利用碳钢铸坯组织灰度图获取C含量分布的方法

基于热酸洗腐蚀原理与图像光学理论,提出运用金属低倍组织灰度分析技术(灰度分析法)获取中高碳钢铸坯的低倍组织中不同位置不同区域不同尺度的一维、二维C元素含量分布。偏析严重的位置得到的C元素含量高,初始凝固的晶粒中心位置得到的C元素含量低,说明通过灰度分析法计算的C元素含量分布能与低倍组织形貌很好地对应。同时,通过电子探针与灰度分析法的测量结果对比,发现二者C元素含量的变化趋势具有很好的一致性,这验证了灰度分析法的有效性。另外,低倍组织图像整体亮度的改变不会造成由灰度分析法所测量的C元素含量发生明显改变,则表明灰度分析法对测量环境的变化具有一定的抗干扰能力,也间接说明了其可靠性。     

原位统计分布分析技术在连铸方坯偏析分析中的应用

炼钢连铸工艺需要了解方坯中各元素的分布偏析情况,进而对连铸工艺参数进行调整。实验选取一块经低倍硫印分析发现存在明显缺陷的连铸方坯样品进行原位统计分布分析,对应硫印分析的缺陷位置可以看出该样品中元素硫、磷、碳有一定程度的富集,在该缺陷带产生了明显的正偏析,这与硫印分析取得了很好的一致性。应用原位统计分布分析技术对另一块40Cr连铸方坯的C、Mn、Cr元素进行检测,根据各元素含量的二维分布图、统计分布图及分段区间对样品的元素偏析情况进行分析,发现该样品中碳元素分布不均匀,元素锰和铬的分布较好。该技术的应用可进一步指导炼钢工艺。     

GCr15轴承钢盘条孔洞缺陷分析及改善

对GCr15高碳铬轴承钢热轧盘条的低倍组织孔洞缺陷进行SEM电镜分析,说明孔洞缺陷的产生与钢中碳、铬元素的分布存在直接关系.GCr15轴承钢在凝固组织的二次枝晶间形成碳、铬偏析生成粗大的M3C、M7C3等共晶碳化物.由于扩散时间及温度的限制,该碳化物未能充分均化固熔在轧制后的拉伸带状组织中,所以酸蚀后的轴承钢热轧盘条断面出现低倍组织孔洞缺陷.为了改善该缺陷,共进行了8组高温扩散试验,结果表明：热轧盘条的低倍组织孔洞缺陷在1 100℃高温扩散后得到明显改善.     

不锈钢连铸板坯横截面偏析的原位统计分布分析

采用原位统计分布分析技术对不锈钢连铸板坯横截面成分偏析进行研究,结合金相低倍组织形貌,定量表征了铸坯横截面上各元素含量的统计分布规律。在铸坯横截面上有一环状偏析带,此偏析带碳、硅、钛等元素为负偏析,钙、铝富集呈严重正偏析,且与低倍组织形貌中白亮带精确对应,由电磁搅拌所致。白亮带内侧上、下各有一条偏析带,其成分分布与白亮带相反,碳、硅、钛等元素富集呈正偏析,钙、铝为负偏析,其位置对应于中心等轴晶和柱状晶的交界处。碳、硫、钛的最大偏析点集中于铸坯横截面中部,硅、锰、磷、钙分布于白亮带附近,而铝呈弥散分布。钙、铝、钛为铸坯中主要偏析元素,其最大偏析度和统计偏析度均较高,均匀性较差。     

轴承钢连铸坯偏析和致密度的分析

采用原位分析方法对轴承钢连铸大方坯不同部位的偏析和疏松进行了分析；将原位分析与低倍组织分析结合起来，完整地体现铸坯试样的成分分布和组织特征。轴承钢同一铸坯断面中部的C、Si、Mn元素偏析程度大于边部。轴承钢铸坯边缘部位致密度和均匀性都好于中心部位，即相应的柱状晶区致密度高于等轴晶区。     

溶质Ti对Al-5Ti-1B晶粒细化剂细晶效果的影响

低合金化铝合金的铸态晶粒往往存在粗晶比例高、内外晶粒尺寸分布不均等问题。在晶粒细化剂添加量不变的前提下,通过改变熔体Ti含量的方式,研究溶质Ti含量对Al-5Ti-1B晶粒细化剂细晶效果的影响。采用试验和计算相结合的方式,利用荧光光谱仪测量熔体在保温炉和铸造流槽的元素变化,对铸锭低倍组织的宏观及微观组织偏光观察,通过热力学计算确定溶质Ti含量、生长限制因子Q、α-Al形核温度及其过冷度,揭示溶质Ti对α-Al的形核率和生长率的作用机制。研究表明:低Ti样品的低倍组织中存在大量粗晶和少量羽毛晶,晶粒尺寸呈现内高外低的趋势,分布区间为750~2500μm;高Ti样品低倍组织细小弥散,内外晶粒分布均匀,呈等轴晶,尺寸区间在100~120μm。此外,计算结果显示,当熔体中溶质Ti含量由1.52×10^(-4)%增长至1.07×10^(-2)%时,TiB_(2)/α-Al界面能逐渐增大,润湿角由约180°降低至近似0°,α-Al的瞬态形核率随之提升数十个数量级。同时,通过降低形核过冷度和提高生长限制因子,更高的溶质Ti含量有助于降低α-Al的生长速率。为充分发挥晶粒细化剂的细晶效果,熔铸工序中溶质Ti含量建议不低于1.07×10^(-2)%。     

不同不锈钢板偏析的原位统计分布技术解析

采用金属原位统计分布分析技术,结合传统分析手段,综合解析了系列不同不锈钢板横截面各元素的偏析分布规律和样品疏松程度。采用含量二维等高图、含量三维视图等观察了各元素的偏析分布状态,利用最大偏析度以及统计偏析度等对各元素的偏析程度进行了定量表征。结果表明,每个不锈钢板样品中均有某些元素表现出明显的、特定的偏析分布规律,如有些样品C元素在板中心两侧形成两条正偏析带;有些样品Nb元素在板中心形成负偏析;有的样品S元素在板中心线则形成正偏析等,每个样品元素的偏析分布规律可合理解释其低倍的疏松表现形式。此外,各样品S     

TC17钛合金超大规格棒材的制备

以0级海绵钛、Al-Mo二元中间合金以及适当颗粒度的金属Cr等为原料,经过3次真空自耗电弧炉熔炼得到5 t级TC17钛合金铸锭。铸锭杂质元素含量较小,纯净度良好,合金元素成分的纵横向分布均匀性良好,易偏析元素Cr的纵、横向分布偏差不大于0.35%。铸锭在4 500 t快锻机上经"高低高低"路线的反复镦拔锻造制备成500mm棒材,棒材的低倍组织、显微组织、高温和室温力学性能以及超声波探伤水平等各项技术指标均符合相关技术标准要求,不同部位的组织均匀性、性能一致性良好。     

火花源原位统计分布分析技术研究船板钢坯断口样品中碳元素的偏析

以火花源原位统计分布分析方法获得船板钢坯样品表面的元素含量分布信息,运用数据切割的方法将原始火花数据进行切割,然后与实际样品切割进行位置对应,从而实现了通过间接方法得到冲击断口样品侧表面碳元素分布分析数据。采用裁减合并的方法得到碳元素的平均统计偏析度为0.706 8,与实际分析结果取得了很好的一致性。该方法可用于中低合金钢小样品异形面中碳元素的火花原位偏析分布分析。     

Cr12Mo1V1冷作模具钢的技术开发

简要介绍Cr12M0oV1扁钢生产工艺、供货范围及标准执行情况。通过冲击韧性测定,用图象仪对碳化物均匀度和颗粒度的测定,低倍和断口检验,气体和杂质元素含量的测定,高倍夹杂物的检验,得到了大量的检验数据和实物照片并进行评定。表明长特三厂的Cr12Mo1V1钢工艺可行,碳化物分布均匀,颗粒细小,性能优异,气体和杂质元素含量相当低,金相组织洁净度甚佳。     

12Mn钢连铸圆坯的原位统计分布分析

为获得连铸圆坯横截面内各元素的偏析、疏松和夹杂物分布,采用金属原位分析仪对12Mn无缝钢管连铸圆坯进行了原位成分统计分布分析。通过C、Si、Mn、P的二维成分分布图及线分布图看出,在中心部位处C元素呈明显富集状态,而Si、Mn和P则相反,即含量极低。在整个横截面内,C、Si、P等元素尤其是C元素含量表现为明显偏析状态,Al元素则由于夹杂物的形成而表现为分散的岛状富集分布状态,S则无明显变化,Si、Mn的分布极为相似。此外,通过定量分析和夹杂物粒度分析获得了各元素的含量频次图及Al粒度分布图。通过表观致密度分布图可以获得,圆坯横截面整体表观致密度低至95.60%,这是铸坯中心缩孔导致。     

中国亚热带地区造林对土壤碳周转的影响

Afforestation in China's subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests, plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover, we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (δ13C) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Experimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C, δ13C and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests, SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grassland) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC δ13C composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly affected by the grass biomass 13C composition. Soil profiles with a change in photosynthetic pathway had a more complex 13C isotope composition distribution. During the 20 years after plantation establishment, the soil organic matter sources influenced both the δ13C distribution with depth, and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that masson pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.     

铸造黄铜的原位统计分布分析

采用金属原位分析仪实现了对铸造黄铜ZHPb59-1的大面积扫描,利用原位统计分布分析技术分析了合金中添加元素Zn、P、Mn、Al、Si、Fe、Pb、Ti、B的分布状况,以期能为铜合金行业提供一种快速的表面元素分布分析方法。通过原位扫描技术能快速得到各元素的直观分布图、最大偏析度、最大偏析位置和统计偏析度。研究发现,原位分析得到Zn、P、Mn的分布及对组织影响的结果和金相结果有良好的对应;通过二维成分分布图和三维成分分布图可看出Al、Si、Fe的分布较为均匀。由原位统计分布可推测,Pb存在大量的夹杂相,而P弥散在整个合金中;Ti、B作为主要的变质剂,存在明显的偏析。此外,Cu、P夹杂的原位统计结果与扫描电镜和能谱的结果对应良好。     

CSP 流程低碳铝镇静钢铸坯碳覆夹杂物析出行为

在使用 CSP 工艺生产低碳或超低碳钢时,在铸坯中,特别是铸坯宽面的中心经常观察到相当数量的微米级碳覆夹杂物.通过对 CSP 流程不同的钢种铸坯取样,研究了这类夹杂物的结构特点和析出机制.指出碳覆夹杂物呈双层结构,外面包裹一层富碳层、中心为钙铝酸盐或含 CaO 的复合夹杂物.热力学计算结果显示这层富碳物质并非 CaC2.通过对比球墨铸铁中球状石墨的形成条件,指出 CSP 铸坯中存在冷却速度快、S 元素含量低、加钙处理后促球化元素 Ca、Mg 含量相对较高,有大量夹杂物作为形核核心等促进碳覆夹杂物析出的有利条件.C 为易偏析元素,在低碳或超低碳钢铸坯凝固过程中液芯中 C 含量的升高,能够析出球状的碳覆夹杂物.并指出由于碳覆夹杂物的析出,中心钢基体 C 含量降低,碳覆夹杂物析出能够减轻铸坯凝固过程中 C元素的偏析程度.     

火车车轮轮辋组织与显微硬度的统计分布表征

采用高通量场发射扫描电镜结合图像批处理技术以及全自动显微维氏硬度分析技术对2种不同成分(W1和W2)的火车车轮轮辋踏面附近较大范围内的显微组织和硬度进行了原位统计分布表征,探究了轮辋靠近踏面的关键区域铁素体面积分数和珠光体片层间距的分布规律.通过大尺度原位统计分布表征结果可以发现,2种车轮铁素体面积分数自踏面往里均呈现...     

Quantitative Model of Hereditary Behavior for Carbon Segregation in Continuous Casting Billets Based on Grayscale Analysis

To obtain a reliable hereditary law of carbon segregation, the carbon element content in the entire area of the longitudinal sections of billet, wire rod and bolt samples is quantitatively calculated through the method of metal macrostructure grayscale analysis (MGA). Based on the calculation results, the hereditary behavior of carbon distribution characteristics at the “geometric similar” positions of the selected samples is quantitatively analyzed from three aspects: carbon element content, longitudinal carbon fluctuation and transverse carbon uniformity. The results show that the distribution characteristics of the carbon element content and carbon variation coefficient on the longitudinal sections of the selected samples are approximately the same, which can quantitatively reflect the hereditary behavior of the carbon segregation, and the corresponding hereditary equations during the rolling process are fitted. Then, the central segregation index, which can represent the transverse carbon uniformity, on the longitudinal sections of selected samples is calculated, and the corresponding hereditary equation is also obtained. According to the hereditary equation of central segregation index during the rolling process, to produce rolled products with more uniform quality and mechanical properties, the central segregation index of the corresponding billet should be controlled below 1.05.     

不同碳含量的MgO-C耐火材料与超低碳钢液的相互作用

研究了3种C含量的(3%、5%、10%,质量分数)MgO-C耐火材料与超低碳钢的相互作用。利用ICPAES、氧氮分析仪、碳硫分析仪检测了与实验MgO-C耐火材料接触的钢液的成分,用XRD分析了耐火材料反应前后的物相变化,并利用SEM观察了耐火材料/钢界面。结果表明,随着镁碳耐火材料中C含量的增加,耐火材料/钢界面附近的渗透层厚度增加;反应后钢液中的C、N、Al含量以及Mg含量随着耐火材料中C含量的增加而增加,钢中O含量随之降低;反应前后的镁碳耐火材料都有镁铝尖晶石的存在,高C含量的耐火材料反应后镁铝尖晶石含量增加,因此低碳镁碳耐火材料更有利于超低碳钢的生产。     

冷轧热镀锌板表面条形缺陷的分析及形成原因探讨

采用激光诱导击穿光谱原位统计分布分析技术(LIBS-OPA)、扫描电镜结合能谱仪(SEM/EDS)对冷轧热镀锌板表面条形缺陷处的元素进行了分布分析,并探讨了缺陷的形成原因。使用激光诱导击穿光谱原位统计分布分析技术对镀锌板表面进行了面扫描,扫描区域包含镀锌板表面的条形缺陷,并作出铝、铬、钙、碳、铁、硅、铜、锰、钠、镁、钾和锌等12种元素的强度二维分布图及线分布图,结果表明在缺陷中心处,锌和钾的含量比正常部位低,铝、碳、钙、铬、铜、硅、锰、钠、镁等元素在缺陷中心处的含量比正常部位高;在缺陷中心的两侧,铁、铝2种元素存在两条断续的高含量带,碳元素存在两条低含量带。同时,用扫描电镜与能谱仪对镀锌板表面正常部位和缺陷部位进行线扫描和定量分析,结果表明在缺陷部位,碳、氧、铝3种元素的含量明显比正常部位高,锌的含量比较低,而钙和钾含量变化表现不明显。SEM/EDS结果与LIBS-OPA检测结果一致,将两种手段的检测结果对比分析,得知缺陷部位所含成分主要为氧化钙和氧化铝,由此推测缺陷可能是由保护渣夹杂所致。激光诱导击穿光谱原位统计分布分析为缺陷的分析鉴定提供了新的测试方法,对镀锌板生产工艺的改进具有指导意义。     

Study on stress distribution of the condyle

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the internal state of stress distribution in healthy human condyles and to offer some references for application of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) biomechanics. METHODS: Six male volunteers were selected to perform CT examination of the TMJ with 1.5 mm-thick sections at 1.5 mm intervals. Three dimensional image reconstruction of the joint was performed in the SUN workstation and the CT data were converted into the decimal system. The three dimensional finite element model mesh generation resulted from 1188 elements and 264 nodes in each condyle. Stress calculation was performed with SAP-V program, and the results were converted into mechanical density scalar. During the study, the internal state of stress distribution on each side condyle in every subject was analysed on the basis of loading on the anterior articular surface of the condyle. RESULTS: Stress was concentrated in the anterior articular surface of the condyle and was highest at the loading point. The condylar cortical bone was the main load-bearing area. The level of stress distribution in the cancellous bone of the condyle was very low. Near condylar neck stress was well-distributed on the cortical. The internal state of stress was essentially symmetrical on the same cuts of both side condyles. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that three dimensional finite element analysis may indicate the internal state of stress distribution in the condyle, suggesting that a combination of the three dimensional finite element methods and the three dimensional imaging technique may be a useful means for diagnosis and treatment of TMJ diseases.     

Vacuum carburization of 12Cr2Ni4A low carbon alloy steel with lanthanum and cerium ion implantation

As bearing parts, 12 Cr2 Ni4 A is expected to have high hardness and excellent fatigue strength, so carburizing is employed to improve the inherit properties of 12 Cr2 Ni4 A. However, the traditional carburizing is limited by poor microstructure distribution and low rate of carburizing. The rare earth ion implantation is known to help improving the properties of tribology, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance of metal. In this article, the RE implantation is employed to assist the carburizing. Lanthanum and cerium ion implantations are initially used to assist 12 Cr2 Ni4 A low pressure vacuum carburization.The microstructure, content of retained austenite, hardness, thickness of layer and carbon diffusion were analyzed by optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Rockwell/Vickers hardness tester, respectively. It was shown that lanthanum and cerium implantations can improve structure of the vacuum carburizing layer, and enhance the uniformity of carbon element distribution on the carburized surface. Meanwhile the RE implantation plays a positive role in promoting the surface hardness and carburized rate. The lanthanum element has more significant effect on surface hardness and content of retained austenite than cerium element. The surface hardness of lanthanum element implanted layer was 62.9 HRC with 9.6% content of retained austenite, while the carburizing rate of cerium implanted layer increased by 12.4%.