PET在阿尔茨海默病临床与研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer‘s Disease,AD）又称老年性痴呆，是一种多发于老年人，以进行性认知障碍和记忆能力损害为主的中枢神经系统退行性疾病。其典型的组织病理学改变是老年斑和神经纤维缠结。本文就PET在AD诊断、疾病预测、药物疗效观察、神经递质功能评价等方面的应用作一简要阐述。     

~(18)F标记的白藜芦醇衍生物的合成及作为β-淀粉样斑块显像剂的初步评价

设计并合成四种白藜芦醇衍生物,以评价其用于Aβ-斑块PET显像的可能性。通过化学合成得到四种白藜芦醇衍生物的前体化合物和参比化合物;使用参比化合物测定其与Aβ1-42蛋白聚集体的体外结合性;经[~(18)F]亲核取代反应对具有较高亲和力的化合物进行放化标记,并进行体外稳定性、脂水分配系数、生物分布等的测定。体外竞争结合实验显示化合物(E)-1-(3,5-二甲氧基苯乙烯基)-4-(2-(2-(2-氟乙氧基)乙氧基)乙氧基)苯([~(19)F]F-7)具有中度的结合性(Ki=43.76nmol/L);[~(18)F]F-7的标记时间为32min,放化产率(未校正)为(23±2)%,经SEP PAK C18柱纯化后放化纯度大于95%,且在生理盐水中的稳定性大于3h,具有较好的脂溶性(lg P=3.08);生物分布实验显示化合物[~(18)F]F-7具有较快的脑清除,注射后2min和60min的脑摄取分别为(0.55±0.05)%ID/g和(0.06±0.01)%ID/g,清除比达到9。化合物[~(18)F]F-7是一种潜在的β-淀粉样斑块PET显像剂。     

多肽T140类似物的~(18)F标记

基质细胞衍生因子(SDF-1)及其受体CXCR4在癌症的发生和转移中发挥着重要作用,因此CXCR4受体可作为诊断癌症的一个潜在靶点。多肽T140是趋化因子受体CXCR4的一种特异性的拮抗剂。我们通过合成中间体[18F]SFB,并和多肽T140的类似物进行偶联,得到18F标记的CXCR4受体显像剂多肽[18F]FB-AcTZ14011,并对标记条件进行了优化。经过HPLC纯化后所得标记多肽的放化纯度大于96%,整个标记用时约3h,放化产率3%(未经衰变校正)。     

n-Gluc-Lys([Al18F]NOTA)-TOCA的制备和初步生物学评价

肿瘤细胞组织上常有一些生长抑素受体的过度表达,奥曲肽及其衍生物与生长抑素受体(SSTR)能够高特异性地结合,因此,应用18F标记的奥曲肽及其衍生物作为肿瘤示踪剂,可对生长抑素受体阳性肿瘤进行诊断和疗效评价。为开发一种能够高效快速合成的18F标记奥曲肽衍生物,用Al 18 F复合物和偶联了双功能螯合剂NOTA的糖基化奥曲肽衍生物n-Gluc-Lys(NOTA)-TOCA通过螯合反应制备了n-Gluc-Lys([Al 18 F]NOTA)-TOCA,放化反应合成时间为25～30min,标记率为69%,最终产品经HLB柱纯化后放化纯大于95%。标记物在体外稳定,水溶性高(lg P=-4.20±0.09(n=3))。正常鼠体内分布实验显示:标记物通过肾代谢;在肝中摄取很低,在生长抑素受体高表达的胰腺中有高摄取,血液和肌肉本底低。骨中的摄取低,说明标记物在体内无脱18F或Al 18F的现象。本工作为进一步研究Al 18F复合物标记的奥曲肽衍生物作为生长抑素受体阳性肿瘤显像剂提供了实验依据。     

Synthesis of 2-[~(18)F]fluoro-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine as a radioligand for imaging nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nChRs) are involved in the various pharmacological effects or disease states. In order to study the central nChRs by PET or SPECT, some radioligands have been investigated. In this paper, the procedure for synthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine (2-[18F]-A-85380), a potential PET ligand for in vivo imaging nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was described. 2-[18F]-A-85380 was prepared from the precursor, 2-nitro-3-[(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-(S)-azetidinyl)methoxy]pyridine(4), which was synthesized with commercial (S)-2-azetid- inecarboxylic acid as starting material. The whole procedure for radiosynthesis and purification was executed in about 1h and 45-55% of the added fluorine-18 was found in the purified 2-[18F]-A-85380, with specific activity of 1.0-2.2×1011 Bq/μmol.     

Nuclear microscopy in Alzheimer’s disease

The elemental composition of the two types of brain lesions which characterise Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the subject of intense scrutiny over the last decade, ever since it was proposed that inorganic trace elements, particularly aluminium, might be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. The major evidence for this involvement was the detection of aluminium in the characteristic lesions of the AD brain; neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Using the powerful combination of Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM), it is possible to image and analyse structures in brain sections without recourse to chemical staining. Previous results on elemental composition of senile plaques indicated the absence of aluminium at the 15 parts per million level. We have more recently focused on the analysis of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), destructive structural defects within neurons. Imaging and analysis of neurons in brain tissue presented a greater challenge due to the small dimensional size compared with the plaques. We describe the methodology and the results of imaging and analysing neurons in brain tissue sections using Nuclear Microscopy. Our results show that aluminium is not present in either neurons or surrounding tissue in unstained sections at the 20 ppm level, but can be observed in stained sections. We also report elemental concentrations showing significant elevations of phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, iron and zinc.     

Tau蛋白显像剂的研究进展

由高度磷酸化的Tau蛋白聚集形成的神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs)被认为是神经退行性疾病的一个重要病理学特征,包括阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)和其他额颞叶痴呆。近年来,许多化学分子探针作为核医学显像剂被陆续报道,以期望对这些神经退行性疾病尤其是AD实现早期的无创诊断。本文综述了目前生物性质较为优良的Tau蛋白SPECT显像剂和已进入临床评估阶段的Tau蛋白PET显像剂的研究进展。     

Comparative and optimized studies on radiosynthesis of O-（2-[^18F]fluoroethyl）-L-tyrosine

O-（2-[^18F]fluoroethyl）_L-tyrosine （[^18F]FET）, one of radiolabelled amino acids, is a very promising brain tumor positron emission tomography （PET） imaging agent and holds clinical potential. This paper described out a comparative and optimized radiosynthesis of [^18F]FET, concerning three aspects of its two-step preparation method, including reaction components, heating methods and reaction models. As a result, good radiochemical yield （about 45%, no-decay-corrected） and radiochemical purity （more than 95%） were achieved, and total synthesis time of [^18F]FET was shortened within 20 min and radiation exposure time also decreased.     

(N-[~(18)F]氟甲基)-胆碱的自动化合成及其生物分布研究

采用住友CFN-multi-P100多功能模块快速、自动化合成(N-[~(18)F]氟甲基)-胆碱(~(18)F-FCH),并评价其在正常小鼠体内生物分布,以及胰腺癌裸鼠模型的PET/CT显像情况。前体CH2Br2与~(18)F-气相反应生成18FCH2Br,18FCH2Br经4个Si柱纯化后与三氟甲基磺酰银(Ag-Triflate)反应生成活性更高的氟代三氟甲基磺酰基甲烷(~(18)FCH2OTf),新中间体与预先加在C-18柱子上的N,N-二甲基乙醇胺(DMAE)反应再经SEP-PAK CM柱纯化得到18F-FCH。将~(18)F-FCH静脉给予正常小鼠,分别在给药后5、10、30、60、90、120min处死,测定主要脏器的质量及放射性计数。将~(18)F-FCH静脉给予胰腺癌裸鼠,注射10min后观察荷瘤裸鼠的PET/CT显像情况。结果显示,~(18)F-FCH合成时间32min,未校正的合成效率为(25±5)%(n=23),放化纯度大于97%。小鼠体内生物分布实验显示,18F-FCH在血液中清除快,绝大多数脏器在5min时放射性分布达最高值,后逐渐降低或处于相对稳定状态。放射性主要分布在肾脏、肝脏,而脑、肺、肌肉对~(18)F-FCH的摄取均较少。荷瘤(胰腺癌)裸鼠的PET/CT显像表明,~(18)FFCH在裸鼠肾脏、肝脏和脾脏聚集,胰腺癌细胞对~(18)F-FCH未见明显摄取。结果提示,住友CFN多功能模块可自动化、快速合成18F-FCH。18F-FCH在正常小鼠体内分布与文献报道的11 C-胆碱相似,具有一定的应用前景,但其对胰腺癌的诊断仍需进一步研究。     

Animal biodistribution, safety and validation study of dopamine transporter PET imaging agent ^18F-FECNT

This work was to investigate the pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FECNT (2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-[18F]fluorcethyl)nortropane) as a dopamine transporter (DAT) PET imaging agent.Its partition coefficients were determined in n-octanol and phosphate buffer (PB) (pH 7.0 and pH 7.4).6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) left-sided lesioned Parkinsonian rats were established and validated by rotational behavior tests.Biodistribution in vivo in mice,autoradiography in normal and hemi-Parkinsonian rat brains,and toxicity test were performed.The results showed that partition coefficients were 34.14 (pH 7.0) and 56.41 (pH 7.4),respectively.Biodistribution exhibited rapid uptake and favorable retention in the mice brains.The major radioactivity was metabolized by the hepatic system.The autoradiography showed that 18F-FECNT was highly concentrated in striaturn,and that the left and the tight striatal uptake were symmetrical in normal SD rat brains.In left-sided lesioned PD rat brains,the striatal uptake of 18F-FECNT bilaterally decreased in comparison with normal rats.No significant uptake was visible in the 6-OHDA lesioned-sided striatal areas.The results demonstrated that 18F-FECNT binds to DAT was specific.Toxicity trial displayed that the acceptable dose per kilogram to mice was 625 times greater than that to human.These indicate that 18F-FECNT is a potentially safe and useful DAT PET imaging agent in the brain.     

1-[~(18)F]氟代乙基-L-色氨酸的半自动化合成

设计并合成了一种新型氟标记氨基酸类似物1-[18F]氟代乙基-L-色氨酸(1-[18F]FETrp)。以色氨酸为原料,采用有机合成法经过七步反应,合成了标准品1-[19F]FETrp;使用氟多功能模块,采用亲核取代法,将放射化学标记自动化。经过对1-[19F]FETrp自动化合成条件的摸索,最后采用二锅法合成了1-[18F]FE-Trp。1-[18F]FETrp的放化产率为1.5%,合成时间50 min;由于放化产率过低,今后需改变条件或者寻找新的合成路线以提高产率,以期为临床区分炎症和肿瘤提供新的PET显像剂。     

乳腺癌雌激素受体分子影像探针16α-[18F]氟-17β-雌二醇的自动化合成

采用改进的Explora FDG4模块,基于"两步-两锅"式的放射化学反应处理过程和简便的固相萃取(SPE)方式分离纯化,成功发展了18F-FES的快速、可靠的自动化合成方法.第一步是前体3-O-(甲氧甲基)-16,17-O-磺酰基-16-表雌二醇(MMSE)与活化的18F离子间的亲核放射氟化反应,100℃加热回流反应10 min,生成标记中间体,使用基于硅胶柱的SPE方式分离该标记中间体,除去未反应的起始物.第二步是标记中间体的酸性水解反应,90℃加热反应10 min,生成目标产物18F-FES,使用基于C18和Al2O3组成的串联柱的SPE方式分离、纯化所得的18F-FES.总合成时间～70 min,放射化学产率为35%(衰变校正后),放射化学纯度＞95%.     

微波加热法合成O-(2-[18 F]氟乙基)-L-酪氨酸

O-（2-[^18F]氟乙基）-L-酪氨酸（O-（2-[^18F]fluoroethyl）-L-Tyrosine,^18F-FET）是最近研究的氨基酸类脑肿瘤PET显像剂。为了缩短合成时间,简化操作步骤,减少工作人员的辐射剂量,从反应组分、加热方法和反应模式等3个方面改进并优化^18F-FET的“两步法”放射化学合成路线。实验选择L-酪氨酸和氢氧化钠溶液与DMSO作为反应组分,加热方式更换为微波法,采用简化的“一锅式”反应方式,总合成时间缩短至20min,标记率大于95％。     

Tau蛋白显像剂18F-THK5317的合成与初步临床应用

¹⁸F-THK5317是以tau为靶点的新型分子探针，本研究利用国产氟多功能模块自动化合成¹⁸F-THK5317，在动物实验基础上进行了初步的临床研究。以(S)-2-(4-甲氨基苯基)-6-［［2-(四氢吡喃基-)-3-对甲苯磺酰氧基］丙氧基］喹啉为前体，经亲核反应、酸水解、碱中和，分别采用混合液直接HPLC纯化与混合液经C18小柱预纯化后再HPLC分离纯化两种方法得到¹⁸F-THK5317；研究了药物在正常KM小鼠体内生物学分布；对比了¹⁸F-THK5317在正常人（HC）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者脑中PET/MR显像结果。先以C18小柱预纯化粗产品再用HPLC分离，能显著改善HPLC分离效果和提高产品放化纯度。¹⁸F-THK5317未校正合成产率为（18.7±5.3）%（n=7），放化纯度大于95%。小鼠生物分布表明，探针易穿透血脑屏障，并且能迅速从正常脑组织清除，Brain_{1 min}/Brain_{60 min}放射性摄取比为34；PET/MR结果显示，AD患者双侧颞叶、皮层的放射性滞留均高于健康对照。以上结果表明，国产氟多功能模块能够稳定高效地合成符合药物质控标准的¹⁸F-THK5317，动物实验及初步临床研究表明¹⁸F-THK5317具有在体显像tau蛋白的潜力。     

Radiosynthesis and biodistribution of [^18F]-tetracosactide using a semi-automated [^18F]SFB production module

In order to prepare a specific melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R) ligand, b1-24-corticotrophin was pre-pared in one-step reaction with [18F] SFB and b-1-24-corticotrophin pharmaceutical solution (1 mg/mL, pH=6.5). [18F]SFB was prepared in a semi-automated module in two steps with an overall radiochemical yield of 47% to EOB (not-decay corrected) in 90 min. The 18F-labeled intermediates and 18F-labeled peptide was checked by RTLC and HPLC. The results show that the radiochemical purity is >95% and the yield to EOB (not-decay corrected) is 29% for final 18F-labeled peptide at optimized conditions. Preliminary in vivo studies in normal mice were performed to deter-mine biodistribution of the 18F-labeled peptide for 150 min. The results show that the major tracer uptake is consistent with the natural distribution of MC2R receptors in mammals. Testes/blood and testes/muscle ratios for 18F-labeled peptide at 150 min were 184 and 1.56, respectively, and adipocyte/blood and adipocyte/muscle ratios at 120 min were 221 and 142, respectively. The data support the specific receptor binding of the radiolabeled peptide as reported for MC2R receptor accumulation in adipocytes and testes and demonstrates the retention of biological activity of the pep-tide. This tracer can be used in detection of MC2R distribution in malignancies and sex organ diseases.     

18F-FLT的制备及其microPET显像

[摘要] 本文制备了增殖显像剂18F-FLT,考察其稳定性及研究其在肿瘤模型鼠的microPET显像。本文以3-N-t-叔丁氧羰基-1-[5’-O-(4,4’-二甲氧基三苯甲基)-2’-脱氧-3’-O-(4-硝基苯磺酰基-β-1)-苏戊呋喃糖]胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷(N-BOC-FLT)为标记前体进行氟代亲核置换反应,用HPLC检测放射化学纯度（RCP）,进行稳定性研究和正常小鼠体内分布试验和肿瘤模型鼠microPET显像;研究结果 显示RCP〉95%,6h内稳定,正常小鼠体内分布显示,在60min时,肾,脾,肠摄取较多,心,肝,肺,膀胱摄取次之;肿瘤模型鼠microPET显像能够清晰地观察到接种部位的放射性浓聚。     

HPLC-MS/MS检测[18F]FDG中Kryptofix2.2.2的残留量

应用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定[18F]FDG示踪剂中残留的Kryptofix 2.2.2浓度,并进行方法学确证。以乙腈40 mmol/L NH4Ac水溶液(50:50,V/V)为流动相,采用ultimate XB-C18(4.6×150 mm,3μm)色谱柱进行分离,流速为0.85 mL.min–1,通过电喷雾离子化串联质谱,以多反应监测(MRM)方式对[18F]FDG中的K-222残留量进行检测。结果表明,用HPLC-MS/MS法可以在4 min内完成K-222的检测,其线性范围为0.5–120 ng.mL–1,平均回收率在101.3%–106.6%,批内和批间变异均小于9.4%。HPLC-MS/MS方法简单、快速、灵敏,适合于短半衰期[18F]FDG中K-222残留浓度的检测。     

取代杯[6]芳烃的制备及在18F-FET制备中的应用

本工作制备了相转移催化剂取代杯[6]芳烃：对磺酸杯[6]芳烃和对叔丁基杯[6]芳烃,并以其为催化剂进行了¹⁸F-FET的制备。结果表明,对磺酸杯[6]芳烃作催化剂不仅能够催化FET前体的¹⁹F取代反应,而且能够催化FET前体对（对甲苯磺酸酯）乙基苯甲酰（BOC）氨基酸酯的¹⁸F标记反应,放化产率为11%。而对叔丁基杯[6]芳烃对催化FET前体的¹⁹F取代反应和¹⁸F的标记反应均没有催化活性。对磺酸杯[6]芳烃的催化作用可能与它的磺酸基参与络合反应,增大了杯[6]芳烃极性等因素有关。虽然对磺酸杯[6]芳烃催化FET前体的放化产率远低于Kryptofix 2.2.2,但该研究对优化条件找出更好的取代杯[6]芳烃催化剂具有重要的指导意义。     

6-[~(18)F]氟-L-多巴的合成

以硝基藜芦醛为原料 ,采用亲核取代合成法 ,利用手性相转移催化烷基化等多步反应制备了6 [18F]氟 L 多巴 (18FDOPA) ,并用手性流动相和反相C18柱的HPLC法测定对映纯度。结果表明 ,18FDOPA总的合成时间少于 12 0min ,经衰减校正后总放化产额约为 6 3% ,对映纯度和放化纯度分别大于 95 %和 99%     

以Aβ为靶点的阿尔茨海默病PET显像剂的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种进行性中枢神经退行性疾病,其确诊主要依据死亡后的病理学检查,但对治疗已无意义,只有早期诊断并干预,才能取得较好的治疗效果。正电子发射断层显像(PET)技术的发展,为早期非侵入性诊断AD提供了可能性。β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积形成的胞外老年斑沉积(SPs)是AD的重要病理学特征之一,以Aβ为靶点的PET显像剂对AD早期诊断具有重要意义,也是该领域的研究热点。本文介绍了有机小分子类Aβ显像剂的研究进展,主要包括刚果红类、氨基萘类、苯并噻唑类、苯并噻唑衍生类、二苯乙烯类、取代二苯乙烯类和其他有机小分子,总结了Aβ显像剂的理想特征并对Aβ显像剂的发展进行了展望。