Extended predicted mean vote of thermal adaptations reinforced around thermal neutrality

Predicted mean vote (PMV) is a prevailing thermal comfort model adopted by thermal comfort standards. To extend its ability in explaining thermal adaptations, the PMV is multiplied by an extension factor. However, the original extended PMV (ePMV) cannot account for thermal adaptations around thermal neutrality, resulting in deviation around thermal neutrality, therefore, is unable to predict thermal sensation around thermal neutrality accurately. Given the unusual importance of thermal sensation around thermal neutrality for energy-efficient provision of indoor thermal comfort, this study modifies the ePMV to reinforce thermal adaptations around thermal neutrality by adding a thermal neutrality factor. The modified ePMV is quantified by explicitly expressing the extension factor and the thermal neutrality factor as functions of field datasets of the PMV, thermal sensation vote (TSV), and ambient temperature. The modified ePMV is validated to improve thermal sensation prediction effectively (by up to 73%), particularly for prediction around thermal neutrality with the TSV between −0.5 and 0.5, by mitigating deviation around thermal neutrality for different types of buildings under various climate conditions around the world. Moreover, the modified ePMV is explicitly formulated and, therefore, convenient for practical applications.     

上海地区适应性热舒适研究

为研究上海地区人体热感觉和适应性热舒适现状,通过环境参数测量和问卷调查结合的方式来分析和探讨室内外气候条件、服装热阻、热感觉等关系。本文主要涉及自然通风建筑内人体热感觉和热中性温度随季节变化的关系。结果表明:在适应性热舒适研究中,人体中性温度与室外环境温度具有较强的相关性,得到的上海地区适应性热舒适模型可为适合我国自身特点的热舒适研究提供依据。     

Investigating the principal adaptive comfort relationships for young children

Thermal comfort surveys in school classrooms suggest that children have different thermal preferences to adults. This implies a need to revisit the current adult-based thermal comfort models. This paper investigates the principal adaptive comfort relationships that form the basis of adaptive comfort theory, using 2693 pupil thermal sensation responses and measured classroom temperatures from surveys in two naturally ventilated school buildings. The data were examined in two steps. Firstly, each survey set, obtained over one-day visits to the schools, was examined in order to derive the relationship between indoor temperature change and comfort vote with minimum impact of adaptation. Secondly, the data set was investigated over the entire survey period in relation to the weather experienced by the pupils in order to estimate their time for adaptation to outdoor temperature changes. The analysis shows that the basic adaptive comfort relationships are valid for children. However, a difference was found for the correlation coefficients of the comfort temperature to the outdoor running mean temperature between the schools, and a mismatch between their adaptive comfort equations. It is proposed that the difference in the consistency of the weather during the tests is the main reason for this discrepancy.     

热湿环境下人体热反应的实验研究

采用问卷方式，对热湿环境下人体热感觉、对空气湿度的感觉、吹风感觉及热舒适感觉进行了研究，分析了空气相对湿度对热舒适的影响，给出了高温高湿条件下人体热反应的规律。并在分析人体散热的基础上，提出了一个可以对热湿环境中人体热舒适进行预测的数学模型。     

沈阳市商场冬季室内热舒适的模糊分析

对沈阳市冬季商场室内热环境状况进行了实地调查，建立了基于自适应性模糊神经网络的人体热舒适模糊评判模型,对采集到的数据进行了模糊推理和网络训练，总结出了关于人体热舒适的模糊推理规则。由仿真结果可知，模糊评判模型输出值与热感觉投票值吻合较好，为客观评价和预测人体热舒适提供了一种方法和思路。     

自然通风环境下的热舒适分析

鉴于自然通风环境下的PMV实际热舒适调查结果有较明显的偏差，热舒适研究领域提出了两种新的模型：PMV修正模型和适应模型。对这两种模型进行了分析，认为应对自然通风环境和空调稳态环境参数进行更细致的分析，以建立一种适用于自然通风环境的集总参数模型或评价指标。     

非空调环境下性别与热舒适的关系

对长沙某高校的600多名学生进行了为期一年的现场问卷调查,对有关空气参数进行了测量。统计分析结果表明，女性的耐寒能力比男性差；预期平均评价PMV指标对男女热感觉的预测效果较差；男女对湿感觉的评价无较大差异，只在温度较低时,女性比男性觉得更潮湿；女性的吹风感比男性强；热舒适评价不仅受热、湿感觉影响,还受其他环境因素及心理因素的影响。     

A novel personalized thermal comfort control, responding to user sensation feedbacks

This paper presents a novel heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) control architecture for office buildings, which uses the predicted mean vote (PMV) index of each occupant as feedback and offers them the opportunity to act on their own comfort level by signalling a possible thermal uncomfortable sensation to a personal user interface. A co-simulation EnergyPlus/Simulink has been used to test this new personalized and adaptive thermal comfort control in an office building for different seasons, up to two employees per office. Simulation results show that such a comfort control algorithm leads to sizeable energy savings as well as comfort improvement for each occupant. Moreover, after processing the order given by the user interface, the control algorithm makes the simulated thermal sensation match the actual thermal sensation of the occupant with a high accuracy, leading to a better consideration of his thermal comfort.     

厦门高校教室冬季热环境测试及热舒适预测

为考察冬季非空调环境下人体热感觉,对厦门某高校教室的热舒适度进行了现场测试.在测量室内外热舒适参数的同时,通过问卷调查得到了人体热反应样本.分析样本得出厦门高校教室冬季非空调工况下人体热中性温度和热期望温度分别为19.3和19.4℃.综合考虑温度、相对湿度、平均辐射温度、风速及服装热阻对坐姿轻度活动状态人体的热舒适影响,使用MATLAB软件进行非线性回归,得到非空调工况下热舒适预测方程.该预测方程与实测得到的人体热舒适投票两者结果有较高相关度,同时较大程度上反映了冬季非空调环境下人体热感觉的变异.     

冬季室内热环境与被褥微气候的匹配

冬季睡眠状态下,室内热环境与被褥微气候分别对人体头部和被覆躯体的热感觉造成直接影响。为了分析两个热环境的匹配关系以满足睡眠人体的热舒适水平,实验在不同的室内温度下,调节被褥微气候温度,测试了受试者的皮肤温度,并记录了热感觉和热可接受水平。研究结果表明:睡眠状态下,相比于室内热环境,人体热感觉对被褥微气候更敏感;此外,通过分析室内热环境和被褥微气候分别与整体热感觉和整体不满意率的关系,得到了睡眠热环境舒适区间。     

现场研究中热舒适指标的选取问题

对热舒适现场研究结果进行了总结，并对热舒适指标的选取、有效温度的计算、热感觉的表述方式等问题进行了讨论分析。认为当相对湿度在热舒适范围内时，采用有效温度作为热舒适指标并采用平均热感觉值，能更好地预测人体热感觉。     

Effects of perceived indoor temperature on daylight glare perception

This research investigates the effects of perceived indoor temperature on glare sensation. A laboratory experiment was carried out where volunteers (n?=?19) performed an office-like computer task. Three scenarios with sunspots over the desk were evaluated: a cold scenario, a comfort scenario and a hot scenario. All had the same vertical illuminance at the eye and luminance ratios. Discomfort glare was measured with the predictive daylight glare probability (DGP) model; actual perception of glare was assessed with glare sensation vote (GSV) scale; while thermal comfort was evaluated with thermal sensation vote (TSV) scale. In order to know how much the perceived temperature contributes to the model, an ordinal regression was performed. The result showed a Nagelkerke pseudo-R²?=?0.52, p =?0.001, indicating that the perceived temperature affected glare predictions. This is an improvement in the understanding of daylight glare, which will allow researchers and practitioners to make informed decisions about sustainable design and occupant comfort. In conclusion, a more comprehensive glare model should include perceived temperature as a variable of the current glare model. Also, the results suggest that DGP should be used only when the person is in thermal comfort.     

Evaluation of enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature ETFe as the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index

The purpose of this paper is made to clarify that the relationship between the human physiological and psychological responses and the enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature ETFe as the outdoor thermal environment evaluation index upon the human body. Environmental factors and human physiological and psychological responses were measured. It was made clear that the variables by which summer outdoor environmental factors influence the thermal sensation vote are heat conduction, humidity and short-wave solar radiation. The variables that affect the thermal comfort vote are air velocity, heat conduction and humidity. ETFe, into which the environmental factors that are the variables for human response are incorporated, showed good correspondence with the thermal sensation vote. Similarly, ETFe has a good correspondence with thermal comfort vote. The usage of ETFe as a thermal environment evaluation index for summer outdoor spaces is valid. The threshold for the human body with regards to thermal environment stimuli in an outdoor space is higher than the thermal environment stimuli in a summer indoor space.     

空气湿度对人体热舒适的影响

讨论了在静态热环境下，空气湿度与人体热平衡、皮肤湿润度和人体对衣物的感觉以及人体热舒适之间的关系，分析了湿度瞬态变化对人体平均体表温度、热感觉和热舒适造成的影响。     

严寒地区居住建筑室内热舒适模拟研究

将模拟计算得到的模型房间的温度场与经回归分析建立的平均热感觉MTS预测模型和热舒适评价指标PMV相结合,通过编制MATLAB程序,绘制了模型房间不同截面的MTS和PMV的三维分布图。比较了各个截面的MTS和PMV预测结果并分析了产生误差的原因。     

The distorted power of medical surgical masks for changing the human thermal psychology of indoor personnel in summer

The medical surgical mask (MSM) has been the essential protective equipment in people's daily work. The experimental purpose is to explore the effects of wearing MSM on human thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and breathing comfort in office buildings in summer. A total of 30 healthy college students were recruited for the testing. The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber, which can simulate the office buildings in summer. The experiment collects the subjects’ skin temperature, microclimate in the mask, and subjective votes, including thermal sensory votes (TSV), thermal comfort votes (TCV), and respiratory comfort votes (BCV). Experimental results show that wearing MSM has no significant effect on the skin temperature of the human body. The microclimate temperature inside the MSM reaches over 34℃, and the relative humidity reaches over 70%. The high-temperature and high-humidity microclimate put human beings in an uneven thermal environment, which leads to poor human tolerance to the thermal environment and becomes the main reason for destroying human thermal comfort. Wearing MSM has a significant impact on the subjective thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and breathing comfort of the human body, and the impact becomes more significant as the environmental temperature increases. Once the mask is taken off, the human body will enter an extremely comfortable environment, resulting in an excessively high vote value. The difference in voting values before and after removing the mask becomes larger with the environmental temperature. By fitting the voting results and perform data processing, it can be found that wearing MSM will reduce the neutral temperature by 1.5°C, and the environmental temperature with the optimal thermal comfort by 1.4°C, and as the temperature increases, the respiratory discomfort will become more and more intense. Regardless of whether wearing a MSM, the subjects preferred a slight warmer environment. In conclusion, with the increase of ambient temperature, wearing MSM can cause the human worse tolerance to the thermal environment, and this disturbance will become more and more intense.     

Using the adaptive model of thermal comfort for obtaining indoor neutral temperature: Findings from a field study in Hyderabad,India

There is a dearth of thermal comfort studies in India. It is aimed to investigate into the aspects of thermal comfort in Hyderabad and to identify the neutral temperature in residential environments. This was achieved through a thermal comfort field study in naturally ventilated apartment buildings conducted during summer and monsoon involving over 100 subjects. A total of 3962 datasets were collected covering their thermal responses and the measurement of the thermal environment. The comfort band (voting within –1 and +1), based on the field study, was found to be 26–32.45°C, with the neutral temperature at 29.23°C. This is way above the indoor temperature standards specified in Indian Codes. It was found that the regression neutral temperature and the globe temperature recorded when voting neutral converged when mean thermal sensation of the subjects was close to 0. This happened during the period of moderate temperature when the adaptive measures were adequate. The indoor temperatures recorded in roof-exposed (top floor) flats were higher than the lower floors. The thermal sensation and preference votes of subjects living in top floors were always higher. Consequently, their acceptance vote was also lower. It was found that the subjects living in top floor flats had a higher neutral temperature when the available adaptive opportunities were sufficient. This was due to their continuous exposure to a higher thermal regime due to much higher solar exposure. This study calls for special adaptive measures for roof-exposed flats to achieve neutrality at higher temperature.     

Extreme Adaptation to Extreme Environments in Hot Dry,Hot Sub-humid and Hot Humid Climates in Mexico

The paper discusses the results of a field study carried out in four cities in Mexico： Hermosillo, Mexicali, Merida and Colima, during the warmest seasons of 2006-2007. The survey is according to the adaptive approach of thermal comfort. The cities＇ climates are hot dry, hot sub-humid and hot humid. The respondents were inhabitants of low cost housings without air conditioning. The research was performed during warm seasons and according to ISO 10551. The measurements were processed by the common method of linear regression and also by alternative methods, useful for asymmetric climates. Individuals declared comfort at very high temperatures, either high or low humidity, therefore, the resulting neutral temperatures are higher than 30 ℃, except in Colima （28.8 ℃）. The upper limits of comfort ranges achieved temperatures up to 35 ℃. The results suggest how great is the capacity of humans to adapt to conditions as extreme as those measured in the study.     

Numerical Method for a Full Assessment of Indoor Thermal Comfort

Heat, mass and momentum transfer takes place simultaneously in ventilated rooms. For accurate predictions of the indoor environment, all the environmental parameters that influence these transport phenomena should be taken into consideration. This paper introduces a method for a full assessment of indoor thermal comfort using computational fluid dynamics in conjunction with comfort models. A computer program has been developed which can be used for predicting thermal comfort indices such as thermal sensation and draught risk. The sensitivity of predicted comfort indices to environmental parameters is analysed for a mechanically ventilated office. It was found that when the mean radiant temperature was considered uniform in the office, the error in the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) could be as high as 7.5%. The prediction became worse when the mean radiant temperature was taken to be the same as air temperature point by point in the space. Moreover, disregarding the variation of vapour pressure in the space resulted in an error in PPD of abour 4% near the source of moisture generation. The importance of evaluating both thermal sensation and draught risk is also examined. It is concluded that in spaces with little air movement only the thermal sensation is needed for evaluation of indoor thermal comfort whereas in spaces with air movement induced by mechanical vantilation or air-conditioning systems both thermal sensation and draught risk should be evaluated.     

Integrated thermal comfort analysis using a parametric manikin model for interactive real-time simulation

Following the work of Fiala (Fiala, D., Lomas, K., and Stohrer, M., 2001. Computer prediction of human thermoregulatory and temperature-responses to a wide range of environmental conditions. International Journal of Biometeorology, 45, 143–159) we developed and tested a parametric multi-segment manikin model as the interface between Fiala's human thermoregulation model and other computational codes for studying transient and local effects of thermal sensation and comfort perception. The model allows for motion control by transforming body parts according to an armature model which relates topological dependencies. The position of joints and decomposition into segments is chosen in terms of the settings of Fiala's model. Several faceted geometric models are available such as the NASA MSIS Standard or predefined NASTRAN geometries. The developed thermoregulation interface provides means to computational steering, i.e. to interact with an ongoing simulation. The boundary conditions, the type of clothing, or the activity level can be modified online, results are updated on a real time scale during the simulation. The visualization on the artificial skin of the manikin includes the surface/skin temperatures and the local thermal sensation votes (LTSV); likewise the predicted mean vote (PMV) and the dynamic thermal sensation (DTS) are output. The LTSV data are based on experimental data which were obtained in a test chamber involving 24 test subjects for three levels of clothing insulation and a light level of activity.