The Privatisation of Public Property: the Development of a Shopping Mall in Sydney and its Implications for Governance through Spatial Practices

This article examines the planning application and current operation of a new shopping mall in Sydney. I use this analysis to argue that the owners of the mall, Westfield, govern, through spatial practices, the physical space in the mall and the shopping practices of the people who enter the mall. By the term govern I mean the spatial practices by which Westfield controls the shopping area of the mall. I follow the idea of governance inspired by the governmentality literature to show that those connected with the mall are shaped by spatial practices which envisages subjects which are morally free and yet are shaped by shopping mall practices (Foucault, 1975, 1980).

By these spatial practices, I argue, Westfield creates a certain ambience in the mall, which conveys the message that the mall is an attractive and safe location, which welcomes certain customers and excludes others. This collective impression of mall atmosphere, I argue acts as a spatial practice, which in effect governs the mall.

One of the features of shopping malls is that public or civic space is replaced with 'semi-public space' owned by developers. In this context the protection of private property has coalesced with the preservation of public order (Gray and Gray, 2000, p. 23). In shopping malls people considered disruptive to shopping are excluded and shops found in the high street such as pawnshops and second-hand bookshops are not granted a tenancy. Other unwelcome folk include the homeless and groups of teenagers.

n this article I plan to analyse the spatial practices which restrict full public access to such places as the Hornsby shopping mall. Accordingly, I firstly show that the concept of property should rightly be seen as containing social ideas, secondly I discuss the nature of spatial practices, which materially and discursively lead to the exclusion of certain people and thirdly, describe notions of community which help define who are proper mall entrants.     

浅谈购物中心建筑设计中容易忽视的几个重要问题

本文结合作者十余年购物中心建筑设计经验,针对目前国内已建购物中心中折射出的共性设计问题,站在更宏观的城市发展视野,提出了一定的分析见解;这些问题分析涉及购物中心动线设计逻辑性和商业体验特性、购物中心建筑设计与城市交通设计的关系、购物中心立面设计与后期招商调整的关系、购物中心地库设计与绿色低碳发展策略的关系;对提高我国的购物中心乃至大型综合体类建筑设计水平具有一定的参考意义。     

有关香港购物中心设计的几点分析

以香港购物中心为例,剖析购物中心设计的若干议题,以期为内地的购物中心建设提供一点可资参考的设计资料。     

支持商场运维管理的顾客购物行为分析

购物型商场的内部人流量比较大，人与商场的不同店铺、不同商品之间存在大量的交互行为，这些行为产生了大量的数据。通过有效地收集与分析这些数据，将有助于提升商场的运维管理水平。以清华大学C楼的天猫超市为例，利用UWB（Ultra-Wide Band）定位技术进行顾客购物行为的实验研究。结果表明，研究建立的购物行为数据采集方法是可行的，数据综合分析结果可分析出商场内人与商品以及商品与商品之间的关系，以用于货架的调配等运维管理，可为商场运维管理提供支持。     

Understanding the Legacy of Pedestrian Malls

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In the postwar period, cities in the United States installed pedestrian malls to support downtown retail as suburbanization lured shoppers to malls on the periphery. Many cities removed their malls after downtown retail continued to falter. This failure has fostered a negative perception of pedestrian malls among city planners and the general public. In this research I re-examine pedestrian malls as public space and ask why some cities removed their malls while others remain. I compiled a catalog of all 140 pedestrian malls built between 1959 and 1985 that provides the data to understand the full scope of the phenomenon during this era. The catalog also includes data that tests hypotheses about why some pedestrian malls survived, including climate, proximity to a university, and nearby population. I supplement the catalog with a survey of pedestrian mall managers to understand the role of renovation and management in their survival. The results show pedestrian malls are more likely to survive in places with temperate climates, near universities, and in growing cities, though there are exceptions. City governments or business improvement districts actively manage many remaining malls, and programming and periodic renovations have helped them remain vibrant.

Takeaway for practice: Old pedestrian malls failed because cities installed them to save retail and did not consider the fundamentals of placemaking when siting and designing them. Many remaining pedestrian malls are in areas with high pedestrian volumes. Cities have continued to design and manage these spaces according to best practices. Planners considering new pedestrian spaces should not be deterred by the history of old pedestrian malls, as long as they choose their site carefully and manage the space to keep it safe, clean, and inviting.     

大块头有大智慧——由香港MegaBox看垂直型购物中心建筑设计

以MegaBox购物中心为例,剖析垂直型购物中心的若干设计要点,以期为内地的购物中心建设提供一点可资参考的设计资料。     

与地铁车站连通的商场人员安全容量研究

为了保障地铁车站及与其相连商场的疏散安全,需要确定商场的人员安全容量。研究商场人员安全容量时通常会考虑规范要求而忽略其对周边建筑的影响。提出了一种确定与地铁车站连通的商场人员安全容量的方法。利用计算机仿真模拟了某商场及地铁车站的疏散过程,综合考虑标准规范要求、对车站疏散影响及疏散过程安全等因素,确定出该商场人员安全容量,并对疏散过程的不利情况提出相应的对策措施。     

地下批发商场火灾危险性分析与对策措施

为研究地下批发商场的火灾危险性,选取某地下批发商场为研究对象,通过实地数据调查,设定3 种典型火灾场景,包括商铺火灾、楼梯间火灾、走道火灾。利用FDS 建立火灾模型,分析该地下批发商城的烟气流动情况,并根据火灾危险标准判定不同区域危险时间。以此为依据,利用Pathfinder 疏散软件进行人员疏散模拟。结果表明,发生火灾时,该地下批发商城人员无法安全疏散,结合商场现状与模拟情况,通过对安全隐患整改,确保火灾情况下人员安全疏散,以此提出火灾防控措施。     

商场声环境研究的多元化特性

商场空间是理性购物与感性体验的非声学空间,商场声环境既有商业属性又有声学特性,该文以商场为主体,以声环境为研究内容。在商场声环境现场测试基础上,分析频率条件和时间条件下的背景噪声,得出商场的背景噪声随频谱和时间变化而变化,不同消费水平商场等效声压级不同的结论;在商圈、需求层次和及消费心理等平台上,考量商场声环境的客观听闻和主观感受,认为对商场声环境的物理听辨和心理感知,是识音、听音、感音的递进过程,商场声环境研究具有多元化特征。     

Indoor air quality at nine shopping malls in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong is one of the most attractive shopping paradises in the world. Many local people and international tourists favor to spend their time in shopping malls in Hong Kong. Good indoor air quality is, therefore, very essential to shoppers. In order to characterize the indoor air quality in shopping malls, nine shopping malls in Hong Kong were selected for this study. The indoor air pollutants included carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), formaldehyde (HCHO), respirable particulate matter (PM10) and total bacteria count (TBC). More than 40% of the shopping malls had 1-h average CO2 levels above the 1000 ppm of the ASHRAE standard on both weekdays and weekends. Also, they had average weekday PM10 concentrations that exceeded the Hong Kong Indoor Air Quality Objective (HKIAQO). The highest indoor PM10 level at a mall was 380 microg/m3. Of the malls surveyed, 30% had indoor airborne bacteria levels above 1000 cfu/m3 set by the HKIAQO. The elevated indoor CO2 and bacteria levels could result from high occupancy combined with insufficient ventilation. The increased PM10 levels could be probably attributed to illegal smoking inside these establishments. In comparison, the shopping malls that contained internal public transport drop-off areas, where vehicles were parked with idling engines and had major entry doors close to heavy traffic roads had higher CO and PM10 indoor levels. In addition, the extensive use of cooking stoves without adequate ventilation inside food courts could increase indoor CO2, CO and PM10 levels.     

重庆市地下商场建筑环境调查与分析

以重庆市区地下商场A和B为对象,采用环境测试与问卷调查的研究方法,分析了地下商场室内热湿环境、光环境、声环境及空气品质的现状与存在的问题,并对地下商场的建筑环境进行综合分析,提出改善地下商场建筑环境的措施。     

大型购物中心空间形态布局的建筑消防设计策略分析——以四个大型综合商业项目设计为例

随着中国城市化发展,大型商业购物中心建设正处在高速发展阶段。本文结合现行建筑防火设计规范,通过案例分析的方法,综合介绍了四个大型商业购物中心消防设计的具体措施和特点。案例分别从常规消防设计手段和消防性能化设计手段的角度,分析其空间形态与消防设计策略的关系,提出了基于不同消防设计策略的大型购物中心空间形态布局的可能模式。     

Investigation of indoor air quality in shopping malls during summer in Western China using subjective survey and field measurement

Thermal parameters and concentrations of CO2, TVOC and formaldehyde were monitored in shopping malls in four western cities in China during summer. Simultaneously, questionnaire subjective surveys were carried out to investigate the indoor perception of air quality and Sick Building Syndrome(SBS) among staffs in the shopping malls. It was found that stuffy odor had significant correlation with the overall odors perception and staff in the shopping malls had noticeable SBS. Instrument measurement showed that mall C had higher pollution levels of TVOC, while formaldehyde concentrations were higher in mall X and L. Pollution level in the malls is influenced by many factors, and three factors(customer density, ventilation conditions, emission characteristic of merchandise) were discussed in the analysis of data from the four malls. For customer density, the concentrations of CO2 on weekends were higher than on weekdays. Daily CO2 concentration was positively correlated with customer flow rate, but there was no significant strong correlation between customer flow rate and TVOC/formaldehyde concentrations. Underground floors had poorer indoor air quality than over-ground because of lack of fresh air. As for the merchandise sections, the formaldehyde in the home textile section in mall X reached 1.15 mg/m3 with an over standard rate of 83.3% due to the new merchandise added. This paper makes a contribution to knowledge relating to the reasons for discomfort in shopping malls by contributing multiple investigations on contaminants together with information on human perception and the operation of air conditioning systems within the stores.     

商业建筑设计研究——以潜能商都为例

潜能商都位于重庆市铜梁区核心区商圈,是一栋商业和办公功能结合的综合体项目。该文首先介绍了项目的概况,分析了项目的区位和周边的环境以及配套设施,交代了场地的特征。通过对场地的分析,得到建筑的形体功能布局,并设计了建筑的标高和人行流线,车行流线以及消防流线。然后介绍了建筑内部的设计,包括裙房商场内部的商业模式、商场的业态组成与分布、消费者在商场中的水平流线与垂直流线、商场的防火分区与安全疏散流线,以及办公塔楼的设计,最后是建筑的立面设计。     

厦门购物中心现状调研及设计剖析

目前厦门市正处在一个产业转型期,商业在未来的城市经济发展中将占有重要地位,近年出现的新兴商业体多以购物中心为主。本文在对厦门现有购物中心进行调研的基础上,从商业项目的开发定位、建筑设计以及商业氛围营造等方面对购物中心案例进行分析,以期对今后的商业地产开发与设计有所启迪。     

大型商场类建筑用电能耗分析与节能研究

对大型商场类建筑的用电能耗进行科学分类和系统研究。从大型商场类建筑的用电能耗特点出发,分析和对比不同月份、不同用电设备的用电数据。结合气候特点对室内外环境造成的影响,总结大型商场类建筑的用电能耗特点。分析研究用电现状后,从建筑物实际运营管理模式出发,提出了照明系统和空调系统的节能方案,并分析了节能效益,为大型商场类建筑的用电节能工作提出科学性和实际性建议。     

大型封闭式购物中心外部接驳设计研究

大型封闭式购物中心已经逐渐成为一、二线城市商业环境的标杆,占据重要地位,而其外部接驳设计决定着整个商业项目成败,该文主要研究内容是外部接驳的类型及其特点,现有购物中心的接驳存在的问题,并提出相应的解决策略,以期能为相关设计实践提供有益的帮助。     

基于SD法的商业步行街铺装景观研究——以济南泉乐坊商业步行街为例

商业步行街铺装景观的设计能直接影响整个商业街景观设计的效果,采用不同的手法进行铺装设计可以有效改善商业街的环境.通过对济南泉乐坊商业步行街进行普通问卷和SD法问卷,收集基础数据,利用Excel和SPSS软件分析泉乐坊铺装景观的优缺点,得出安全性、舒适性是影响满意度的主要类别,防滑程度、色彩亲切程度、指引感强弱程度和铺装图案魅力程度是4个类别中较为重要的影响因子;使用者年龄、性别、受教育程度、使用频率与铺装景观的总体满意程度没有直接关系,但与具体因子的倾向有关.这为今后商业步行街铺装景观的营造提供了参考依据.     

基于未知测度理论的商场消防安全评价

为了有效防控商场火灾,提高商场的消防安全管理水平,基于火灾发生、发展及造成损失的不确定性,结合商场建筑结构特点构建了包含4 个单元、27 个评价指标的多因素评价指标体系。对不宜直接采用绝对数值的指标进行了转化,依据层次分析法和未确知测度理论建立评价模型。以大同市云冈区某商场为例进行评价,得出其消防安全等级为“较安全”级别,与实际相符,证明了该模型的有效性,并提出针对性的管理建议。可利用该模型对管辖区域内多个商场进行消防安全现状评价,为辖区内商场的消防安全管理工作提供依据和思路。     

邯郸大型商场人员密度及空调冷负荷研究

运用黑箱理论模型对邯郸某大型商场内的服装鞋帽区和餐饮区进行了人流量调研,给出了服装鞋帽区实时人员密度的拟合公式;结合该大型商场的调研数据,重点研究了服装鞋帽区的典型公共区域,分析了其人员密度变化特点和时空的耦合关系。并对该大型商场进行了空调冷负荷计算与分析,研究了服装鞋帽区和餐饮区的冷负荷特点。