防挤槽在沉桩挤土中效果的有限元模拟

本文基于有限元软件,建立了考虑桩土相互作用、几何大变形、材料非线性的沉桩挤土有限单元法模型,得到了设置防挤槽对沉桩后桩周土体位移和应力分布规律的影响。防挤槽槽前土体水平向失去约束,在桩的挤压作用下,土体运动主要表现为水平位移,竖向则表现为轻微下沉;防挤槽的存在能有效地减少槽后的土体位移,但在槽深范围内效果明显,而槽底以下的挤土位移场和无槽时差别不大。     

地震激励下桩-土非线性耦合作用对桩基动力响应特性的影响

为探讨桩-土非线性耦合作用对桩基动力响应特性的影响,以桩-土-结构耦合系统为研究对象,建立三维非线性有限元模型。采用Drucker-Prager非线性土体本构模型,利用罚函数法实现桩-土-结构界面间的非线性耦合作用,引入无反射边界条件,并考虑重力因素,得到了水平和竖直方向组合地震激励下桩-土非线性相互作用对桩基地震响应的影响。结果表明,考虑桩-土接触非线性,桩基的加速度响应峰值减小,桩土之间出现明显的分离现象,桩基剪力和弯矩峰值有所增加。通过对桩基轴力的校核,桩基不承受拉力,不会发生拔桩现象。     

大比例模型结构-桩-土动力相互作用试验研究与理论分析

介绍了一个土-桩-框架结构1/2比例模型动力相互作用野外试验研究,通过对模型进行地脉动测试得到了其基频,并分别在忽略重力、欠人工质量、人工质量三种工况下进行了模型的顶部牵引激励试验和顶部机械激励试验,且在时域和频域内分析了试验结果,得到了一些有益结果。此外,研究了考虑土体动力非线性特征的粘弹性人工边界,提出了考虑桩土动力相互作用中桩土分离、滑移以及基础提离效应的接触模型,并引入阻尼项表征桩土动力作用中的能量损耗。建立了试验模型结构的三维有限元分析模型,通过对模型试验的模拟计算验证了有限元模型的可靠性,进而进行了不同地震动输入下的地震反应分析,总结了一些规律性结果。     

基于T-P模型的桩-桩水平振动相互作用研究

为精确揭示桩-土动力相互作用,弥补动力Winkler地基-Bernoulli-Euler梁模型(E-W模型)在桩-桩水平振动分析中的不足。考虑土体剪切效应和桩身剪切变形,建立Pasternak-Timoshenko模型(T-P模型)模拟桩-土动力相互作用,推导水平动力和竖向荷载共同作用下的主动桩水平振动解析解。在此基础上,根据桩-桩动力相互作用原理,建立被动桩水平振动控制方程,运用传递矩阵法考虑土体分层特性,利用初参数法计算桩-桩动力相互作用因子;与已有文献进行对比,验证计算结果的正确性。通过参数分析表明：土体剪切效应对水平动力相互作用因子有增强效果;在给定桩土参数的情况下,主动桩和被动桩存在“有效桩长”(Ld=10d～15d);当桩身长径比在L/d=5～10范围内时,不宜忽略桩身剪切变形对动力相互作用因子的影响;竖向荷载对水平-摇摆耦合作用因子的影响最为显著。     

非线性桩-土作用对车桥耦合振动的影响研究

该文基于文克尔地基梁理论,利用修正的P-Y曲线法和荷载传递双曲线法,建立了桩-土非线性作用模型。采用了桩和土相对刚度来计算水平方向桩-土相互作用的初始刚度。通过Mohr-Coulomb法则得到土的极限抗力,并结合Matlock P-Y曲线法对极限抗力的表达式进行了修正,从而充分考虑了土的极限抗力的深度效应。编制了桩-土非线性梁单元有限元程序,建立了考虑非线性桩-土相互作用的车桥耦合模型。结合工程实例,分析了非线性桩-土相互作用的桥梁模型对车桥耦合响应的影响,并与墩底固结模型进行了对比。结果表明:在车桥耦合振动过程中,考虑非线性的桩-土相互作用,桥梁的横向位移幅值显著增大,竖向位移幅值增大,桥梁加速度幅值降低。此结果对处于软弱基础的高速铁路桥梁的分析和设计提供了参数和依据。     

SH波作用下液化土中桩-土-上部结构的动力相互作用

以桩-土相互作用的Winkler模型为基础,将桩等效为Timoshenko梁,上部结构等效为刚性质量块,研究了桩基底土体承受垂直入射简谐SH波作用的液化土层中桩-土-上部结构系统的动力特性。考虑土体的自由场位移以及上部结构质量、转动惯量和桩轴向压力的二阶效应,建立了液化土层中单桩-土-刚性上部结构系统的边值问题,并利用分离变量法得到桩变形的解析解。在验证理论模型和解析解合理性和有效性的基础上,分析了几何和物理参数等对桩头位移放大因子和动力放大因子的影响,研究结果表明:单桩-土-上部刚性结构系统存在明显的共振现象,且土体自由场位移对桩头位移放大因子影响显著。随着土体液化程度的发展,单桩-土-刚性上部结构系统基频、桩头动力放大因子和桩失稳临界荷载逐渐减小。     

考虑桩-土相互作用的不等高墩桥地震响应分析

基于LS-DYNA有限元软件的二次开发功能,引入p-y桩土动力相互作用模型和钢材的BONORA损伤本构模型。以某大桥四跨引桥为研究对象,建立了包括考虑土-结构相互作用的WINKLER地基梁模型、有效桩长模型、全桩长模型,以及不考虑土-结构相互作用的无桩模型等四种桩基础分析模型和上部结构弹塑性损伤分析模型;通过场地自由场求解,在桩侧节点上施加相应位置的加速度时程,对基于四种桩基础模型的该大桥进行了自振特性以及在小震、中震和大震下的位移、加速度、内力、损伤分析,并探讨了WINKLER地基梁模型不同深度下桩-土p-y模型的应力-应变关系和桩身变形特性。结果表明,桩基础数值分析模型对结构整体响应影响显著,不等高墩桥顺桥向与横桥向响应差距大,所开发的p-y模型可用于桥梁结构精细化数值分析。     

海洋环境下桩-土相互作用问题的数值解

考虑波压力对海床土体应力状态的影响,基于Biot固结理论及虚拟桩技术对海洋桩-土相互作用体系进行了数学建模,并应用FlexPDE对所建立的数学模型进行了数值求解,得到了作用在桩体上的侧向土压力、桩体周围土体有效正应力以及自由场土体相对水平位移和相对垂直位移的分布,这些结果可为海洋桩基的设计与监测提供依据。     

SH波作用下桩-液化土-结构体系的水平振动特性

将桩等效为Timoshenko梁,上部结构等效为单自由度弹簧质量块,基于桩-土相互作用的Winkler模型,研究了在垂直入射简谐SH波作用下桩-液化土-上部结构耦合体系的水平振动特性。考虑土体的自由场位移、上部结构的平动和转动惯性以及和桩轴向压力的二阶效应,建立了单桩-液化土-上部结构耦合体系的边值问题,得到桩变形和上部结构运动的解析解。数值分析了几何和物理等参数对桩头和上部结构位移放大因子和动力放大因子的影响,结果表明:单桩-液化土-上部结构体系存在明显的共振现象,且土体自由场位移对桩头和上部结构的位移放大因子影响显著;随着上部结构刚度的增加,桩-液化土-上部结构体系的基频增大,位移放大因子峰值减小;随着土体液化的发展,单桩-液化土-上部结构系统基频和动力放大因子逐渐减小。     

由爆炸引起的隧道衬砌与土体相互作用机制的数值模拟分析

为探究爆炸引起的隧道衬砌与土体相互作用机制,基于埋深15 m、含有全饱和颗粒土的单个圆形混凝土线弹性管片组成的隧道模型,对隧道内的管片衬砌与土体在中等幅值的爆破压力脉冲引起的动态变形进行了数值模拟分析.利用有限元程序Abaqus/Standard并结合二维平面应变理论进行建模,同时考虑绝对孔隙压力为零时孔隙水空化,通过精细化单元空间离散,分析了管片衬砌和土体中的应力和变形.研究结果表明:孔隙水空化引起的强非线性对土体性能具有重要影响.具体表现为:孔隙水空化能够显著降低土体的体积模量,并导致大空化带的形成,使得孔隙水从非空化状态向空化状态转变,或从空化状态向非空化状态转变,导致压缩-拉伸过程中土体的应变-应力关系呈现高度非线性,在气蚀区收缩和最终关闭期间,该非线性会在水气混合物溶液中产生高梯度和奇点.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.