用累积滞后能描述疲劳损伤

采用材料在疲劳过程中累积耗散的滞后能来定义疲劳累积损伤,可以克服现有疲劳累积损伤定义的局限,描述疲劳全过程中包括循环硬化(软化)在内的所有损伤变化情况,并能实时测量。建立了仅依赖于常规材料参数的疲劳累积损伤的解析算式和应变疲劳损伤演化方程,并用其对2024-T4铝合金的多级加载应变疲劳寿命进行估算,结果与实验数据符合较好。文中还对现有文献给出的应变疲劳实验数据进行了研究,结果表明,疲劳损伤累积的加载次序效应与材料的循环特性和疲劳寿命均有关。     

考虑载荷交互作用的蠕变损伤累积和剩余寿命估算

提出两级加载条件下考虑加载历史影响的蠕变损伤演变方程和剩余寿命估算方法,分析结果表明,高一低加载时,由于硬化严重,损伤演变速率减缓,使寿命分数之和大于1;而在低一高加载时,由于硬化较弱,引起损伤演变速率加速,使寿命分数之和小于1。受损材料的硬化状态对后续载荷下的损伤演变过程具有明显的影响,本文方法反映的加载顺序效应与试验观察一致。     

金属多轴疲劳行为与寿命预测研究进展

多轴疲劳损伤行为和寿命预测研究关系着复杂加载条件下金属结构件的服役安全,一直受到科学和工程领域的重视.总结多轴低周和高周疲劳试验性能测试一般过程和疲劳行为研究,重点论述多轴非比例加载对低周疲劳和高周疲劳行为的影响,受加载路径,加载载荷和材料类型的影响,非比例加载对材料低周疲劳循环硬化行为和疲劳寿命的影响有差异,对低周疲劳和高周疲劳表现的疲劳行为的影响也有差别,作用机理不尽一致.单轴本构关系通过引入非比例度因子、修正循环强度系数或将多轴加载时的应变等效为单轴应变等方式可推广到多轴疲劳领域.基于应力、应变、能量、临界面和临界面应变能密度法的多轴疲劳寿命预测模型在文中做了综述,疲劳损伤参量中包含能量项的一些多轴疲劳寿命预测方法常被用于多轴低周和高周疲劳寿命预测.缺口件多轴疲劳寿命可采用多轴损伤参量结合局部应力应变法、应力梯度法、应力场强法及临界距离法等进行预测.     

疲劳损伤钢件修复的最佳时机

为了研究影响疲劳损伤中间退火修复效果的诸因素 ,找出最佳修复时机的变化规律 ,在恒应变± 0 .5 %和± 0 .8%控制下 ,对 40Cr调质钢进行疲劳循环加载 ,求得存活率为 90 %时的寿命Nf。将试样疲劳加载到少于Nf 的不同周次后 ,再进行中间退火修复。发现中间退火可以延长损伤件的疲劳寿命。本次试验条件下能使疲劳寿命提高到原始试样的二倍。修复效果与损伤周次和承受的循环应变大小有关。用高灵敏度电阻仪和TEM对疲劳损伤过程与修复后材料的微观结构进行测试和观察。发现中间退火不能使损伤的材料恢复到原始材料状态。疲劳加载对材料的微观变化有两个相反的影响 ,疲劳损伤导致形成微观裂纹 ,但疲劳加载在材料中累积的应变能在中间退火过程中 ,作为附加驱动力 ,促使材料更加均匀、稳定 ,从而减少了形成微裂纹的条件。当循环应变增加 ,获得最佳修复效果的损伤周次减少。     

高温比例与非比例加载下多轴疲劳寿命预测

针对拉扭多轴疲劳加载情况，分析最大剪切平面上的应变特性。利用临界损伤平面原理确定不同加载参数下的临界损伤平面，在此基础上提出一种基于单轴疲劳材料常数和高温蠕变特性的高温多轴疲劳寿命预测模型。利用高温合金材料GH4169薄壁管疲劳试样在控制应变拉扭循环加载下的试验数据，对所提出的寿命模型进行验证。结果表明，在高温低周拉扭循环加载下，所提出的高温疲劳寿命预测模型可以较好地预测高温疲劳寿命。     

多级加载下疲劳寿命的分岔现象探讨

在多级加载疲劳试验中 ,加载历史对疲劳寿命的影响很大 ,特别是当低 -高顺序加载时 ,损伤演变速度减缓 ,剩余寿命远较损伤力学方法估算的大 ,有时甚至出现受损试样的剩余寿命远大于原始材料的情况。本文运用非线性动力学观点 ,根据二级加载的非线性疲劳寿命公式 ,用计算机做模拟试验 ,发现会出现分岔现象。结合疲劳损伤中“锻炼”效应的微观机理 ,认为材料疲劳损伤演化过程中非线性特征是产生这种现象的原因。通过大量试验和实践经验而得到的现有的疲劳损伤公式 ,可以较好地反映客观实际情况。研究它们之间各个参变量与疲劳损伤的关系 ,能够发现材料在疲劳损伤过程的分岔和混沌现象。     

考虑加载历史影响的蠕变律

考虑到蠕变过程中,材料内部微观结构的变化,会使材料的变形行为发生改变,本文引入硬化状态变量表征加载历史对材料变形行为的影响,提出的蠕变律可以正确反映蠕变三个阶段的变形规律,由此导出的蠕变损伤演变方程与加载历史有关。其结果可以为分析多级蠕变加载时损伤演变过程和剩余寿命估算提供新的思路。     

16Mn钢板材的拉伸压缩低周疲劳性能

对16Mn钢板材的低周疲劳性能进行了试验研究.在控制全应变幅的条件下,用三种不同的加载方法,测定了循环应力—应变曲线。讨论了该材料的循环硬化(软化)现象,循环硬化指数,不同加载方式对其本构关系的影响,给出了循环应力—应变关系确定式。文中最后还给出了材料的ε—2N_f 曲线及其具体关系式.     

两级载荷作用下的损伤累积规律及其试验验证

研究累积损伤规律的文献很多,但迄今为止,各种能反映加载顺序影响的累积损伤理论都认为试样在按由高到低顺序排列的多给载荷作用下疲劳破坏时必有累积损伤的结果。本文作者经过分析研究认为,这些理论只反映了问题的一个方面。本文根据金属系中显微结构稳定性原理,提出并论证了对于循环硬化材料,在高-低两级载荷作用下,当第一级高载荷作用次数较少时必然有累积损伤的结果,进而推出在按高-低顺序排列的多级载荷作用下也有累积损伤的情况。而对于循环软化材料则相反。并就循环硬化材料的光滑试样进行了高-低两级加载的试验难证。在试验的基础上对累积损伤的计算提出了一些设想。     

高温时间相关单多轴疲劳损伤模型

针对高温疲劳中蠕变和氧化因素的影响,提出高温循环加载下时间相关疲劳损伤模型.根据材料高温疲劳微观观察和疲劳过程,充分考虑拉压应变率和循环周期不同而造成的不同损伤,提出高温影响折算时间的计算方法.结合损伤理论和高温对疲劳损伤的影响,把无保载时间的高温疲劳损伤分为纯疲劳损伤、时间相关损伤和交互损伤,损伤模型经高温2.25Cr-1Mo钢单多轴疲劳试验验证,结果表明,误差在两个因子之内.     

一种新的多轴疲劳寿命预测方法

已有的试验结果表明,非比例加载过程中主应变轴在循环变形中连续旋转,导致多滑移系开动,阻碍了材料内部形成稳定的位错结构,从而产生非比例循环附加强化现象,导致疲劳寿命降低。由此,以薄壁圆管拉扭疲劳试件为研究对象,在分析临界面上的应变变化特性的基础上,基于多轴疲劳临界损伤面原理,应用von-Mises准则提出一种能够同时适用于比例与非比例加载的多轴疲劳损伤参量,并进行了平均应力修正。新的损伤参量,在考虑了临界面上最大剪应变范围和正应变范围对多轴疲劳损伤贡献不同的同时,还考虑了非比例加载下产生的附加强化对材料多轴疲劳寿命的影响。该参量不含有材料常数,便于工程应用。经正火45钢,S460N 钢,1045HR钢,高温Haynes 188合金,高温GH4169合金五种材料的多轴疲劳试验验证,预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

基于二元疲劳失效判据的非线性疲劳损伤累积模型及其强度退化研究

二元疲劳失效判据认为疲劳破坏是由损伤程度和当前作用应力这两个量共同决定的,由此观点出发定义了非线性损伤,并建立了与载荷状态有关的非线性损伤累积模型,推导了在多级加载下的递推公式。经两种金属材料的疲劳试验数据验证表明,用该模型预测疲劳寿命,其结果是令人满意的。从疲劳过程本质上是材料静强度不断退化的过程的观点出发,建立了基于二元疲劳失效判据的非线性强度退化模型,将模型应用于两级及多级载荷下的剩余寿命估算,结果表明,所提出的剩余强度退化模型是合理可行的。

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FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATED BY RATIO-METHOD TO METALLIC MATERIALS WITH SMALL CRACK UNDER UNSYMMETRIC CYCLIC LOADING

Based on the standpoint to take for the crack size also to be a damage variable like the damage variable, by means of the two-directions coordinate system, several new calculation equations on the small crack growth rate are suggested for describing the elastic-plastic behavior of some metallic materials. And the estimation formulas of life are also suggested relative to varied small crack size at each loading history, which is unsymmetric cyclic loading. In the calculation method, as a loaded stress-strain parameter to adopt the ratio with plastic strain range to elastic strain range, and as the material constants using the typical material parameters in damage calculation expression, a new concept of the compositive material constant, which has functional relation with the typical material constants, average stress, average strain, critical loading time is given out. In addition, the fatigue damage of a part of car is put up to calculate as an example, its calculation results are accordant with the Landgraf's equation, and calculation precision is more rigorous, so could avoid unnecessary fatigue tests and will be of practical significance on saving times, manpower and capitals, as well as the convenience for engineering applications.     

304不锈钢两阶段载荷模式下的疲劳寿命

对304不锈钢进行一系列单轴、扭转、比例和非比例循环载荷变化的两阶段低周疲劳实验,比较各阶段载荷下的循环特性.结果表明在第一阶段载荷下,材料在开始几个循环表现出软化特性,在路径转化时有交错强化现象,而在圆路径下产生明显的附加强化.试验结果表明,这种强化对疲劳寿命有明显影响,使两段载荷的总疲劳损伤小于1.文中比较了线性损伤律和几个非线性损伤律(Manson的双线性损伤律、损伤曲线方法、Morrow模型)的寿命预测结果,表明对寿命的预测各模型都给出了不安全的结果.     

用小裂纹尺寸与塑性应变范围同弹性应变范围的比值计算材料的疲劳损伤

提出用塑性应变范围与弹性应变范围的比值作为载荷参量，以小裂纹尺寸作为损伤变量，用常用的材料参数作为小裂纹扩展方程式中的材料常数，建立描述弹塑性材料行为的小裂纹扩展速率方程式与各个历程的寿命估算式，从而计算结构材料在对称和非对称循环加载下的疲劳损伤，其计算结果与Landgraf公式一致。     

Damage Accumulation under Variable Loading of Cyclically Hardening Material at the Stages of Formation and Development of Cracks

The results of experimental studies of the kinetics of damage accumulation at the stages of formation and rates of development of cracks in cyclic loading of the cyclically hardening AD-33 aluminum alloy are presented, and an assessment is made of the levels accumulated in the process of loading of damage on the basis of the deformation and kinetic criteria. It is shown that the limiting state (final fracture) during cyclic loading of an aluminum alloy is described well when using deformation characteristics (cyclically reversible deformations and one-sided accumulated ones at the stage of formation, and reversible and one-sided accumulated displacement of crack edges at the stage of crack development) used in the deformation and kinetic criteria. It has been established that a cyclically hardening aluminum alloy at the stage of crack development under tension-compression conditions does not obey the first model of fracture mechanics.     

Cyclic loading of beams based on the Prager and Frederick–Armstrong kinematic hardening models

The kinematic hardening theory of plasticity based on the Prager and Frederick–Armstrong models are used to evaluate the cyclic loading behavior of a beam under the axial, bending, and thermal loads. The beam material is assumed to follow non-linear strain hardening property. The material's strain hardening curves in tension and compression are assumed to be both identical for the isotropic material and different for the anisotropic material. A numerical iterative method is used to calculate the stresses and plastic strains in the beam due to cyclic loadings. The results of the analysis are checked with the known experimental tests. It is concluded that the Prager kinematic hardening theory under deformation controlled conditions, excluding creep, results into reversed plasticity. The load controlled cyclic loading under the Prager kinematic hardening model with isotropy assumption results into reversed plasticity. Under anisotropy assumption of tension/compression curve, this model predicts ratcheting. On the other hand, the Frederick–Armstrong model predicts ratcheting behavior of the beam under load controlled cyclic loading with non-zero mean load. This model predicts reversed plasticity under the load controlled cyclic loading with zero mean load, and deformation controlled cyclic loading.     

Shakedown analysis of beams using nonlinear kinematic hardening materials coupled with continuum damage mechanics

The nonlinear kinematic hardening theory of plasticity based on the Armstrong-Fredrick model and isotropic damage was used to evaluate the cyclic loading behavior of a beam under the axial, bending, and thermal loads. Damage and inelastic deformation were incorporated and they were used for the beam shakedown and ratcheting analysis. The beam material was assumed to follow the nonlinear strain hardening property coupled with isotropic damage. The effect of the damage phenomenon coupled with the elastoplastic nonlinear kinematic hardening was studied for deformation and load control loadings. The Bree's diagram was obtained for two different types of loading, and all numerical results confirmed the reduction of the safe loading domain due to material damage.