锅炉水冷壁爆管分析

锅炉水冷壁发生了钝边和无明显塑性变形爆管。通过对失效的锅炉水冷壁管进行宏观检查、化学分析和金相试验以及X射线衍射分析，发现该管向火侧外壁(烟气侧)发生了导致管壁严重减薄的高温硫腐蚀和内壁(水侧)垢下酸性腐蚀，而垢下腐蚀产物为氢原子渗入基体与Fe3C反应生成的CH4，由它引发沿晶微裂纹，最终由氢致裂纹引起管材失效。     

电厂水冷壁管爆裂失效分析

某垃圾发电厂锅炉水冷壁管在运行过程中发生爆管事故,采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、力学性能测试等方法对水冷壁管爆裂失效的原因进行了分析。结果表明:高温烟气和烟气中所含的有害物质造成水冷壁管外壁的腐蚀减薄,导致水冷壁管抗内压强度严重降低而发生爆裂。     

锅炉水冷壁管横向裂纹形成原因分析

某锅炉在运行期间发生水冷壁管泄漏事故,检查发现数十根管材外壁存在横向裂纹。通过宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验和扫描电镜分析,对锅炉水冷壁管横向裂纹的形成原因进行了分析。结果表明:在壁温波动导致的热疲劳应力和腐蚀气氛的共同作用下,锅炉水冷壁管向火侧管壁发生了腐蚀疲劳开裂,形成了密集的横向裂纹,最终导致水冷壁管泄漏。     

某超临界600 MW机组锅炉水冷壁管泄漏原因分析

某电厂超临界600MW机组锅炉水冷壁管在运行过程中发生泄漏。通过宏观检查、内壁垢量测定、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜及能谱分析、力学性能试验、硬度测试等方法对水冷壁管的泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:水冷壁管内壁垢层较厚且分布不均匀,锅炉燃烧不稳定,导致水冷壁管的外壁出现腐蚀性热疲劳裂纹,内壁出现热疲劳裂纹,最终导致其发生泄漏失效。     

火电厂锅炉四管防磨防爆及预防泄漏措施分析

锅炉作为火电厂中重要的组成部分,其安全稳定运行对火电厂而言至关重要。锅炉四管是指水冷壁、过热器、再热器、省煤器,由于运行过程中受到磨损、高温氧化腐蚀、超温运行、焊接质量缺陷等因素的影响,会导致四管发生泄漏现象,直接威胁到火电厂的安全运行。该文主要阐述了火电厂在日常生产中对锅炉四管防磨防爆的检查方法,提出相应的处理措施,然后有针对性地采取预防泄漏的措施,降低锅炉四管泄漏的概率,为火电厂的安全运行创造良好的条件。     

国产1000MW超超临界机组水冷壁管典型横向裂纹分析

对国产1000MW超超临界燃煤机组水冷壁管普遍存在的横向裂纹进行分析研究,通过割取典型管样进行磁粉检测、显微组织分析、硬度试验、扫描电镜能谱分析、拉伸性能试验和断口分析,结果表明该锅炉水冷壁管表面横向裂纹是轴向交变应力作用下产生的热疲劳裂纹,腐蚀介质的存在加速了热疲劳裂纹的扩展。为防止此类失效问题,建议相关电厂采取了有效的针对性防范措施,同时对其它超超临界机组水冷壁管的安全运行提供技术参考。     

SNCR脱硝技术中水冷壁腐蚀问题的研究及对策

某电厂新装SNCR脱硝系统运行中,水冷壁腐蚀的问题比较严重,造成多次锅炉非停事故,本文通过对SNCR设备运行的特点进行研究,分析了SNCR运行中造成水冷壁腐蚀的原因,并提出了有效的控制措施。     

某电厂水冷壁管断裂失效分析

通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、力学性能试验、金相检验、扫描电镜断口分析等方法,分析了某电厂水冷壁管断裂失效的原因。结果表明:该水冷壁管断裂是由疲劳裂纹扩展造成的,裂纹起源于水冷壁管与鳍片焊接的焊缝未熔合缺陷处,裂纹沿水冷壁管的向火侧与背火侧同时扩展,最终造成水冷壁管垂直于钢管轴向发生横向断裂;焊缝硬度偏高并且存在未熔合焊接缺陷是造成该次断裂失效的内因,电厂启停炉及负荷波动过于频繁是造成该次断裂失效的外因。     

某锅炉水冷壁腐蚀原因分析及其改进措施

针对某电厂锅炉水冷壁管的严重腐蚀问题,通过宏观形貌检查、化学成分分析、微观组织分析及能谱分析等方法进行了系统分析。结果表明:该锅炉燃用高硫煤时,炉膛火焰中心偏斜导致水冷壁局部出现还原性气氛,产生硫化物型高温腐蚀。最后针对具体原因,提出了控制燃煤质量、调整燃烧、增加贴壁风等改进措施,有效地解决了该锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀问题。     

水冷壁失效分析

锅炉水冷壁管的失效是影响锅炉安全、经济运行的主要因素之一。水冷壁管失效的研究和预防是锅炉检验和监察人员要探讨的重要课题。本文系统地研究总结了失效模式、失效机理及其产生原因,提出了相应的预防措施。取得以下研究成果：（1）对水冷壁管的主要失效模式进行了分类,针对工业锅炉和电站锅炉的不同特点,系统地研究总结各种失效的机理,为建立水冷壁管的失效预防措施提供了理论指导。（2）用丰富图片和工程实例直观描述锅炉热面管的失效特征、分析失效的原因,并以工程实际中典型的水冷壁管失效为例,建立了相应的预防措施与对策,提出了水冷壁管的检验要点。对检验和生产有较好的指导作用。     

Failure Analysis of T12 Boiler Re-Heater Tubes During Short-Term Service

The failure of T12 re-heater tubes that had been in service only for 3000 h was investigated. The wall thickness of the tubes was visibly reduced by heavy oxidation corrosion on the outer and inner walls. The original pearlite substrate completely decomposed. Uniform oxide scale appearance on the inner wall shows obvious vapor oxidation corrosion characteristics. Corrosion originated in the grain boundary, and selective oxidation occurred due to ion diffusion in the substrate. The layered oxide scale formed on the inner wall is related to the different diffusion rates for different cations. Exposure to high temperature corrosive flux accelerated the corrosion on the outer wall. The microstructure degradation and corrosion characteristics of the tubes indicate that the tubes failed primarily because of overheating, as evidenced by calculations.     

Maximum Temperature of a Fire Sheet (Screen) with Tubes Welded on the Outside

A formula for calculating the temperature distribution over the width of a fire sheet with water-cooled tubes welded on the outside with boundary conditions of the second and third kinds has been obtained. The heat flux from incandescent combustion products is incident on the interior surface of the sheet. A strong influence on the overheating of the sheet at the center of the gap between the tubes is exerted by the step between by tubes, the heat flux incident on the sheet, the thickness and width of the weld, and the thermal conductivity of the metal. The thermal resistance of the heat transfer from the tube wall to boiling water is low; therefore, it is of little importance.     

Lochkorrosion durch Flußmittel an Kupferrohren in der Trinkwasserinstallation

Pitting Corrosion at Copper Tubes of Tap Water Systems released by Soldering Flux The pitting corrosion is the mostly observed reason for getting corrosion damage of copper tubes in tap water systems. In case of loss the reason for corrosion attack is ascribed to rests of cracked drawing compounds at the copper tube wall. The results from own examinations of copper tubes corroded in different tap waters show in case of loss the reason for corrosion damage as cracked soldering flux. This gets by the different described ways into the copper tube and becomes cracked by the soldering temperature. This way formed corrosion attacks often show breaches firstly far away from the soldered joint so that mostly other reasons of damage (cracked drawing compounds) are simulated.     

耐热不锈钢管锈蚀原因分析

采用扫描电镜和X射线能谱分析等方法,对一批进口的耐热不锈钢管表面锈蚀原因进行了分析.结果表明,管子表面锈蚀是由海水浸入所致,同时该批管子部分焊缝区存在缩孔和裂纹等焊接缺陷,这些焊接缺陷降低了其耐腐蚀性能,从而加速了腐蚀过程的发生.     

蒸汽管线三通管的泄漏原因分析

催化装置的蒸汽管线上有多个三通管均在焊缝处发生蒸汽泄漏。采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、宏观和微观分析等方法对泄漏的三通管进行了分析。结果表明,由于在焊接时,接口处未焊透留下了缝隙,在工作介质和焊接应力的长期作用下产生了缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀,最终导致泄漏。     

Thermal fatigue and corrosion fatigue in heat recovery area wall side tubes

In this paper, findings of visual inspections, chemical analysis on deposits, metallurgical examinations and creep analysis on the failed SA210-A1 heat recovery area (HRA) wall side tubes of a boiler unit are presented. The investigations were carried out following two boiler tube failures at heat recovery areas involving the left hand side (LHS) and right hand side (RHS) side wall tubes. Findings from the microscopic examinations are used to support the investigation in determining the failure mechanisms. The first failure at LHS HRA side wall tube is identified due to thermal fatigue while the second failure is as a result of combination of the corrosion fatigue, thermal fatigue and creep damage. Recommendations are made to reduce unavailability of the boiler unit due to the HRA side wall tube failures.     

Corrosion of T-11 syngas cooler tubes in IGCC pilot plant

Measurements of wall loss of syngas cooler tubes (T-11) were done in an IGCC pilot plant which was operated 4700 hours for 6.25 years. The corrosion rate is pseudo-linear and the total loss is 3.2 mm max. The scale formed consists of the layers of iron sulfide and oxide. The corrosion loss is too large for high temperature corrosion only at tube skin temperature of 230–250°C. The syngas cooler was opened to air for the shutdown time of about 59000 hours. Therefore, it is concluded that the downtime corrosion strongly contributed to the loss of tube wall in this test plant.     

声发射技术及其在锅炉"四管"检测中的应用

介绍了声发射技术的发展过程,叙述了声发射的原理以及在锅炉“四管”检测中的应用情况,并分析了声发射技术存在的问题和进一步发展的趋势。     

Failure analysis of the wall tubes of a water-tube boiler

An industrial case history of the failure of the evaporator (water wall) tubes of a water-tube boiler is presented in this study. After two years in service, a leak was detected in one of the tubes over its bent section with pitting corrosion on its internal surface. Later on, the same symptoms were discovered in other tubes of the same boiler, and several tubes were extracted for failure analysis. On the basis of visual inspection, chemical analysis, microstructural examination, hardness measurements, and residual stress measurements via X-ray diffraction (XRD), the failure mechanism of the tubes was identified as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In this paper, the results obtained from the experimental analysis are summarized, and finite element (FE) models are used to predict the residual stress due to the bending of the tube and the operational stress at the moment of failure. It was found that tensile residual stress from an inadequate stress relief treatment prior to service and high concentration of dissolved oxygen in the feed water were the main reasons for the premature failure of the boiler tubes by SCC.     

Prediction and real-time monitoring techniques for corrosion characterisation in furnaces

Abstract

Combustion modifications to minimise NO_x emissions have led to the existence of reducing conditions in furnaces. As regulations demand lower NO_x levels, it is possible (to a degree) to continue to address these requirements with increased levels of combustion air staging. However, in most practical situations, a number of adverse impacts prevent the application of deep combustion air staging. One of the more important limitations is the increased corrosion that can occur on wall tubes exposed to fuel rich combustion environments. Current boiler corrosion monitoring techniques rely on ultrasonic tube wall thickness measurements typically conducted over 12 to 24 month intervals during scheduled outages. Corrosion coupons are also sometimes used; typically require considerable exposure time to provide meaningful data. The major drawback of these methods is that corrosion information is obtained after the damage has been done. Management of boiler waterwall loss and system optimisation therefore requires a real-time indication of corrosion rate in susceptible regions of the furnace. This paper describes the results of a program of laboratory trials and field investigations and considers the use of an on-line technology in combination with innovative applications, also modelling and precision metrology to better manage waterwall loss in fossil fuelled boilers while minimising NO_x emissions.