聚合物熔体真实黏度的模拟及实验分析

以商业有限元模拟计算软件POLYFLOW为平台,对提出的真实黏度模型的正确性和合理性进行了验证。首先在虚拟实验台上通过有限元模拟得到模拟结果,再对速度场、应力场分析进而得到纯剪切黏度和纯拉伸黏度的计算值。根据能够测试真实黏度的新型流变仪、不同的商业流变仪及模拟分析,对相应的实验结果和理论分析数据进行了比较。分析结果表明,试验结果与模拟结果基本符合且用于验证真实黏度模型的实验方法和相应的实验装置具有一定的合理性和可行性。     

系统惯量对旋转流变仪测量结果的影响

本文研究了采用控制应力型旋转流变仪进行黏度测量时系统惯量对结果的影响。实验结果表明,在剪切速率连续变化的模式下,无论采用同轴圆筒还是锥-板测量牛顿流体样品时均得到剪切变稀的结果。当样品的黏度增大时,黏度曲线逐渐向牛顿流体回归。在剪切速率阶梯变化模式或恒定剪切速率模式下测量时则观察不到"剪切变稀"现象。对于非牛顿流体样品,剪切速率连续变化模式下的结果与另两种模式不一致,相比之下,其黏度曲线更陡。     

聚合物真实黏度流变仪收缩流道轴向速度场的PIV实验研究及分析EI北大核心CSCD

为研究测量聚合物真实黏度流变仪收缩流道轴向速度分布规律,建立了收缩流道实验模型及实验方案。利用粒子图像测速(PIV)系统拍摄牛顿流体聚丁二烯在收缩流道流场中粒子的图像,利用Tecplot、Origin软件对图像和数据进行分析处理,得到聚合物真实黏度流变仪收缩流道的轴向速度曲线。同时将PIV实验、Polyflow仿真、理论计算结果相比较,发现三者规律基本吻合。证明了从PIV实验中得到牛顿流体聚丁二烯收缩流道速度场的方法是可行的。     

丝素蛋白/聚乳酸共混溶液的流变性能

以六氟异丙醇(HFIP)为丝素/聚乳酸(SF/PLA)的溶剂,得到了不同质量比的SF/PLA共混溶液。采用锥板流变仪研究了共混溶液的流变性能,探讨了共混溶液的非牛顿指数、流动曲线及表观粘流活化能。研究结果表明,在本实验条件下,共混溶液为非牛顿流体;低剪切速率时,SF/PLA共混液是剪切增稠流体;高剪切速率时,SF/PLA共混溶液是剪切变稀流体,添加PLA组分使共混液的黏度下降;各种比例SF/PLA共混溶液的黏度受温度影响不大。     

聚偏氟乙烯熔体的流变特性

采用高压毛细管流变仪和先进流变扩展系统相结合的方法研究了PVDF熔体在较宽剪切速率范围(1×10-2s-1~5×103s-1)的流变行为。结果表明,在极低的剪切速率范围内,PVDF熔体黏度几乎不随剪切速率的变化而变化,表现出牛顿流体特性;而在较高的剪切速率范围内,PVDF熔体表观黏度随剪切速率的增加而明显降低,表现出强烈的剪切变稀行为,为假塑性非牛顿流体。同时探讨了分子量、剪切速率、温度对PVDF熔体非牛顿指数、粘流活化能等流变特性的影响。     

一种基于粘性耗散的动态黏度计算方法

基于剪切功率的耗散机理,提出了一种计算振动剪切流场中聚合物熔体动态黏度的粘性耗散法,并建立了理论模型。运用粘性耗散法,计算了简单振动剪切流场中Maxwell流体的动态黏度,得到了与传统方法相一致的结果,从而验证了理论模型的正确性。通过讨论振动叠加流场中Maxwell流体的动态黏度,分析了粘性耗散法的应用局限性。最后,通过动态流变实验,发现粘性耗散法对于小振幅范围的振动剪切流具有较好的预测能力。     

压力场中高黏聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的流变行为

利用毛细管流变仪及反向压力腔组件研究了压力场下高黏聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)熔体的流变行为。结果表明,随着剪切速率的增加,高黏PET熔体剪切黏度逐渐降低,表现出明显的"切力变稀"行为,是一种典型的假塑性流体;随着熔体所受压力的增加,高黏PET熔体剪切黏度呈指数增长增加,变化规律符合Barus方程;随着温度的升高,高黏PET熔体的剪切黏度逐渐减小;高黏PET熔体的换算因子为3.4,压力增加与温度下降对剪切黏度的贡献是等效的。高黏PET熔体为非牛顿流体,随着温度的逐渐升高,高黏PET熔体非牛顿指数逐渐增大,高黏PET熔体的流动行为逐渐接近牛顿流体特性。高黏PET熔体的剪切黏度-温度依赖性随压力的增加逐渐增强;高黏PET熔体的剪切黏度的温度敏感性随剪切速率的增加逐渐降低。随着剪切速率增加和温度升高,高黏PET熔体剪切黏度对压力的依赖性逐渐降低。     

SBS/SBR/HVA高黏度复合改性沥青的制备及性能研究

以基质沥青为原料，通过添加苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)、丁苯橡胶(SBR)、国产高黏度添加剂HVA制备了适合排水路面使用的高黏度复合改性沥青，以60℃动力黏度为主要控制指标，通过正交试验确定了SBS、SBR、HVA的最佳掺量。采用因素水平法与极差分析相结合，研究了3种改性剂对沥青60℃动力黏度的影响规律；采用软化点差法评价高黏度复合改性沥青的热储存稳定性；采用动态剪切流变仪测定高黏度改性沥青的60℃零剪切黏度和高温下的车辙因子来评价沥青的高温稳定性能；采用弯曲梁流变仪测定高黏度改性沥青在低温下的蠕变速率来评价沥青的低温抗裂性能；通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析高黏度复合改性沥青的改性机理；采用扫描电子显微镜观察改性剂的微观改性效果。结果表明，以质量分数5%的SBS、质量分数2%的SBR和质量分数10%的HVA复合而成的高黏度改性沥青黏度高、高低温稳定性能强，且满足热储存稳定性要求；SBS、SBR、HVA与基质沥青共混，既存在物理变化，又有化学反应的发生。     

一种基于分子链段长度的微观黏度模型

考虑分子链段长度(MCL),修正Cross-Law宏观黏度模型,建立反映微尺度流动特性的MCL微观黏度模型。通过PP材料80μm,70μm和200μm薄板注塑填充率实验和ABS材料边长200μm,300μm方柱注塑压力差实验,验证了新建微观黏度模型MCL的有效性和精度。同时发现随着特征尺寸的减小,薄板注塑的MCL微观黏度模型的模拟填充率要比宏观黏度模型更加趋近于实验数据,特征尺寸为70μm时平均误差降低为12.12%;在压力差实验中,随着剪切速率的提高,MCL微观黏度模型的模拟压力差更趋近于实测数据。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-聚酰胺嵌段共聚物/聚酰胺6共混物的流变性能

通过熔融共混挤出的方法,制备了不同共聚比例的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-聚酰胺嵌段共聚物(PET-PA)与聚酰胺6(PA6)的共混物,采用毛细管流变仪对PET-PA/PA6共混物的流变性能进行了研究。结果表明,PET-PA/PA6共混物熔体为剪切变稀的非牛顿流体。随温度升高,PET-PA/PA6共混物熔体的表观黏度下降,非牛顿指数增大,表观黏度对剪切速率的敏感性减小,因此升高温度能改善共混物熔体的流动性能。随PET-PA中PA共聚比例的增加,PET-PA/PA6共混物的黏度减小,非牛顿指数增大,这为开发酸性染料可染聚酯纤维提供了参考。     

Finite element approximations for quasi-Newtonian flows employing a multi-field GLS method

This article concerns stabilized finite element approximations for flow-type sensitive fluid flows. A quasi-Newtonian model, based on a kinematic parameter of flow classification and shear and extensional viscosities, is used to represent the fluid behavior from pure shear up to pure extension. The flow governing equations are approximated by a multi-field Galerkin least-squares (GLS) method, in terms of strain rate, pressure and velocity (D-p-u). This method, which may be viewed as an extension of the formulation for constant viscosity fluids introduced by Behr et al. (Comput Methods Appl Mech 104:31–48, 1993), allows the use of combinations of simple Lagrangian finite element interpolations. Mild Weissenberg flows of quasi-Newtonian fluids—using Carreau viscosities with power-law indexes varying from 0.2 to 2.5—are carried out through a four-to-one planar contraction. The performed physical analysis reveals that the GLS method provides a suitable approximation for the problem and the results are in accordance with the related literature.     

The Effect of Model Internal Flexibility Upon NEMD Simulations of Viscosity

The influence of model flexibility upon simulated viscosity was investigated. Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations of viscosity were performed on seven pure fluids using three models for each: one with rigid bonds and angles, one with flexible angles and rigid bonds, and one with flexible bonds and angles. Three nonpolar fluids (propane, n-butane, and isobutane), two moderately polar fluids (propyl chloride and acetone), and two strongly polar fluids (methanol and water) were studied. Internal flexibility had little effect upon the simulated viscosity of nonpolar fluids. While model flexibility did affect the simulated viscosity of the polar fluids, it did so principally by allowing a density-dependent change in the dipole moment of the fluid. By using a rigid model with the same geometry and dipole moment as the average flexible molecule at the same density, it was shown that the direct effect of flexibility is small even in polar fluids. It was concluded that internal model flexibility does not enhance the accuracy of viscosities obtained from NEMD simulations as long as the appropriate model geometry is used in the rigid model for the desired simulation density.     

Rheological characterization of long fiber thermoplastics – Effect of temperature,fiber length and weight fraction

Isothermal squeeze flow tests were conducted on E-Glass/polypropylene long fiber thermoplastics (LFT) to obtain the rheological characteristics of the material over a range of squeeze rates (0.5–60 mm/min). A transversely isotropic power-law model has been incorporated to capture the combined effect of shear and extensional flow behavior. Scott’s approach [Bird RB. Useful non-Newtonian models; 1976. p. 13–34] was used to obtain the shear power-law parameters, which were then used to calculate the radial velocity in the r-direction. The continuity equation was used to calculate transverse velocity in the z-direction. Radial and through the thickness velocity profiles were determined to obtain the extensional and the shear strain rates. Finally the extensional and shear viscosities were determined at strain rates calculated. Good agreement between the experimental applied stress and the predicted curves from the model was achieved. Effects of mold separation, mold temperature, and fiber length on viscosity at constant fiber weight fraction were examined. Effect of fiber weight fraction on viscosity at constant fiber length, mold separation and temperature was examined. Results indicate that viscosities decrease with either increase in mold temperature or decrease in fiber length at constant mold separation and fiber weight fraction. Viscosities also decreased with decrease in fiber weight fraction.     

Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Shear Viscosity of Polar Liquids

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations were performed on model polar fluids representing acetone, propyl chloride, formamide, and dimethyl formamide. The purposes of the study were (1) to test further a recently developed method for applying the Ewald sum treatment of long-range forces to NEMD simulations with Lees–Edwards boundary conditions, (2) to study the effect of different constituent groups and their partial charges upon fluid viscosity, and (3) to examine the relative magnitudes of the van der Waals and coulombic contributions to fluid viscosity. The new Ewald sum method worked well, producing simulated viscosities for all four fluids that were in good agreement with correlated experimental data. Generally, viscosities predicted without the partial charges were significantly low and exhibited an incorrect density dependence. While methyl chloride's viscosity is due primarily to the dispersion interactions, coulombic interactions contribute substantially to the viscosity of the other three fluids, particularly at higher densities.     

Hyperbolic contraction measuring systems for extensional flow

In this paper an experimental method for extensional measurements on medium viscosity fluids in contraction flow is evaluated through numerical simulations and experimental measurements. This measuring technique measures the pressure drop over a hyperbolic contraction, caused by fluid extension and fluid shear, where the extensional component is assumed to dominate. The present evaluative work advances our previous studies on this experimental method by introducing several contraction ratios and addressing different constitutive models of varying shear and extensional response. The constitutive models included are those of the constant viscosity Oldroyd-B and FENE-CR models, and the shear-thinning LPTT model. Examining the results, the impact of shear and first normal stress difference on the measured pressure drop are studied through numerical pressure drop predictions. In addition, stream function patterns are investigated to detect vortex development and influence of contraction ratio. The numerical predictions are further related to experimental measurements for the flow through a 15:1 contraction ratio with three different test fluids. The measured pressure drops are observed to exhibit the same trends as predicted in the numerical simulations, offering close correlation and tight predictive windows for experimental data capture. This result has demonstrated that the hyperbolic contraction flow is well able to detect such elastic fluid properties and that this is matched by numerical predictions in evaluation of their flow response. The hyperbolical contraction flow technique is commended for its distinct benefits: it is straightforward and simple to perform, the Hencky strain can be set by changing contraction ratio, non-homogeneous fluids can be tested, and one can directly determine the degree of elastic fluid behaviour. Based on matching of viscometric extensional viscosity response for FENE-CR and LPTT models, a decline is predicted in pressure drop for the shear-thinning LPTT model. This would indicate a modest impact of shear in the flow since such a pressure drop decline is relatively small. It is particularly noteworthy that the increase in pressure drop gathered from the experimental measurements is relatively high despite the low Deborah number range explored.     

油墨黏度对胶印印刷质量的影响

通过分析胶印油墨黏度特性以及胶印过程剪切速率状态,并通过实验室测量油墨黏度,获得了油墨由橡皮滚筒向纸张转移过程的黏度。 然后配比不同黏度的油墨上机印刷,得到了油墨黏度和印刷品实地密度、网点增大以及色度之间的关系,分析了油墨黏度对印刷质量参数影响的机理,为企业合理使用去黏剂提供依据。     

Viscosity Modeling and Prediction of Reservoir Fluids: From Natural Gas to Heavy Oils

Viscosity and density are key properties for the evaluation, simulation, and development of petroleum reservoirs. In previous work, the friction theory (f-theory) models have already been shown capable of providing simple but accurate viscosity modeling results of petroleum reservoir fluids with molar masses up to around 200 g · mol^–1. As a base, the f-theory approach requires a compositional characterization procedure to be used in conjunction with a van der Waals type of equation of state (EOS). This is achieved using simple cubic EOS, which are widely used within the oil industry. In this work, the f-theory approach is further extended to the viscosity modeling of heavy reservoir fluids with viscosities up to thousands of mPa · s. Essential to the extended approach presented here is the achievement of accurate pvT results for the EOS characterized fluid. In particular, it has been found that for accurate viscosity modeling of heavy oils, a compressibility correction in the way the EOS is coupled to the viscosity model is required. With the approach presented in this work, the potential of the f-theory for viscosity modeling of reservoir fluids is extended to practically all kind of reservoir fluids, from light ones to heavy ones. Additionally, the approach has been completed with an accurate density modeling scheme.     

Frequency-Dependent Elongational Viscosity by Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics

The elongational viscosity of a liquid describes the response of the liquid to simultaneous stretching and compression in various directions, subject to the restriction that the trace of the rate of the strain tensor is zero (or the density is constant). Despite the growing popularity and usefulness of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics methods in studies of the shear viscosity of simple and complex fluids, the elongational viscosity remains a relatively neglected property in computer simulation studies. This stems from some significant technical difficulties that arise when standard methods such as the constant strain rate SLLOD algorithm are applied to elongational flow. For example, if planar elongational flow with a constant elongation rate is applied in a computer simulation with periodic boundary conditions, the box size in the contracting direction quickly becomes smaller than twice the range of the potential, violating the minimum image convention. The time at which this occurs may be less than the time required for the system to reach a steady state, making it impossible to compute the steady-state elongational viscosity. This difficulty can be avoided by applying an oscillating elongational strain rate to the liquid, and computing frequency dependent elements of the stress tensor, which can then be extrapolated to zero frequency to evaluate the steady-state elongational viscosity. We have used this method to compute the elongational viscosity of a simple atomic liquid and discuss its possible application to a model polymeric liquid.