某铜铁矿尾矿库废水神经网络预测研究

金属矿山尾矿库废水中含有H^ 、CN^-和多种金属离子，是矿区及其流域酸性污染和金属污染的主要污染源。在收集某铜铁矿尾矿库废水14年水质监测资料基础上，运用人工神经网络的改进BP算法对其8项水质指标进行了分析、分类和仿真预测，揭示了该矿尾矿库废水的污染特性，查清了主要污染物。     

特大采空区充填技术

冬瓜山铜矿浅部东、西狮子山矿段开采结束后,形成了2个特大采空区一直没有得到处理,对矿山正常生产及周边环境造成了一定影响。冬瓜山铜矿深部矿体采场于2006年投产,矿山采选生产能力为13 000 t/d,选矿厂所产生尾砂量除正常进行深部采场充填外还略有多余,为了解决多余尾砂排放问题,采用尾砂充填方式对特大采空区进行处理,处理过程中解决了诸如封闭墙设计和滤排水以及尾砂输送与充填控制等问题,从而消除特大采空区存在所带来的安全隐患。     

锑矿尾矿库重金属污染特征分析

为阐明我国锑尾矿中重金属的污染特征及其对周边环境的影响,采用标准指数法分析了典型锑矿采选企业的锑尾矿主要成分和重金属含量.结果表明,锑尾矿不属于我国已明确的危险废物,但需进一步判定是否属于第Ⅱ类一般工业固体废物.此外,采用水质指数法对锑尾矿库内废水、尾矿库渗滤液和尾矿库周边土壤中重金属浓度进行了评价.结果表明,尾矿库内...     

Application of Pb-Zn tailings for surface paste disposal: geotechnical and geochemical observations

Surface paste disposal (SPD) technology has been investigated recently to solve the geotechnical (tailings dam failure) and geochemical (acid mine drainage formation) problems relating to tailings disposal. The tailings dam accidents occurred in the last few years have expedited the researches to search for safer tailings disposal methods in mining industry. The aim of this study is to investigate which parameters affect the geotechnical and geochemical stability of sulphidic paste tailings as SPD. The pH, EC and crack intensity of paste tailings placed in layers were measured to observe how the parameters affect their stability. In this study, it can be seen that solid concentration of the paste material increases above ~80 wt.%, and its shear strength is above 20 kPa. In addition, the pH values reduced from 7.4 to 6.6 and the EC values increased from 2.9 to 3.3 mS/cm in seepage water of the paste layers. According to these values, it can be said that there is a very low environmental risk using the SPD. Results showed the applicability of the SPD method by obtaining geochemical and geotechnical stability.     

红透山铜矿尾矿库复垦适宜性评价研究

尾矿库土地复垦适宜性评价是土地复垦方案编制的重要组成部分。从尾矿库复垦适宜土地类型选择的原则,影响重污染尾矿库复垦方向的地形坡度、有效土层厚度、排灌水条件、基底污染、稳定性、土壤质地、pH值、含盐量、土地成片面积等13个因子出发,采用综合偏差率方法,对宜旱田、宜园、宜林、宜牧草4个方向进行评价,得出影响红透山尾矿库各评价单元复垦方向的总偏差率。比较合理的复垦方向主要为二级或三级牧草地,三级林地,为保护矿区环境,主要复垦方向应选择牧草地和灌木型林地,主要的限制性因子为污染、基底的稳定性、土壤质地。研究成果为尾矿库复垦及后期规划设计提供了参考。     

砷的地球化学习性及尾矿源砷污染防治

致癌和致畸有毒元素砷的污染普遍存在于金属硫化物矿山开采中。当物理化学条件发生变化时,不同形态和价态的砷可发生转化,并在土壤和水体中富集而造成砷污染,常见砷化物毒砂在O₂和H₂O的作用下生成臭葱石,并在酸性条件下水解成砷酸,从而被废水淋滤迁移。根据砷污染机理,论证了从矿山尾矿的源头控制和预防砷污染的重要性及可行性;在砷污染防治方面,新矿山尾矿的水下存储、酸性中和及表面封存技术,已存在污染的尾矿的渗透反应栅技术和生物修复技术均较为成熟、切实可行。     

锡矿尾矿库重金属污染特征分析研究

我国锡矿资源储量丰富,主要集中分布于云南、广西等6个省、自治区。锡矿开采过程中产生大量尾矿堆存于尾矿库,存在着潜在环境污染风险。根据不完全统计分析,全国共有84座锡矿尾矿库,锡尾矿贮存量约32088.03万m_³。本文通过采样检测、收集资料等方式,对锡尾矿主要成分及其属性、锡矿尾矿库废水、周边土壤等监测数据,采样标准指数法评价,结果表明锡矿尾矿库主要重金属污染因子为As、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb,并从环境空气、水环境、土壤环境等方面分析锡矿尾矿库的重金属污染影响,提出防治措施建议。     

地下采空区改建尾矿库的几个关键问题

针对随开采形成的地下空区给矿山及周边带来隐患等问题，将地下空区改建成尾矿库是今后矿业开发的一个发展方向。分析和研究了改建过程中的空区稳定性、尾矿输送下料、尾矿水排放与回收、井下封闭挡墙、尾矿渗漏与封堵关键技术问题。     

铁矿尾矿浓缩试验研究

在对歪头山铁矿静态沉降、动态浓缩特性研究的基础上进行了尾矿浓缩工业试验。试验结果表明,对尾矿浓密机排放系统进行改造,利用现有浓密机可大幅度提高浓密机底流浓度。无机高分子絮凝剂PCA对歪头山尾矿具有好的絮凝效果,可使溢流水达到国家排放标准,解决了由于底流浓度提高引起溢流水跑浑造成的环境污染问题。     

逐级堆排尾矿泥浆排水固结规律试验

设置竖向排水体可有效加快湿堆尾矿泥浆排水固结,提高土体稳定性。为研究排水体作用下逐级堆排尾矿泥浆排水固结规律,通过模型试验对其排水固结过程进行了模拟。试验结果表明:各层孔隙水压力与沉降在土体排水固结过程中变化并不完全同步,应力变化滞后于应变变化;停排期第35 d后孔隙水压力值降幅明显减小,由外加水头下自由水渗流转变为孔隙水渗流;进一步将逐级堆排尾矿排水过程分为沉降絮凝、絮凝压缩、絮体压缩固结、覆水自重固结阶段及自重压缩固结5个阶段;建立了排水体作用下尾矿孔隙渗流模型,并根据该模型计算排水体不同堆积高度最大影响半径,最大影响半径随尾矿的固结程度的提高而逐渐变小,第35 d后0.5 m及1.0 m堆积高度影响半径分别降低至约1.7 m及2.2 m。     

Mobility of Be,Bi, F,Ga, Ge and W in Surface Water and the Water Quality Impact on Epilithic Diatoms Downstream of the Historical Yxsjöberg Mine Site,Sweden

There is a potential risk that the geochemical cycles of several critical metals will be affected when mining of these metals increases to meet the demand of green technology. The geochemistry of Be, Bi, Ga, Ge, and W, herewith called CM5, is lacking, yet is necessary to ensure responsible mine waste and water management. Beryllium, Bi, and W are all considered immobile, but in previous studies of skarn tailings in Yxsjöberg, Sweden, all three elements were mobilized. The tailings are enriched in CM5, together with pyrrhotite, calcite, and fluorite. The mobility and environmental impact of CM5 and F in surface waters downstream of the Yxsjöberg mine site, Sweden, were studied using monthly water samples from seven locations and analysis of diatoms at five of these locations. Bismuth, Ge, and W were present at low concentrations, transported in the particulate phase, and likely settled in the sediments hundreds of meters from the tailings. Beryllium and F were present at high concentrations and dominantly transported in the dissolved phase. At these pH conditions (5.6), Be should form insoluble hydroxides; however, elevated concentrations of dissolved Be were observed more than 5 km from the mine site. Diatoms downstream of the mine site were negatively affected by the mine drainage. The release of low quality neutral mine drainage will continue for hundreds of years if remediation actions are not undertaken since only a small portion of the tailings have weathered during 50–100 years of storage.

     

Dry Covers Applied to Coal Tailings

Covering coal mining tailings with layers of soil reduces the generation of acid mine drainage. These layers are designed to minimize water seepage and the flow of oxygen into tailing deposits. In Brazil, tailings from mineral coal processing are rich in pyrite, are often stored in piles, and are covered with layers of soil on the surface. This study provides results on the performance of four experimental soil cover models on tailings resulting from coal mining in southern Brazil. Pilot-scale physical models were constructed on-site, and the water balance of the covers, suction, volumetric moisture content, temperature in the tailings/cover layers, and quality of released effluent were measured. The covers designed with soil and bottom ash significantly reduced the volume of water seepage through the tailings and improved the quality of the generated effluents. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the performance of the cover depends on climate variations, and its behavior varies seasonally.

     

金矿氰渣库生态修复与风险防控技术及应用

黄河流域矿产资源丰富,自然条件复杂,生态环境脆弱,历史遗留矿区的环境问题日益突出,生态环境亟待改善。以某历史遗留金矿氰渣库为例,通过污染成因分析,筛选出主要的环境隐患,并创新性提出通过采取完善环库截排洪设施、库面阻隔防渗及生态修复、下游建垂直防渗墙等一系列生态修复与风险管控措施,阻断尾矿库污染物扩散途径,降低尾矿库污染风险,技术的成功应用可为类似尾矿库环境整治提供参考。     

尾矿中和渣注浆技术在某矿山岩溶承压水治理中的应用

贵州紫金矿业公司加压预氧化选冶工艺产生大量的尾矿中和渣排放尾矿库，成本很高；水银洞金矿深部大量资源处于岩溶承压水中，深受水患威胁，开采计划进展缓慢。为此，研究加压预氧化产生的大量尾矿中和渣作为注浆治水主要材料，运用中和渣注浆治理和环境改造技术，完善注浆治理的工艺参数和技术指标，注浆治理成本从前期计划强排水费用91.7元/t变成27.2元/t；同时，通过中和渣注浆技术与材料反复对比论证及试验检验，将水泥与中和渣比例大致控制在1∶2，形成一整套完整的预氧化中和渣注浆技术运用于岩溶承压水的工艺体系，降低企业生产防治水成本，使得探明资源达到矿体开采安全的条件，解决资源开采过程中遇到的承压水注浆治理工艺技术难题，实现矿山资源接替延续。     

南京铅锌银矿采充平衡影响因素分析及对策

南京铅锌银矿地处栖霞山风景区。在矿区周围没有尾矿库的情况下，为了保证全尾砂进采场的正常生产，不使产生的尾砂外排而污染环境，开展了采充平衡的研究，研究针对本矿实际情况，通过理论分析，寻找出影响采充平衡的因素，采取有效措施解决采充平衡问题，实现全尾砂零排放，达到既采矿又保护风景区的目的。     

矿山环境污染与生态修复技术研究

采矿业为我国经济快速的增长提供了重要支撑，但其产生了大量荒地，造成了水污染、重金属污染、水土流失以及其他环境破坏，同时加剧了土地短缺。矿区废弃地复垦面积占退化土地总面积的比例为10%~12%，且恢复过程较为缓慢。金属矿山开采的废弃地往往金属毒性更大，缺乏大量营养物质，更难以恢复植被。目前对矿山环境污染的生态修复技术主要包括基质改良、物理修复、化学修复、生物修复等技术，国内大多采取基质改良和生物复合修复方法，并且对于矿山土地复垦采取交替复垦工艺和废石尾矿充填采矿法，及时控制环境污染和破坏。针对金属矿山尾矿的资源化利用，阐述了多种基质改良技术及耐受植物的筛选，因地制宜种植耐性大的优良植物，提高土地的使用价值。然而许多成果都还处于初步阶段，还未大规模地进行实际应用。为加快矿山废弃地的恢复利用，提出了几点建议，可为矿山生态修复研究提供参考。     

论冬瓜山深埋铜矿床开采技术的研究

针对冬瓜山铜矿床的矿体赋存条件和开采技术条件 ,论述了冬瓜山深埋铜矿床开采的深井矿床开采工艺技术、深井采矿地压及控制技术、深井通风优化及控制技术和全尾矿充填技术等研究内容和研究方法。力图使冬瓜山深埋铜矿床实现安全高效的回采 ,同时解决矿山尾矿地表堆放对环境污染的问题 ,最终使矿山开采实现无尾排放的目标     

Optimum deposition for sub-aerial tailings disposal: model applications

Large volumes of the tailings produced as a result of mineral and energy production are disposed of on the Earth's surface. A major concern of mining operations is how to minimize the environmental impact and reduce the storage volume of tailings. In addition, pressure to optimally use scarce water resources, especially in arid regions, is critical. Maximum recycle and reuse of mine process waters is thus an important consideration. The sub-aerial deposition technique is a promising approach for dealing with these problems. Although it has existed for decades, its use still involves many technical challenges. Among these, an important concern is the selection of the optimum depositional parameters to achieve the desired results. A rational method for evaluating the optimum depositional design parameters for sub-aerial tailings disposal is proposed. The optimum deposition design method using the DOSTAR model is presented along with field performances at two operating mines. The comparisons between the predicted results and field observations demonstrate excellent agreement.     

化学因素作用下某尾矿砂渗透特性及污染防治研究

尾矿作为矿山开采过程中不可避免的固体废弃物,其渗透（淋滤）特性是诱发环境污染的关键因素之一。以某铜矿山尾矿为例,采用自主设计的渗透（淋滤）装置,探讨了化学因素作用下不同干密度尾矿砂的渗透及淋滤特性,揭示了不同pH溶液环境下尾矿砂的渗透系数变化规律;针对尾矿淋滤对环境的污染现象,采用Visual MODFLOW数值软件,模拟了Cu2+在尾矿库内的迁移规律;并基于工程屏障阻滞理念,建立了污染物迁移模型,探讨了重金属污染的防治效果。结果表明：①随着溶液pH值降低,尾矿渗透系数逐渐增大,最大可增至1~2个数量级;②在盐溶液环境下,随着NaCl浓度升高,尾矿渗透系数先缓慢增加再逐渐降低;③ 工程屏障能够长期且有效阻滞污染源,可作为矿山环境污染防治及修复的重要手段。基于上述分析结果,提出了尾矿库重金属污染防治的工程措施,为相关工程实践提供借鉴。     

基于灾害演化网络的尾矿库安全管理

尾矿库是一种具有高势能的人造危险源,其一旦发生安全事故,必将给人民的生命财产安全带来严重威胁。运用灾害演化网络相关理论分析了尾矿库事故隐患的节点出入度、支链数和灾害演化链,并进行断链研究。结果表明:集中链和循环链是尾矿库灾害系统中的关键演化链,而尾矿排放故障、排水系统故障、渗漏、滑塌或塌陷、坝体溃坝、洪水浸顶、水上污染和调洪库容不足是系统中的关键隐患,是尾矿库事故灾害预防控制的重点。