麦苗面包的配方研究

在面包的基础配方中添加一定量的麦苗粉,研制麦苗面包。通过单因素实验和正交试验,考察麦苗粉、白砂糖、黄油和奶粉添加量对麦苗面包感官品质的影响。结果表明:当高筋粉添加量为300 g时,以麦苗粉8 g、白砂糖72 g、黄油64 g、奶粉24 g为配方,制作的麦苗面包品质最佳,色泽均匀,外形饱满,气孔蓬松,蜂窝匀称,弹性好,松软可口,兼具麦苗及面包的香气。     

菠萝豆渣面包的研制

豆渣是豆类加工的副产品,将豆渣处理后添加到面包粉中,配以菠萝可以制成富含膳食纤维且具有营养保健功能的面包。试验研究了豆渣、白砂糖、奶粉、酵母添加量对面包品质的影响,通过单因素和正交试验确定菠萝豆渣面包的最佳的配方是:以面包粉为基础,豆渣添加量为8%,菠萝的添加量为20%,奶粉9%,酵母1.5%,白砂糖10%,黄油5%,酵母改良剂1.5%,食盐1%。制得的面包松软适中且有菠萝的清香味,为豆渣资源的合理利用提供了一条有效的途径。     

一种米粉面包的加工工艺研究

选取米粉为制作面包的主要原料。通过单因素试验分析不同的谷朊粉的添加量、单甘酯的添加量、水的添加量、白砂糖的添加量、食盐的添加量、酵母的添加量以及黄油的添加量对米粉面包感官评分的影响。结果表明:谷朊粉的添加量、单甘酯的添加量、水的添加量及黄油的添加量4个因素对米粉面包感官评分的影响比较明显。根据单因素得出的结果,以谷朊粉的添加量、单甘酯的添加量、水的添加量及黄油的添加量4个因素通过正交试验优化米粉面包配方,结果表明:米粉面包的最优配方为谷朊粉添加量4%、单甘酯添加量0.3%、水添加量60%、黄油添加量8%。所得米粉面包与普通面包的品质非常接近,而且具有大米的营养。     

葛根山药保健面包的工艺研究

对葛根山药保健面包进行研制,改变传统面包高糖高脂的成分。通过单因素试验和正交试验,采用质构分析和感官评分方法为指标研究葛根粉添加量、山药粉添加量和水添加量对葛根山药营养面包进行品质研究并确定最佳配方为:面包粉100 g、白砂糖18 g、葛根粉6 g、山药粉7 g、鸡蛋12 g、黄油12 g、水46 g、盐1.2 g、酵母1.2 g,面包改良剂0.5 g、烘焙奶粉1 g。     

高膳食纤维面包的研究

本文将豆渣粉和魔芋粉复合应用于面包中,研究豆渣粉和魔芋粉添加比例、酵母、奶粉、糖等因素对面包品质的影响。通过单因素试验及正交试验L9(34)设计,同时综合其比容、保水性及感官品质等指标,得出高膳食纤维面包的最佳配方为豆渣粉与魔芋粉添加比例为0.4%∶0.5%,糖添加量为12%,奶粉添加量为4%,酵母添加量为1.4%。     

蛋白核小球藻面包的加工工艺研究

研究蛋白核小球藻面包的工艺配方,通过添加蛋白核小球藻粉来改善面包的发酵效率和贮存性。先以蛋白核小球藻粉、白砂糖、食盐、黄油的添加量为自变量,以蛋白核小球藻面包感官评分为因变量,进行单因素试验。根据单因素试验结果,选取蛋白核小球藻粉、白砂糖、食盐、黄油的添加量进行响应面分析法,优化蛋白核小球藻面包的生产配方。结果表明:蛋白核小球藻面包的最优生产配方为蛋白核小球藻粉0.87%,干酵母2%,乳粉5%,面包改良剂0.4%,鸡蛋10%,白砂糖15.43%,食盐1.49%,水45%,黄油14.96%(以面粉的质量百分含量计算)。在此条件下进行验证性试验,蛋白核小球藻面包的感官评分与模型所得的预测值接近,而在发酵效率和贮存试验中,蛋白核小球藻面包优于普通面包,且营养价值更高。     

高品质香菇面包生产工艺研究

以高筋小麦粉和香菇粉为主要原料,以感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化香菇面包的生产工艺。结果表明:香菇面包最佳工艺参数为以高筋小麦粉质量为基准,香菇粉添加量2.0%、绵白糖添加量18.0%、酵母添加量2.5%、黄油添加量16.0%。在此条件下,香菇面包感官评分最高,为80.5分,制得的香菇面包形状完整,呈金黄色,具有浓郁的香菇风味,有弹性,口感好。     

葛渣曲奇饼干的研制

以葛粉加工后的葛渣为原料,先后采用单因素试验和正交试验,探讨了影响葛渣曲奇饼干感官评分值的因素如葛渣添加量、黄油添加量、麦芽糖醇添加量、奶粉添加量以及葛渣粉细度,最终确定了葛渣曲奇饼干配方为低筋粉100%、葛渣粉添加量15%、黄油添加量70%、麦芽糖醇添加量35%、奶粉添加量12%、鸡蛋液添加量10%,其中葛渣粉碎后过100目筛,所制作葛渣曲奇饼干因葛渣加入而呈焦黄色,口感松脆,甜而不腻。     

蓝莓渣软欧面包的配方优化

在软欧面包中添加蓝莓渣粉,制作出低糖、低脂、高膳食纤维的烘焙产品。在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验优化软欧面包的最佳工艺参数,并通过研究软欧面包的感官品质、质构特性分析各因素对面包品质的影响。蓝莓渣软欧面包的最佳配方为高筋面粉添加量94%、蓝莓渣粉添加量6%、细砂糖添加量17%、酵母添加量1.6%、水添加量45%、全蛋液19%、黄油10%、盐0.8%。此配方制得的蓝莓渣软欧面包色泽和口感独特,且质构品质较好。     

山药薏米面包制备工艺研究

以感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化山药薏米面包的配方。结果表明:当高筋面包粉∶山药粉∶薏米粉质量比为84∶7∶9时,以山药粉、薏米粉、高筋面包粉三者混合粉100 g为基准,酵母添加量1.5%、黄油添加量15%、白砂糖添加量18%、盐添加量1%、改良剂添加量0.4%、烘焙乳粉添加量4%、鸡蛋添加量10%、水添加量20%、牛奶添加量28%,在此工艺条件下制备的面包表面色泽呈棕黄色、组织均匀、口感较好,具有淡淡的山药、薏米风味,受人们喜爱度较高。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.