TC4钛合金激光焊对接接头超塑变形显微组织

采用金相显微镜观察了钛合金激光对接接头超塑性变形前后各区域显微组织,并分析其形成机理.结果表明,变形温度的增加或应变速率的降低有利于TC4合金接头超塑变形,母材晶粒发生一定程度的长大,且α相的数量相对减小,而晶间β相数量逐渐增加,两相都有等轴化趋势;焊缝超塑性变形时,针状组织增厚成为片层状.变形过程中片层组织被打断,片层长度变短,具有球化的趋势;超塑性变形后焊缝截面显微硬度最大为380 HV,与变形前焊缝相比降低约50 HV,满足实际承载需求.     

钛合金激光焊缝的超塑性变形行为及显微组织

通过高温拉伸试验研究Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金激光焊缝的纵向超塑性变形行为,采用扫描电镜观察超塑性变形前后焊缝的显微组织.结果表明:TC4钛合金激光焊缝具有良好的超塑性变形能力,在900 ℃、10~(-3) s~(-1)工艺条件下伸长率达到最大值397%;在超塑性变形过程中,原始焊缝的针状马氏体首先转变为片层状的α+β组织,而后片层组织发生再结晶等轴化;随着变形温度升高或应变速率降低,等轴化程度增大.     

超塑变形对钛合金激光叠焊接头微观组织的影响

对超塑变形前后TC4钛合金激光叠焊接头的微观组织进行观察与分析。结果表明:在超塑变形过程中,焊缝的马氏体针状组织转变为层片状,变形过程中层片状组织被打断,超塑变形温度越高,层片状组织越碎化;超塑性变形应变速率对钛合金显微组织有重要影响,随着应变速率减小,母材α相的数量减小,而晶间β相数量逐渐增加,且两相都有等轴化趋势,但由于应变速率的减小,使得晶粒有一定程度长大;TC4钛合金激光焊焊缝组织由原始针状组织逐渐发展为层片状组织是超塑变形过程中激光焊焊缝剪切应力、相转变以及变形过程中动态再结晶等因素共同作用的结果。     

钛合金激光焊接接头超塑变形组织演变表征

研究了超塑性变形过程中TC4钛合金激光焊接接头各区域显微组织演变规律,并对相关参数进行表征。结果表明,随着超塑性变形的进行,接头内针状马氏体组织发生α′→α+β相变,同时针状组织长大为片层,接头各区域显微组织逐渐均匀化,促进超塑性变形的进行;随着变形的进行,等轴化率逐渐升高;随着变形温度的升高或初始应变速率的降低等轴化率逐渐上升,促进焊缝超塑性变形的进行。提出采用平均晶粒尺寸来表征热影响区组织的转变程度。随着变形的进行,平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,随变形温度的升高或初始应变速率的降低平均晶粒尺寸减小,这有利于接头组织的均匀化。     

淬火及超塑性变形对TC4激光焊接头组织演变机制的影响

对经淬火处理后的TC4钛合金激光焊接接头进行超塑性变形试验,通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察接头在超塑性变形过程中的组织变化,研究其组织演变机制。结果表明,超塑性变形过程中焊缝和母材组织演变的趋势一致,均是由针状α′马氏体转变为等轴状组织,但母材中的α′相转变速度比焊缝快。变形过程中,焊缝和母材中等轴组织含量在逐渐接近,且存在均匀化现象。采用组织均匀化系数ΔS来表征焊缝和母材的组织均匀化程度,发现ΔS均随着变形量的增大呈现出逐渐增大的趋势:变形量为50%,ΔS为0;当变形量达到350%时,ΔS增至65.8%。变形初期,淬火TC4钛合金激光焊接接头的合金元素发生扩散,针状α′马氏体分解形成α相和β相的片层状组织,此时变形机制是动态再结晶和动态回复;随着变形量的增大,接头的片层状组织由于塞积,相互挤压造成破裂,在晶界滑移的过程中发生球化,晶界滑移是此时接头变形的主要原因。     

TC4钛合金激光对接接头超塑变形显微组织研究

通过高温拉伸试验研究TC4钛合金激光对接接头超塑性变形,用金相显微镜观察了超塑性变形前后母材及焊缝显微组织,并测量了变形前后焊缝截面的显微硬度。结果表明:激光焊接接头能够承受高温拉伸,随着变形温度的提高或应变速率的降低,母材晶粒发生一定程度的长大,β与α两相比增加。在高温超塑性变形作用下,焊缝的针状组织增厚成为片层状,并发生局部区域球化。激光焊接接头性能优良,超塑性变形后焊缝截面显微硬度约380HV。     

5A90铝锂合金电子束焊接头超塑性变形组织演变

对5A90铝锂合金电子束焊接头进行高温拉伸试验,使用光学显微镜观察试样变形过程中的组织演变,并对变形机理进行分析.结果表明,超塑性变形初期,接头超塑性变形机制以扩散导致的晶界迁移为主,焊缝细小等轴晶粒迅速长大.当应变大于100%时,接头中大晶粒开始发生动态再结晶,超塑性变形机制转变为动态再结晶机制.在超塑性变形过程中热影响区平均晶粒尺寸与焊缝平均晶粒尺寸逐渐接近,组织存在耦合均匀化过程.提出采用均匀化系数K来表征焊缝与热影响区的组织均匀化程度,随着变形的进行,K值逐渐升高.     

激光焊接头超塑变形组织表征

采用高温拉伸研究激光焊接头超塑性变形行为,分析了焊缝及热影响区在超塑性变形过程中的显微组织演变规律,并提出采用等轴化系数来表征焊缝组织的等轴化进程,采用平均晶粒尺寸来表征热影响区组织的转变程度.结果表明,随着变形的进行,等轴化系数逐渐升高;在相同变形量时,变形温度升高或初始应变速率降低均有利于等轴化系数上升,促进焊缝超塑性变形的进行.随着变形的进行,热影响区平均晶粒尺寸逐渐升高;在相同变形量时,变形温度升高或初始应变速率降低均有利于平均晶粒尺寸上升,促进焊缝超塑性变形的进行.     

金属的焊接性

钛合金激光焊／超塑成形四层结构显微组织分析 成功采用激光焊／超塑成形组合工艺制作四层板结构件,分析了超塑性变形前后激光焊缝显微组织变化及其原因。并与扩散焊／超塑成形组合工艺制作的四层板结构件组织结构进行了对比。结果表明：激光焊缝组织发生α→α-β声转变,并在应力应变作用下细长针状组织转变成粗短的层状组织,     

金属的焊接性

钛合金激光焊／超塑成形四层结构显微组织分析 成功采用激光焊／超塑成形组合工艺制作四层板结构件,分析了超塑性变形前后激光焊缝显微组织变化及其原因。并与扩散焊／超塑成形组合工艺制作的四层板结构件组织结构进行了对比。结果表明：激光焊缝组织发生α→α-β声转变,并在应力应变作用下细长针状组织转变成粗短的层状组织,     

Double-sided gas tungsten arc welding process on TC4 titanium alloy

TC4 titanium alloy was welded by double-sided gas tungsten arc welding（GTAW） process in comparison with conventional GTAW process, the microstructure and mechanical performance of weld were also studied. The results indicate that double-sided GTAW is superior over regular single-sided GTAW on the aspects of increasing penetration, reducing welding deformation and improving welding efficiency. Good weld joint was obtained, which can reach 96.14% tensile strength and 70.85% elongation percentage of the base metal. The grains in heat-affected zone（HAZ） are thin and equiaxed and the degree of grain coarsening increases as one moves to the weld center line, and the interior of grains are α and α′ structures. The coarse columned and equiaxed grains, which interlace martensitic structures α′ and acicular α structures, are observed in weld zone. The fracture mode is ductile fracture.     

变形工艺对TC11钛合金超塑性的影响

为了研究TC11(Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si)钛合金的超塑性变形行为,采用两种改锻工艺细化坯料原始组织,然后在电子拉伸试验机上分别以恒速、恒应变速率和最大m值法进行拉伸实验.结果表明,TC11钛合金在α+β区通过三维镦拔改锻工艺,可以获得晶粒度为6μm的细晶等轴组织,而在β区拔长改锻的组织为粗大的魏氏组织.在变形温度为900℃的条件下,TC11钛合金通过最大m值超塑变形方式获得了异常高的超塑性,最大伸长率达到2300%;而采用常规的恒应变速率和恒速超塑变形,伸长率分别为1147%和1100%.说明TC11钛合金在α+β区通过三维镦拔改锻细化晶粒后,以最大m值超塑变形是获得较好超塑性的有效方法.     

Superplastic bulging capability of Ti-6Al-4V buttcover plate

The investigation on the superplastic bugling capability of 1.5 mm mill annealed Ti-6A1-4V buttcover plate by means of manual gas tungsten arc welding (M-GTAW) and fusion type plasma arc welding (F-PAW) have been evaluated respectivdy. The result shows that untreated Ti-6A1-4V buttcover plate by M-GTAW exhibits no superplasticity,while the same untreated plate by F-PAW, shows good superplastic ability because of extremely fine acicular martensite microstructure of weld metal. To the buttcover plate by M-GTAW, the microstructure of weld metal changed into streaky α structure which exhibits good superplasticity from the original//structure under the condition of the constant temperature of 940℃ with the deformation degree of 45 %, and changed into the fine equiaxed grain which possesses excellent superplastic ahilitv under the condition of the constant temperature of 800℃ with the deformation degree of 40 %.     

大厚度TC21钛合金电子束焊接试验

对56mm厚TC21钛合金进行了电子束对接试验,对接头显微组织和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,接头焊缝区组织形态以柱状β晶粒为基体,针状的马氏体弥散其中;热影响区从焊缝到母材分为三个区域,依次为等轴再结晶β晶粒区、片状和针状а相形成的魏氏组织区以及片状α相聚集长大的区域;熔合区内柱状晶与等轴晶联生.接头强度达到母材水平,断裂发生在母材内,接头厚度方向性能一致.接头塑性损失较大,只达到母材的50%左右.接头焊缝区硬度最高,其次是热影响区的等轴晶区和魏氏组织区,而热影响区内片状α相聚集长大的区域硬度值最低.

Abstract：

Electron beam welding of TC21 56 mm titanium alloy was carried out. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of welded joints were analyzed and tested. The results showed that the weld zone consisted of the columnar β gains, and in which the transgranular acicular α' martensite were dispersedly distributed. HAZ can be divided into three parts from base metal to weld zone, which are the equiaxed recrystallized β grain zone, Widmanstaten structure zone formed by lamellar and aeicular α phases and lamellar a phase coarsening zone. Fusion zone consists of the adnate columnar and equiaxed grains. Tensile strength of joints reaches to that of base metal and the failure appears in the base metal. The mechanical properties are uniform along the vertical direction. Plasticity in the welded joint is greatly decreased and only up to 50% of that of the base metal. The microhardness in weld zone is the highest, and that of the equiaxed grain zone and Widmanstaten structure zone in HAZ is higher, and the microhardness in columnar a phase coarsening zone is the lowest.     

不同原始组织TC6钛合金高温变形微结构演化及其力学性能

采用gleeble-1500热模拟试验机和Hopkinson压杆,对具有4种典型组织的TC6钛合金分别进行了高温准静态压缩和室温动态压缩试验,结合TEM观察,研究了不同原始组织的TC6钛合金高温变形微结构演化及其力学性能。结果表明:具有4种典型组织的TC6钛合金高温变形时随温度升高微结构的演化可分为等轴型组织演化和网篮型组织演化,前者演化过程为:等轴α相的拉长变形—动态再结晶—动态再结晶晶粒长大—α/β相变;后者演化过程为:板条状α相弯曲变形—板条状α相断裂—动态再结晶—动态再结晶晶粒长大—α/β相变,板条状α相变成短棒状。位错活动及动态再结晶是控制4种组织的TC6合金在高温变形过程中组织演化和力学性能的重要因素;网篮组织晶界众多,位错运动障碍较多,在高温下具有较其余3种组织更高的流变应力;等轴组织α相晶粒较大,位错运动障碍较少,其流变应力在4种组织中最低;双态组织、固溶时效组织的流变应力介于等轴组织与网篮组织之间。4种组织的TC6钛合金的室温动态力学性能均对应变率较敏感。4种组织的TC6钛合金在室温及应变率为2500～4000s-1动态压缩条件下,塑性由大到小依次为:等轴组织、双态组织、固溶时效组织和网篮组织,流变应力由大到小依次为:固溶时效组织、双态组织、网篮组织和等轴组织。     

挤压态AZ81镁合金的超塑性及变形机制

研究了挤压态AZ81镁合金的超塑变形行为及其变形机制.首先将AZ81镁合金进行热挤压处理,然后在不同的温度和初始应变速率下进行了超塑性拉伸试验,计算了应变速率敏感性指数.通过观察和比较不同温度下材料的稳态流变现象,分析了超塑变形机制随着温度的上升而发生变化的原因.挤压态AZ81的超塑性变形机制是晶界滑移,而孔洞的形核与断裂是变形的协调机制.     

Effect of minor Sc and Zr on superplasticity of Al-Mg-Mn alloys

The effect of Sc and Zr on the superplastic properties of Al-Mg-Mn alloy sheets was investigated by control experiment. The superplastic properties and the mechanism of superplastic deformation of the two alloys were studied by means of optical microscope, scanning electronic microscope and transmission electron microscope. The elongation to failure of Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy is larger than that of Al-Mg-Mn alloy at the same temperature and initial strain rate. The variation of strain rate sensitivity index is similar to that of elongation to failure. In addition, Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy exhibits higher strain rate superplastic property. The activation energies of the two alloys that are calculated by constitutive equation and linear regression method approach the energy of grain boundary diffusion. The addition of Sc and Zr decreases activation energy and improves the superplastic property of Al-Mg-Mn alloy. The addition of Sc and Zr refines the grain structure greatly. The main mechanism of superplastic deformation of the two alloys is grain boundary sliding accommodated by grain boundary diffusion. The fine grain structure and high density of grain boundary, benefit grain boundary sliding, and dynamic recrystallization brings new fine grain and high angle grain boundary which benefit grain boundary sliding too. Grain boundary diffusion, dislocation motion and dynamic recrystallization harmonize the grain boundary sliding during deformation.