分布式电源短路计算模型及电网故障计算方法研究

分布式电源的发电模式及并网方式多样,其馈入电网的故障电流特性与传统交流同步发电机相比存在较大差异,使以传统交流同步电机供电电源为基础的短路电流分析理论和方法难以满足分布式电源接入后电网故障分析的要求,给继电保护原理研究和整定计算提出了新的课题并备受关注。根据不同类型分布式电源的低压穿越运行技术要求,建立逆变型电源的短路计算模型。并考虑异步型电源撬棒保护的动作行为特征,建立了异步型电源在电网严重和非严重故障条件下的等值计算模型。进而,提出了含分布式电源接入的电网故障计算方法。仿真对比分析表明,电网故障计算方法精度较高,能更好地满足工程应用要求。     

高渗透率逆变型分布式发电对 电力系统暂态稳定和电压稳定的影响

为研究大规模逆变型分布式发电对电力系统暂态和电压稳定性的影响,借助PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件,以一个12母线测试系统为研究对象,建立电力系统和逆变型DG的动态模型。通过暂态仿真和理论分析,重点研究了不同渗透率DG对主同步发电机最大转速偏差和转速偏离频率的影响,分析了不同控制模式的DG在故障前(稳态)、故障期间和故障后对母线电压的影响。研究结果表明:渗透率越高,逆变型DG对系统暂态稳定性的负作用越大,但电压控制的逆变型DG能明显改善系统电压的稳定性。     

多类型分布式电源在配电网中的优化配置

决定分布式电源(distributed generator,DG)发挥最大效益的关键是在进行分布式发电系统规划时能够对众多DG类型进行合理的选择和配置。为此首先建立了各种DG的出力模型,然后以满足负荷增长需求、考虑环境效益的供电公司年总规划成本现值最小为优化目标,利用Homer软件对含有多种DG(包括风力发电、光伏发电、采用微型燃气轮机的冷热电联供)的分布式发电系统进行了仿真分析,并对风速、天然气价格以及排污处罚标准3变量进行了敏感性分析,最后得到分布式发电系统的优化配置结果。分析结果对城市大型DG项目规划和个人DG安装决策具有参考意义。     

含分布式电源的配电网潮流计算

分布式电源（DG）的发展给传统的电力系统注入了新的活力。文中介绍了DG与电网互联的3种常见接口形式,对异步发电机、无励磁调节能力的同步发电机和燃料电池等几种典型DG的运行方式和控制特性进行了研究,建立了各自在潮流计算中所需的数学模型,并在此基础上提出了基于灵敏度补偿的配电网潮流计算方法,该方法适合包含各种不同DG形式的多电源配电系统。将提出的方法用于90节点配电系统进行测试,测试结果表明该方法是可行的。     

Distributed generation technologies,definitions and benefits

As a result of the application of deregulation in the electric power sector, a new identity appeared in the electric power system map known as “distributed generation” (DG). According to new technology, the electric power generation trend uses disbursed generator sized from kW to MW at load sits instead of using traditional centralized generation units sized from 100 MW to GW and located far from the loads where the natural recourses are available. This paper introduces a survey of this revolutionary approach of DGs, which will change the way electric power systems operate along with their types and operating technologies. Some important definitions of DGs and their operational constraints are discussed to help in understanding the concepts and regulations related to DGs. Furthermore, we will survey the operational and economical benefits of implementing DGs in the distribution network. Most DG literatures are based on studying the definitions, constructions or benefits of DGs separately. However, in our paper we aim to give a comprehensive survey by adding new classifications to relate the DG types, technologies and applications to each other.     

主动配电网孤岛划分的混合整数规划模型

无功平衡是制约孤岛可行性和安全性的重要因素,而作为主动配电网主要无功电源的分布式电源自身功率特性常常被忽视,使孤岛功率平衡难以满足。为调和模型求解速度与准确度的矛盾,构建了一种主动配电网孤岛划分的混合整数规划模型。该模型基于解析几何模型线性化DG的P-Q功率极限,有效计及了双馈风力发电机、同步发电机和逆变型发电机的功率特性;通过双线性模型线性化含电压功率乘积项的基尔霍夫电流方程;分离约束模型解决孤岛网络拓扑变化和负荷切除的问题;采用特殊排序集合2线性化平方项。通过算例验证了所提模型,结果表明:所提模型求解准确度高、适应性好,DG运行点满足功率特性,符合工程实际;合理化分段数取值是保证孤岛方案可行性和模型求解准确度的关键,推荐取分段数大于等于12,但其与求解CPU时间无单调关系。     

Influence of phasor adjustment of harmonic sources on the allowable penetration level of distributed generation

Harmonic distortion caused by increasing size of inverter-based distributed generation (DG) can give rise to power quality problems in distribution power networks. Therefore, it is very important to determine allowable DG penetration level by considering the harmonic related problems. In this study, an optimization methodology is proposed for maximizing the penetration level of DG while minimizing harmonic distortions considering different load profiles. The methodology is based on updating the voltage magnitude and angle at point of common coupling depending on the size of DG to be utilized in the harmonic power flow modeling. The harmonic parameters are determined by using decoupled harmonic power flow method, in which the harmonic source modeling with harmonic current spectrum angle adjustment is embedded, while the nonlinear loads and inverter-based DGs are connected to the distribution power network. The allowable penetration level of DGs is determined based on power quality constraints including total harmonic voltage distortion, individual harmonic voltage distortion, and RMS bus voltage limits in the optimization framework. Fuzzy-c means clustering method is also applied to decrease the computational effort of the optimization process in the long-term load profile. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network for different scenarios.     

分布式发电接入位置和注入容量限制的研究

位于负荷中心的分布式发电系统对配电网的电压分布有重大影响,影响大小与分布式电源的接入位置和注入容量有很大关系。首先研究了放射状链式配电网络在并入一定容量分布式电源后各负荷节点电压幅值的变化,然后推广到一般性连续解析形式,继而对电压分布的特点、分布式发电的可行接入位置以及注入容量限制进行了理论探讨。研究表明从稳态电压角度,分布式电源接入馈线的位置和具体注入容量的大小有较严格的理论依据。     

一种同步型分布式电源输出短路电流抑制技术

随着分布式电源（DG）在配电网渗透率的不断提高,其对继电保护尤其是过流保护的影响日益显著。针对短路电流输出能力强的同步DG,提出了一种基于全控型器件的励磁控制技术以抑制DG对配电网过流保护的影响。首先,分析了同步发电机机端短路时输出电流同励磁电流间的数学关联。然后,通过分析电流型逆变器调制策略下励磁能量泄放回路时间常数的影响因素,建立了面向配电网过流保护的同步DG励磁控制方案。最后,通过仿真分析验证了该励磁控制方案的有效性及其对转子匝间绝缘的影响。该方法只需要通过对全控型器件变流器的控制,即可抑制同步DG对过流保护的影响。     

基于交替方向乘子法的电力系统分散式经济调度

现代电力系统中分布式电源特性各异,数量越来越多且接入具有分散特点,传统的集中式经济调度方法将面临计算负担大、通信复杂以及灵活性不足等限制。鉴于此,文中综合考虑了风电功率波动特性和分布式电源的动态模型及其综合发电成本,提出了一种基于交替方向乘子法的电力系统分散式经济调度方法。该方法在每次迭代过程中仅需收集系统净负荷及分布式电源平均有功功率,即可实现每台分布式电源有功功率最优值的分散式独立求解。最后,利用MATLAB/Simulink搭建了含有多个分布式电源的配电网系统,在风电功率波动和负荷实时变化的情况下对所提方法进行测试,通过与传统集中式经济调度方法的比较验证了所提分散式经济调度方法的准确性和有效性。     

A study on locational configuration of distributed generators under uncertain demand growth

The distributed generator (DG) has several advantages over the large‐scale power plant and is expected to complement the power system. In this paper, we focus on the locational flexibility and short lead time as advantages of DG, and examine the influence of uncertainty of demand growth on the optimal locational configuration of DGs in the transmission network and on the amount of installed DG. The results indicate that the total capacity of installed DGs is greater under uncertain demand growth than under certain growth. It is also indicated that under uncertainty, the installed DG capacity is distributed generally in proportion to the growth of the local loads. The latter finding suggests that the expected load growth at each point could be a useful indicator for screening candidate locational configurations of DGs. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Elect Eng Jpn, 133(4): 53–62, 2000     

计及分布式电源功率特性的微电网经济调度模型

针对微电网能量管理所获分布式电源(DG)运行点常常不满足DG功率特性的局限,提出了一种计及DG功率特性的微电网经济调度模型。该模型基于解析几何线性化DG的PQ功率极限,与微电网经济调度模型集成并求解,有效计及了逆变型DG、双馈感应发电机、同步发电机的功率特性。在多时间尺度微电网经济调度框架下,对某微电网系统进行算例分析,验证了所提模型的可行性以及有效性,并在此基础上分析了不同的分段数对DG运行点可行域覆盖率的影响。     

考虑静态安全约束的分布式电源准入容量计算

分布式电源的接入给配电网带来了一系列影响,在大量分布式电源亟待并网运行的趋势下,研究一个系统能够承受的分布式电源容量具有重要意义。该文分析了分布式电源对配电网电压分布和线路潮流的影响以及分布式电源并网位置和功率因数对准入容量的影响,从电力系统静态安全约束的角度出发,建立了计算分布式电源准入容量的数学模型。对于多个分布式电源的情况,提出了准入容量计算的双层优化模型和相应的优化求解算法,并通过对实际配电系统进行分析,验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

分布式电源对配网供电电压质量的影响与改善

提出利用短路比和刚性率来评估分布式电源(distri- buted generation,DG)对配网供电电压质量影响的方法,通过仿真验证方法的可行性。并进一步具体分析旋转型分布式电源和逆变型分布式电源对系统供电电压的不同影响,分析和仿真结果证明在同等渗透率下,逆变型分布式电源对并网节点的电压影响比旋转型更小,向系统提供的短路电流也要远小于旋转型,因此在同等条件下逆变型分布式电源更加适合应用于密集负荷、高短路容量的城市配电网。并针对逆变型分布式电源抑制供电电压波动的特点,提出电压控制方法,仿真验证其同样可在一定程度上改善配电网内供电电压质量问题。     

Development of Three-Phase Unbalanced Power Flow Using PV and PQ Models for Distributed Generation and Study of the Impact of DG Models

With the increased installations of distributed generators (DGs) within power systems, load flow analysis of distribution systems needs special models and algorithms to handle multiple sources. In this paper, the development of an unbalanced three-phase load flow algorithm that can handle multiple sources is described. This software is capable of switching the DG mode of operation from constant voltage to constant power factor. The algorithm to achieve this in the presence of multiple DGs is proposed. Shipboard power systems (SPS) have other special characteristics apart from multiple sources, which make the load flow difficult to converge. The developed software is verified for a distribution system without DG using the Radial Distribution Analysis Package (RDAP). The developed software analyzes an IEEE test case and an icebreaker ship system. System studies for the IEEE 37-node feeder without the regulator show the effect of different models and varying DG penetration related to the increase in loading. System losses and voltage deviations are compared.     

Characteristics of Parallel Operation of Inverter‐Type Distributed Generators Operated by a Virtual Synchronous Generator

The capacity of distributed generators (DGs) connected to a grid by inverters is growing. The inverters are generally controlled by a phase locked loop (PLL) in order to achieve synchronization with the power system frequency. They cannot have synchronous power. Power systems become unstable if the capacity of the inverter‐type DGs is increased. The concept of controlling inverters to behave like a synchronous generator is studied in this paper. The result is referred to as a “virtual synchronous generator” (VSG). The VSG has synchronous power. Power systems become stable as a result of using the VSG. The VSG is useful in the parallel operation of DGs. The VSG can synchronize with other VSGs, synchronous generators, or the grid. In this paper, a method for the synchronous operation of a VSG is studied, and experimental results on a VSG running in parallel with a synchronous generator and other VSGs are presented.     

计及分布式电源的变电站个数及馈线条数概率规划

随着分布式电源渗透率的提高,分布式电源对配电网规划方法和结果的影响研究更具现实意义。采用概率规划方法,建立了涉及分布式电源的变电站个数及馈线条数优化简化模型,模型目标为变电站和中压线路的相关总费用最小,并考虑了线路的容量约束;提出了中压主干线与分支线长度的近似计算模型,并考虑了负荷变化、分布式电源随机性和线路负荷转供率对停电时间和停电费用的影响。基于模型求解获得的变电站优化个数、馈线优化条数和最小总费用,定义了相应的三大类置信变量。算例表明了概率规划对于变电站个数和馈线条数选择的意义以及分布式电源的替代作用。     

不同类型分布式电源在配电网中的优化布置

分布式电源接入配电网后对电网节点电压、网络潮流、网损等方面带来的影响与分布式电源的种类、接入容量及接入位置密切相关。本文基于静态负荷模型,对小水电、光伏发电两种典型分布式电源与储能设备进行了研究。通过分析不同分布式电源的稳态输出特性,将不同分布式电源的出力特征与电力系统中潮流、电压不越限等约束条件相结合,以网损最小为目标函数提出了小水电、光伏发电与储能设备的优化布置函数。结论表明考虑出力差异性后,不同分布式电源的最优布置计算结果具有明显区别,相比将分布式电源当作常规电源出力将更加精确。     

Comparison of optimal DG allocation methods in radial distribution systems based on sensitivity approaches

Integration of renewable energy based distributed generation (DG) units provides potential benefits to conventional distribution systems. The power injections from renewable DG units located close to the load centers provide an opportunity for system voltage support, reduction in energy losses, and reliability improvement. Therefore, the location of DG units should be carefully determined with the consideration of different planning incentives. This paper presents a comparison of novel, combined loss sensitivity, index vector, and voltage sensitivity index methods for optimal location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in a distribution network. The main contribution of the paper is: (i) location of DGs based on existing sensitivity methods, (ii) proposing combined power loss sensitivity based method for DG location, (iii) modified Novel method for DG location, (iv) comparison of sensitivity methods for DG location and their size calculations, and (v) cost of losses and determining cost of power obtained from DGs and the comparison of methods at unity and lagging power factors. The results show the importance of installing the suitable size of DG at the suitable location. The results are obtained with all sensitivity based methods on the IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems.