENCE FLOW WITH FREE SURFACE IN HYDRAULIC SPILL WAYS STRUCTURE

The turbulence flow Free Surface has important applications in hydraulic spillways structure,such as the hydraulic jump,energy dissipation flow etc.This is being considered as very complicated flow,and has not yet been solved quite well by numerical method. In this paper,a Large-scale computational software package are developed for numerical laboratory of hydraulic spillway structure.Some methods,such as turbulence model, free surface and irregular boundary treating techniques,scientific computer visualization are put forward and performed.     

水轮机抗汽蚀材料及表面防护技术的应用现状及趋势

汽蚀和磨损是水轮机和其他过流部件普遍存在的主要问题。从这两个问题出发,阐述了水轮机叶轮材料及其表面防护技术的应用现状及趋势。结合材料及其表面防护技术的发展,认为高速火焰喷涂(HVOF)制备的纳米金属陶瓷复合涂层可望有效地解决水轮机的汽蚀和磨损问题。     

Numerical predictions of pressure pulses in a Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes

Previous experimental and numerical analyses of the pressure pulse characteristics in a Francis turbine are extended here by using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the shear stress transport （SST） turbulence model to model the unsteady flow within the entire flow passage of a large Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes at the rated rotational speed. The S-curve characteristics are analyzed by a combined use of the model test and the steady state simulation with the aligned guide vane firstly. Four misaligned guide vanes with two different openings are chosen to analyze the influence of pressure pulses in the turbine. The characteristics of the dominant unsteady flow frequencies in different parts of the pump turbine for various misaligned guide vane openings are investigated in detail. The predicted hydraulic performance and the pressure fluctuations show that the misaligned guide vanes reduce the relative pressure fluctuation amplitudes in the stationary part of the flow passage, but not the runner blades. The misaligned guide vanes have changed the low frequencies in the entire flow passage with the change of the pulse amplitudes mainly due to changes in the rotor-stator interaction and the low frequency vortex rope flow behavior.     

运行工况对水轮机活动导叶表面泥沙浓度分布的影响

采用标准k-ε模型对水轮机内部沙水流动进行数值模拟,研究了不同工况下映秀湾电站活动导叶泥沙分布情况。研究结果表明,活动导叶磨损主要集中在头部且工作面比背面磨损量大,泥沙颗粒在活动导叶底部有堆积。活动导叶泥沙绕流速度分布规律相似,并随着出力的增加头部绕流速度明显增大。     

新疆夏特水电站水轮机抗磨措施研究

新疆夏特水电站所在克孜河中游含沙量高,是典型的多泥沙河流电站,高含沙量对电站水轮机过流部件的泥沙磨损影响很大。详细分析了电站泥沙的形成及输沙能力以及电站泥沙颗粒级配情况,对夏特电站可采用的水轮机进行了沙水流动的数值模拟和关键过流部件泥沙磨损试验,预估了水轮机的泥沙磨损情况,并提出了抗泥沙磨损的措施。研究结果为夏特水电站水轮机的抗磨设计和运行提供了重要参考依据。     

A FAST LAGRANGIAN SIMULATION METHOD FOR FLOW ANALYSIS AND RUNNER DESIGN IN PELTON TURBINES

In the present work,an alternative numerical methodology is developed for a fast and effective simulation and analysis of the complex flow and energy conversion in Pelton impulse hydro turbines.The algorithm is based on the Lagrangian approach and the unsteady free-surface flow during the jet-bucket interaction is simulated by tracking the trajectories of representative fluid particles at very low computer cost.Modern regression tools are implemented in a new parameterization technique of the inner bucket surface.Key-feature of the model is the introduction of additional terms into the particle motion equations to account for various hydraulic losses and the flow spreading,which are regulated and evaluated with the aid of experimental data in a Laboratory Pelton turbine.The model is applied to study the jet-runner interaction in various operation conditions and then to perform numerical design optimization of the bucket shape,using a stochastic optimizer based on evolutionary algorithms.The obtained optimum runner attains remarkably higher hydraulic efficiency in the entire load range.Finally,a new small Pelton turbine(150 kW) is designed,manufactured and tested in the Laboratory,and its performance and efficiency verify the model predictions.