糙率突减对渠道紊流边界层的影响

利用激光测速仪,对壁面自水力粗糙面突减至水力过渡面时过渡段内的明渠紊流进行了试验研究,测量了糙率突减不同水深情况下明渠紊流的纵向时均流速和脉动流速.通过实测资料,分析水深和糙率改变后内边界层发展变化规律、粗糙度及水深对内边界层厚度的影响以及糙率突减后从一种均匀紊流到形成新的充分发展紊流所需要的纵向长度.     

明渠渠底糙率突变对紊流摩阻流速及壁面切应力影响的试验分析

通过激光测速仪,对壁面糙率突变时的明渠紊流进行试验,测量了糙率突变不同水深情况下明渠紊流的纵向时均流速和脉动流速。通过实测资料分析不同糙率突变和不同水深的紊流摩阻流速变化情况和水流的壁面切应力的特点。     

粘弹性流体边界层运动的紊流结构

运用紊流随机理论研究了粘弹性流体紊流边界层运动的基本规律,导出了边界层内、外区及粘性底层各区统一的时均流速分布计算式;纵、横向脉动流速强度分布和能谱密度计算式。以现有实测资料对这些计算式进行的验证表明,计算结果与试验资料符合甚好。     

综合的内区流速分布公式

综合的内区流速分布公式高巍，高昆，刘常铁（黑龙江省水利水电勘测设计研究院）１引言一个光滑薄层上面的水流由两个区域组成：内区──在该区中，流速分布受粘滞剪力的影响；外区──在该内中，流速图形受紊流剪力的支配。内区又进一步被分为两部分：粘滞子层──在该层...     

均质高浓度流从层流向紊流的过渡及紊动强度

和牛顿流体一样,宾汉流体的雷诺数超过一定值后,其流动将从层流向紊流过渡。本文介绍了宾汉流体从层流向紊流过渡时的时均流速和阻力系数,以及宾汉紊流在光滑区的紊动强度沿垂线分布。文中也给出了宾汉流体由层流向紊流过渡时的临界雷诺数近似判别式。     

含沙波明渠水流摩阻流速模型研究

当河流中存在沙波时,工程上常采用爱因斯坦的水力半径切割法求解河床阻力,该方法中将水力半径划分为平整床面对应的水力半径R'b和沙波存在时额外增加的水力半径Rb″。不同学者在利用对数公式求解平整床面摩阻流速时,床面粗糙度ks的取值不同,本文利用348组实测平整床面数据对ks进行率定,率定结果表明ks可用中值粒径d50代替。由于紊流对数流速公式只适用于紊流粗糙区,为求解紊流过渡区内流速,爱因斯坦在公式中加入修正系数χ,本文通过分析经典的尼古拉兹管流试验数据得到了χ的统一表达式。此外,由于Rb″是由床面不平整而产生的,通过分析实测数据,找出了静平整床面以及动平整床面所处的区域,并且求出其表达式,解决了爱因斯坦原始文献中求解Rb″时不能剔除动平整床面的难题,最后,在实测数据的基础之上,得到了Rb″的统一表达式。通过与935组实验数据和40组野外实测数据比较,发现本文摩阻流速模型的计算值与实测摩阻流速值吻合度较好。     

天然河道水流紊动特性分析

本文采用超声多普勒三向流速仪对不同流量级的条件下长江干流黄陵庙水文观测断面不同垂线的脉动流速进行了观测。根据现场观测资料，对水流的紊动周期、频率、概率密度函数等进行了定量的数学描述，并对时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力等沿垂线的分布规律进行了分析计算。结果表明，脉动流速的概率分布在充分发展的自由紊流区近似为正态分布，在近壁强剪切紊流区为偏态分布；各垂线紊动强度在相对水深大于0．4的范围内比较均匀，在接近河底处升高，达到最大值后迅速减小，至河底为零。     

紊流浑水异重流交混区的阻力系数的研究

为进一步研究紊流浑水异重流交混区阻力规律,并简化该阻力计算方法,通过对紊流浑水异重流交混区上下两部分流速分布的研究,提出了最大流速点以上流速分布修正公式及适合高含沙水流的最大流速点以下流速分布公式。在此基础上对紊流浑水异重流交混区阻力系数进行了探讨,推导出了水库紊流异重流交界面阻力系数公式,并对其进行了讨论,论证了公式的合理性。并利用天然实测资料和实验室异重流试验数据对公式进行了验证,结果表明:推导出的异重流交界面阻力系数计算方法可以较好地模拟异重流交界面阻力变化规律。     

紊流随机理论在边界层中的应用

本文应用作者提出的紊流随机理论,全面讨论了平板边界层紊流的时均结构。根据边界层中沿程各断面惯性力相似的假定,得出了应力分布规律,从而有可能应用紊流随机理论导出紊流边界层中时均流速分布的统一公式。它既适用于边界层的外区,同样也适用于包括粘滞层、过渡层和对数层在内的近壁区;既适用于光滑边界层,也同样适用于过渡边界层和粗糙边界层。关于紊流边界层的脉动结构和阻力问题,将另文论述。     

滩地植被下复式河槽水流特性试验研究

通过水槽试验探讨了不同植株参数情况下滩地植物对复式河槽流速分布的影响,结果表明：①在缓流和紊流充分发展时,植物产生的阻力与植株参数、水流参数有关;②滩地种树后主槽流速分布复杂,以植物高度为界上下流速分布明显不同,滩区流速总体上服从S形分布;③滩地种植植物后,相对紊动强度曲线出现拐点,其位置与植物高度和柔性有关,整体趋近S形分布。     

Fully rough submerged plane wall-jets

This study presents the turbulent flow field in submerged plane wall-jets on horizontal fully rough walls detected by a Vectrino velocimeter. For the comparison between the fully rough and smooth submerged wall-jets, the smooth submerged wall-jet case was also revisited. The two-dimensional Reynolds averaged boundary layer equations of a steady turbulent flow are analyzed to determine the velocity and Reynolds shear stress profiles in the fully developed zone of smooth and fully rough submerged wall-jets. The response of the turbulent flow characteristics in submerged wall-jets to wall roughness is examined from the point of view of similarity characteristics, growth of the length scale, and decay of the velocity and turbulence characteristics scales; and compared with the response of those to smooth and transitionally rough walls. The significant observation is that with an appropriate scaling, the velocity, Reynolds shear stress and turbulence intensities in the fully developed zone of fully rough submerged wall-jets are reasonably similar. The rate of decay of jet-velocity on fully rough walls is greater than that on smooth wall, but it is less than that on transitionally rough walls due to the presence of roughness sub-layer on the fully rough walls. Analysis of the third-order moments of velocity fluctuations reveals that the jet-layer is associated with the arrival of low-speed fluid parcel causing an effect of retardation; while the inner-layer of circulatory flow is associated with the arrival of high-speed fluid parcel causing an effect of acceleration. Wall roughness influences the peak values (both positive and negative) of the third-order moments increasing them significantly. Thus, on fully rough walls, the arrival processes of low- and high-speed fluid parcels become stronger in the jet-layer and the inner-layer of circulatory flow, respectively. Also, the peak values of streamwise and vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy increase significantly in the presence of fully rough walls.     

人工加糙对明渠紊动特性影响的试验研究

利用激光测速仪，对光滑壁面及人工加糙的明渠紊流进行了试验，测量了光滑壁面、水力过渡面、水力粗糙面不同水深情况下明渠紊流的纵向时均流速及脉动流速。通过实测资料分析了人工加糙对明渠紊流紊动强度的影响，得到了光滑面、过渡面及粗糙面紊动强度的发展变化规律。     

粗糙床面明渠水力特性研究

粗糙床面非均匀流的水槽试验表明，非均匀流断面的垂线流速分布需用两个对数公式分别描述；粗糙床面的流速分布较光滑床面不均匀；非均匀流的紊流度分布随相对水深的增大而趋于均匀；粗糙床面非均匀流糙率系数的变化规律与光滑床面近似。     

Turbulent flow in a machine honed rough pipe for large Reynolds numbers: General roughness scaling laws

An alternate inner wall variable, for flow over a transitional rough pipe surface, is defined as the ratio of normal coordinate measured above the mean roughness level to the wall roughness scale. The Reynolds equations for mean turbulent flow in a transitional rough pipe, in two layers (inner and outer) are considered. The predictions of the mean velocity and friction factor in fully developed turbulent flow in a rough pipe flow, presented here, covers all types of roughness. The data for a particular case of the machine honed Princeton superpipe roughness, analogous to inflectional type roughness of Nikuradse, is presented, as two expressions using our roughness scale. The velocity profile and friction factor, on a transitional rough wall, are shown to be governed by the new log laws, which are explicitly independent of the transitional wall roughness. Further, the inflectional roughness has also been connected with geometric roughness parameters; like, arithmetic mean roughness, mean peak to valley heights roughness, root mean square (rms), roughness based on texture measure; and the friction factor implicit and approximate explicit formulas have also been proposed. In entire transition region between fully smooth and fully rough wall, monotonic roughness of Colebrook (Moody Chart) over estimaton the friction factor when compared with present inlectional roughness.     

Soil Surface Roughness Effects on Infiltration Process of a Cultivated Slopes on the Loess Plateau of China

Infiltration is the only way water enters soil on the cultivated slopes of the China’s Loess Plateau, so infiltration plays an important role in conserving soil moisture. The objective of this study was to investigate how a soil wetting front created by simulated rainfall migrated in soil with different types of surface roughness. The three types of soil surface treatments studied included surfaces of smooth, medium rough and rough soil. The results showed that, 1) compared with a smooth surface texture, medium rough and rough surface textures have a higher infiltration capacity; 2) the infiltration rate gradually decreases as the wetting front deepens and the rate tends stabilize over time. This change could be described by a logarithmic function; 3) at the early stage of rainfall, the wetting front of medium rough and rough surface textures varied greatly, while the variability of the wetting front decreases markedly after the infiltration rate stabilizes; 4) with increasing depth of the wetting front, the similarity between the wetting front and soil surface profile decreased significantly for the medium rough and rough surface textures. These results indicate that the process of infiltration on cultivated slopes on the Loess Plateau changed from a non-uniform pattern to a uniform pattern as time passed during a rainfall event. Overall, soils with rougher soil surfaces experienced a larger effect of roughness on the process of infiltration.     

雨强和地表糙度对坡面微地形及侵蚀的影响

地表糙度是影响坡面侵蚀产沙的重要因素之一,以往研究多关注糙度对坡面产流产沙特征的影响,而较少关注不同糙度条件下坡面微地形变化和侵蚀产沙的关系。通过人工模拟降雨试验,结合Photoscan技术研究了不同雨强和地表糙度对坡面微地形及产流产沙的影响。结果表明:在试验条件下,降雨后光滑坡面和粗糙坡面4个微地形因子(地表糙度、地形起伏度、地表切割度、洼地蓄积量)数值均减小,且有随雨强增大,其减幅增大的趋势;相同雨强和降雨历时条件下,粗糙坡面微地形因子变化幅度大于光滑坡面,微地形因子变化量与侵蚀产沙量呈明显正相关;与光滑地表相比,粗糙地表只在降雨初期能有效减少产流,随着降雨时间延长,2种坡面的产流率趋于一致;在试验选取的4个雨强条件下,粗糙坡面和光滑坡面产流率均呈现先增大后趋于稳定的趋势。粗糙坡面产沙率和产流率变化规律一致,但光滑坡面产沙率表现出在产流初期迅速增大,而后呈降低并趋于稳定的趋势。研究结果可为揭示坡面土壤侵蚀机理和建立坡面侵蚀产沙模型提供参考。     

卵砾石河道摩阻流速计算方法探讨

通过水槽试验,采用6种方法:对数流速分布回归法、外延雷诺应力分布法、三维紊动能法、垂向紊动能法、韩其为经验公式法和拖曳力系数法,计算了卵砾石河床的摩阻流速。以韩其为计算摩阻流速的经验公式为标准,分析了各种方法中参数取值对计算结果的影响及其在不同水力和床面条件下各种方法的适用性。提出了2种可行的计算途径:光滑床面条件下各方法计算摩阻流速所得结果最大均方差为2.15,其中对数流速分布回归法较准确,三维紊动能法计算值普遍偏小;相对粗糙床面条件下各方法计算摩阻流速的结果均方差最大达到8.84,其中对数流速分布回归法和三维紊动能法较准确。     

DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE TO FLOW IN ICECOVERED CHANNELS USING SEMI-LOGARITHMIC VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION

1.INTRODUCTIONTheformationoficecoveronflowingwatergreatlyaltersflowcharacteristics,resultinginthechangeofvelocitydistributionandtheincreaseofflowdepthincomparisonwithfreesurfaceflowwiththesamedischargeduetotheincreasedresistancecausedbyanadditionalsolidboundary.Fromengineeringpointofview,estimationofconveyingcapacityofice--coveredstreams,orcalculationofwatersurfaceprofilealongriverreachwithicecoverisveryoftenrequiredinrivermanagementinvolvingtheoperationofreservoirswhenreleasesbaseduponthe…     

Experimental and theoretical study of density jumps on smooth and rough beds

Hydraulic jumps in density currents are technically referred to density jumps. These jumps significantly influence the dynamic and quality characteristics of the gravity currents. The density jump is studied theoretically and experimentally in this study by considering the bed roughness. Experiments were performed in a rectangular laboratory flume (0.4 m width; 0.9 m depth; 8.3 m length). Four rough beds comprised of closely packed gravel particles glued onto the horizontal part of the bed were examined. For both smooth and rough beds, a simple relationship was obtained for estimating the conjugate depth ratio as a function of the relative roughness and the upstream densimetric Froude number. The conjugate depth ratio was found to decrease with increasing relative roughness. The results also indicated that, if the entrainment ratio is specified, the minimum value of the upstream densimetric Froude number increases with increasing relative bed roughness. An equation for calculating the maximum possible value of the relative roughness was also determined. The spatial development of the density current for smooth beds was analysed in both super‐critical and sub‐critical flow regimes. Good similarity collapses of velocity and concentration profiles were obtained for the super‐critical section just upstream of the jump. The concentration distributions located just downstream of the jump, however, exhibited a large scattering of measured data, especially near the bed. It was found that this scattering decreases with the distance from the end of the jump. The results of the experimental runs also indicated that, at a distance about nine times the post‐jump current thickness from the end of the jump, the non‐dimensional vertical profile of mean velocity has a shape similar to that at the pre‐jump section. A new reliable relationship was also proposed for calculating the local velocity inside both the wall and jet regions.     

Computation of Reynolds and boundary shear stress in submerged jets on rough boundaries

The results of a theoretical investigation on the Reynolds and boundary shear stresses in submerged jets on horizontal rough boundaries are presented. The decay of submerged jet and the growth of the boundary layer are formulated empirically. Then, the Reynolds and boundary shear stresses are theoretically determined integrating the Navier-Stokes equations aided by the functional relationships of the longitudinal velocity and the turbulence stresses within the boundary layer. Experiments were carried out to detect the velocity by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in submerged jets of different submergence ratios over rough boundaries. The theoretical results correspond reasonably with the experimental data. The Reynolds stress near the boundary is positive and diminishes sharply changing its sign to negative and forming protuberance that increases with increase in boundary roughness. However, the boundary shear stress diminishes with increase in longitudinal distance and increases with increase in boundary roughness.