丁羟推进剂的热加速老化力学性能及寿命预估

用单轴拉伸试验和扯离试验测试了不同老化温度(55、65、75和85℃)下热加速老化后丁羟(HTPB)推进剂的力学性能及其粘接试件的扯离强度,用Berthlot方程预估了推进剂及其粘接试件的寿命。结果表明,HTPB推进剂的最大延伸率随老化时间的增加呈现降低趋势;老化温度越高,推进剂的最大延伸率降低幅度越大,85℃贮存30d时最大延伸率降幅为29.81%,而55℃贮存30d时最大延伸率降幅仅为4.34%;粘接试件的扯离强度随着老化时间的增加呈降低趋势,老化时间相同时,扯离强度随老化温度的升高而降低。预估HTPB推进剂和推进剂粘接试件的贮存寿命分别为9.4y和15.9y。     

某型号导弹固体发动机贮存使用寿命研究

利用推进剂方坯加速老化试验对某型号导弹固体发动机进行了推进剂贮存寿命预估。通过对试验数据的分析,建立了固体推进剂老化速率的动力学方程,预估了固体推进剂的贮存寿命。结果表明,推进剂在25℃下贮存10 a后最大伸长率(εm)为31.57%,与起始εm比较,仅下降了27%,满足发动机安全使用要求。     

甲基紫试验在长贮火药安定性检测中的应用

为确定甲基紫在长贮火药安定性检测中的可靠性,对选定的经过85℃老化试验的单基药、双基药、三基药试样,分别进行134．5℃和120℃甲基紫试验。用化学分析法测定了安定剂的含量,用方差检验法分析了甲基紫试验中的试纸变色时间和发射药中安定剂含量随老化时间的变化关系。结果表明,单基发射药、双基发射药、双基改性推进剂的甲基紫试纸变色时间随老化时间的变化显著,双基推进剂和三基发射药甲基紫变色时间随贮存时间的变化不显著。     

改性双基推进剂安定性及测试方法的探索研究

本文通过多种方法对含高氯酸铵及含黑索今的改性双基推进剂的热分解规律进行了研究,采用热加速老化的方法,预估了上述推进剂的安全寿命,对甲基紫试验和传感器真空安定性试验用于改性双基推进剂安定性测试的可行性进行了研究。     

改性双基推进剂安定性及测试方法的探索研究

本文通过多种方法对含高氯酸铵及含黑索今的改性双基推进剂的热分解规律进行了研究,采用热加速老化的方法,预估了上述推进剂的安全寿命,对甲基紫试验和传感器真空安定性试验用于改性双基推进剂安定性测试的可行性进行了研究。     

某三基发射药贮存寿命的预估方法

在95、90、85、75和65°C下对某三基发射药进行热加速老化试验,以老化过程中安定剂的含量变化作为原始数据,采用Berthelot方程及修正的Arrhenius方程对不同温度模式下发射药的贮存寿命进行预估,并将预估结果与自然贮存结果进行对比验证。结果表明,安定剂分解深度为6.6%时,采用Arrhenius方程得到的预估结果准确性较高,而分解深度为50%时,采用Berthelot方程得到的预估结果更为可靠。     

3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱炸药的安全贮存寿命预估研究

采用安定性试验标准物质黑索今验证了通过动态真空安定性试验(DVST)设备准确测定分解气体的压力来研究火炸药分解的可行性,并采用DVST装置,借鉴火药的热加速老化寿命评估方法研究了3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)炸药的安全贮存寿命.结果显示,5.0g真空安定性标准物质黑索今100℃加热48h后的DVST放气量为0.292 mL,处于真空安定性试验的误差范围内((0.24±0.07)mL).热加速老化试验推测DNTF炸药在40℃下的安全贮存寿命为85a,25℃下安全贮存寿命为838a.     

几种火药的贮存安定性

采用经典的热减量实验，用自制的火药减量瓶对代表单基药、双基药、三基药和推进剂的十种火药进行了加速寿命实验，以半延滞期为寿命终点。实验结果证实了理论预测的可靠性，合理评价了十种火药的安全贮存寿命和贮存安定性。与文献值比较，本方法能较准确地反映安定剂对ＮＯ２自催化的抑制作用，为热减量法评价火药贮存安定性的标准化管理提供了理论及实验依据。     

叠氮硝胺对硝基胍发射药热行为的影响

用叠氮硝胺(DIANP)替换硝基胍(NQ)发射药中部分(质量分数6%)硝化甘油(NG)制备了一种含叠氮硝胺的硝基胍发射药。通过高压差示扫描量热法、爆发点试验、甲基紫试验、真空安定性试验和热加速老化试验研究了DIANP对NQ发射药热行为的影响,用Kissinger方程和Ozawa方程计算了发射药样品分解反应的表观活化能(Ea)。结果表明,少量DIANP使NQ发射药的热安定性稍有改善;Kissinger方程和Ozawa方程计算NQ发射药的Ea值分别为327和318kJ/mol,含DIANP的NQ发射药的Ea值分别为196和194kJ/mol,两者的等动力学点(Tik)为172.9℃,表明DIANP能够降低NQ发射药高温下的分解反应速率,即DIANP在一定程度上可以调节NQ发射药的燃速。根据温度系数法预估的含DIANP的NQ发射药和NQ发射药在30℃下的安全贮存寿命分别不少于31年和23年,表明加入少量DIANP可延长NQ发射药的安全贮存寿命。     

轻武器用钝感发射药功能失效阈值预估方法

为预估轻武器用钝感发射药在贮存过程中,因钝感剂迁移导致弹道性能变化而引起功能失效的问题,采用Fick第二定律和扩散系数与扩散活化能的关系,以发射药钝感层结构相同、其内弹道性能相同为前提,建立了轻武器用钝感发射药功能失效阈值预估方法。应用该方法,采用3种配方钝感发射药分别在75℃和85℃下长贮,计算出各发射药钝感剂药的扩散活化能,并以75℃为基准预测了3种配方钝感发射药65℃长贮下的膛压功能失效阈值,同时在65℃下对发射药进行长贮,通过内弹道试验实测出发射药在65℃长贮下膛压功能失效阈值。结果表明,应用该方法预估发射药膛压功能失效阈值与实测值偏差分别为10.3%、2.9%、7.9%。同时以65、75、85℃下平均扩散活化能,计算出不同温度下发射药功能失效阈值,并对3种配方钝感发射药要满足常规弹药17年的贮存寿命要求的最高贮存温度提出了要求。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。