呋草黄防除扁秆biao草生测试验探索

室内试验结果表明，呋草黄在600g a.i/hm^2剂量下，对扁秆biao草的鲜重防效为46.1% 1200g a.i/hm^2剂量下鲜重防效为82.2%，此剂量下水稻鲜重减少35.3%。田间小区试验表明，在1200g a.i./hm^2剂量下对扁秆biao草的株防效为65.0%，鲜重防效仅为40.8%，而此剂量下药后40天观察，水稻已有轻微药害表现，株高稍矮于对照。     

千金混用对稻田稗草及扁秆藨草防除技术研究

新型稻田选择性高效除草剂千金 50～ 75mla .i./hm2 与农得时 1 5～ 30 ga .i./hm2 混用及千金 75mla .i./hm2 与苯达松 80 0mla .i./hm2 混用对水稻生长安全 ,对“稗草 -扁秆草”组合的稻田恶性杂草群落 ,一次用药即有良好的防除效果 ,药后 30天株防效在 90 %以上。试验结果还反映出苯达松与千金混用防除稗草 (包括部分千金子 ) ,有单向拮抗迹象。     

三甲苯草酮室内生测试验

在温室条件下,以进口样品做对照,研究沈阳化工研究院40%三甲苯草酮水分散粒剂对禾本科杂草的防除效果及对小麦的安全性.结果表明:看麦娘,早熟禾对三甲苯草酮很敏感,在150 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效可达90%～100%;野燕麦的敏感性次之,在150 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效达85%,在300 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效达95%;稗草对三甲苯草酮的敏感性最差,在300 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效为60%,在600 g a.i./hm2剂量下防效为90%～95%.沈阳化工研究院样品与进口样品活性和安全性基本一致.     

20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂防除非耕地杂草田间药效试验

评价20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂对非耕地杂草的防除效果。于杂草生长盛期采用茎叶喷雾法进行田间小区试验。试验药剂20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂剂量为300～600 g a.i./hm²时，对非耕地禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草均有较好的防效，药后20 d，总草株防效和鲜重防效分别为93.32%～97.69%、97.69%～99.53%；对照药剂20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂在450 g a.i./hm²剂量时的总草株防效和鲜重防效分别为95.14%、98.52%。20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂可以有效防除非耕地杂草，推荐剂量300～600 g a.i./hm²。     

75%环嗪酮水分散粒剂防除森林防火道杂草田间药效试验

为明确75%环嗪酮水分散粒剂对森林防火道杂草灌的防效,掌握最佳使用剂量,对其进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,75%环嗪酮水分散粒剂1800～2250ga.i./hm2对杂草有明显的防除效果,茎叶喷雾处理20d对试验地杂草灌的株防效可达82.1%~92.2%,40d平均鲜重防效达87.5%~92.2%。     

唑草酮室内除草活性及对作物玉米的安全性测定

通过温室盆栽试验,评价了唑草酮作苗后茎叶处理对夏玉米田具有代表性的优势种阔叶杂草苘麻及反枝苋除草活性及对作物玉米的安全性.结果表明:40%唑草酮水分散粒剂作苗后茎叶处理对目前玉米田难以防治的阔叶杂草苘麻活性较高,施药后18 d,24.0 g a.i./hm2处理鲜重防效为94.51%,对反枝苋鲜重防效为63.73%,24.0～60.0 g a.i./hm2处理对玉米的鲜重抑制率为4.79%～7.50%.与生产上常用对照药剂380 g/L莠去津悬浮剂相比较,对玉米的生长有一定影响,但对杂草的致死速度快,对后茬作物小麦等作物安全.     

25%咪唑烟酸水剂对非耕地杂草和狗牙根的防除效果

[目的]明确25%咪唑烟酸水剂对非耕地杂草及恶性杂草狗牙根的防治效果。[方法]通过茎叶喷雾试验,比较咪唑烟酸、百草枯、草甘膦和草铵膦对非耕地杂草及狗牙根的防治效果。[结果]25%咪唑烟酸水剂1125、1500 ga.i./hm~2处理药后40 d对非耕地杂草的株防效分别为98.45%、99.22%,显著高于41%草甘膦1500 g a.i./hm~2株防效(94.22%)、18%草铵膦可溶液剂900 g a.i./hm~2株防效(93.75%)和20%百草枯可溶胶剂750 g a.i./hm~2株防效(74.59%);鲜重防效呈现出与株防效一致的结果;25%咪唑烟酸水剂750、1125、1500 g a.i./hm~2药后60 d对狗牙根的株防效和鲜重防效均显著高于其他处理药剂,且不易返青。[结论]咪唑烟酸可以替代百草枯、草甘膦等,防除非耕地杂草和狗牙根,持效期更长。     

10％吡嘧磺隆可分散片剂防除水稻秧田杂草药效试验

采用田间小区试验方法进行了10％吡嘧磺隆可分散片剂防除水稻秧田阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草的田间药效试验.结果表明,10％吡嘧磺隆可分散片剂施用15～22.5 9 a.i./hm2,可有效防除水稻秧田陌上菜、鸭舌草、稗草.施药后15 d,对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效在89％以上,推荐剂量下施用对水稻安全.     

氟啶虫胺腈对褐飞虱的田间防治效果

[目的]明确240g/L氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂对褐飞虱的田间控制作用及最佳使用剂量。[方法]采用田间喷雾法,对氟啶虫胺腈37.5、50、75、100 ga.i./hm2四种不同剂量处理防治褐飞虱效果进行试验研究。[结果]240 g/L氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂37.5、50ga.i./hm2两种剂量处理,药后1~3 d对褐飞虱的防效为51.42%~68.51%,药后7~14 d的防效为61.00%~79.10%,与对照药剂25%噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂112.5ga.i./hm2剂量处理相比,速效性相当,但持效性差;而75、100ga.i./hm2两种剂量处理,药后1~3 d防效为67.18%~74.11%,药后7~14 d防效为81.26%~89.22%,与对照药剂25%噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂112.5ga.i./hm2剂量处理相比,速效性更好,而持效性相当。[结论]240 g/L氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂75~100 ga.i./hm2剂量喷雾处理,能有效控制褐飞虱的发生为害,可供生产上推广应用。     

84%氯酯磺草胺WG防除大豆田恶性杂草

84%氯酯磺草胺WG对大豆田鸭跖草防效的研究结果表明:84%氯酯磺草胺WG比对照药剂25%氟磺胺草醚AS施药量为375 g a.i./hm2对鸭跖草的防效好,其施药量必须超过25.2 g a.i./hm2;84%氯酯磺草胺WG对多年生苣莫菜、刺儿菜防效的研究结果表明:84%氯酯磺草胺WG比对照药剂48%苯达松As施药量为1440 g a.i./hm2对多年生苣荬菜、刺儿菜的防效好,其施药量必须达到37.8～50.4 g a.i./hm2.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。