氮化烧结制备Si3 N4 -SiC复相陶瓷

以酚醛树脂作为结合剂,以冷等静压方法成型制备氮化烧结Si3N4-SiC复相陶瓷,研究了结合剂对坯体强度和生成材料物相组成的影响。坯体强度随酚醛树脂含量增加而提高,最高强度达到23MPa,实现坯体可直接机械加工。经过氮化烧结,生成材料物相中含有SiC,含量达到7.1%～15.7%,并观察到细小的等轴颗粒αSi3N4、棒状晶粒βSi3N4以及少量针状和晶须状Si3N4。SiC颗粒与Si3N4结合在一起,被Si3N4包裹。Si3N4-SiC复相材料的生成机理:300～600℃,酚醛树脂发生裂解,形成单质C,残碳率为50%;1000～1100℃,C开始与Si发生固相反应,形成SiC;1100℃后,Si开始发生氮化反应,生成Si3N4。     

纸制备SiC/Si层状陶瓷复合材料的微观结构和性能

本文以纸为原料,通过叠层设计、低温碳化和高温渗硅制备了具有层状结构特征的SiC/Si陶瓷复合材料。并采用XRD、SEM和三点弯曲等分析测试手段对其相组成、微观结构和力学性能进行了分析。结果表明:纸碳化后为非晶形的碳;渗硅后试样的相组成为β-SiC相、自由Si相和残C相。叠层纸碳化后的微观结构为含有大量扁长空洞的碳骨架,渗硅后得到的SiC陶瓷复合材料具有明显的层状结构特征。三点弯曲实验表明,SiC/Si陶瓷复合材料的强度高达290MPa,达到了常规反应烧结SiC陶瓷的强度水平;且其断裂方式为非灾难性断裂,分析认为这与材料的层状结构形貌有关。     

硅液相浸渍反应制备TiC/SiC和TiN/SiC复相陶瓷

以滤纸、酚醛树脂和氧化钛为原料,经过模压成型、固化、碳化及不同条件下渗硅制备了TiC/SiC和TiN/SiC复相陶瓷。通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜研究了TiC/SiC和TiN/SiC复相陶瓷的微观结构和物相组成,测量了复相陶瓷的弯曲强度和断裂韧性。结果表明:真空条件下液态渗硅获得的TiC/SiC复相陶瓷具有多孔的微观结构,其弯曲强度和断裂韧性较小。氮气气氛下液态渗硅制备的TiN/SiC复相陶瓷结构致密,有较高的弯曲强度和断裂韧性。不同反应生成的TiC,TiN陶瓷颗粒对液态硅的润湿性不同,使得生成的复相陶瓷具有不同的微观结构。TiN/SiC复相陶瓷中TiN颗粒的引入,在基体与第二相颗粒间的界面上产生拉应力和压应力,使达到这一区域的裂纹偏转,从而获得增韧效果。     

干熄炉用碳化硅耐火材料抗CO侵蚀性研究

研究了SiAlON(主要为Si_4Al_2O_2N_6)结合SiC、复相氮化物(Si_2N_2O/Si_3N_4)结合Si C和β-SiC结合Si C材料在1 000℃、CO气氛(C+CO_2=2CO)中分别侵蚀100、200、300和400 h后其质量、显气孔率、常温耐压强度以及物相组成和显微结构的变化。结果表明:1)复相氮化物结合Si C材料抗CO侵蚀性最好,CO侵蚀后其常温耐压强度大幅度增大,达到363 MPa; SiAlON结合SiC的次之,为200 MPa;β-SiC结合SiC的最差,为136MPa。2)复相氮化物结合SiC材料被CO侵蚀后,其致密度增大较多; SiAlON结合SiC材料被CO侵蚀后,SiAlON发生Al2O_3脱溶,有新生针状产物;β-SiC结合SiC材料被CO侵蚀后,生成了少量方石英或石英。     

炭／炭复合材料SiC／Mo（Six，Al1-x）2涂层形成机理与抗高温氧化性能

采用高温包渗技术在炭／炭复合材料表面制备了SiC／Mo（Six,Al1-x）2复合涂层,采用两步反应法研究了复合涂层的生成机理。发现复合涂层是由Si、Al2O3、SiC、MoSi2原始粉末材料与基体炭材料经过复杂化学反应生成的SiC、Mo（SixAl1-x）2以及微量Mo4．8Si3C0．6固溶体组成。在较低温度下（〈1750℃）,单质硅与基体碳的液-固相反应,经过2小时后可以在炭／炭复合材料表面和内部孔隙表面生成致密的SiC过渡涂层;在较高温度下（≤2000℃）,SiC、Al2O3和MoSi2间的反应较为复杂,其主要过程为SiC与Al2O3间生成液体硅、液体铝和气态SiO、Al2O的多相反应,该反应生成的液体铝能够与MoSi2颗粒发生置换反应,生成熔点降低的Mo（Six,Al1-x）2转移涂层;同时,生成的液体硅与CO反应生成晶须状β—SiC,并与Mo（Six,Al1-x）2形成增强型复合涂层。本文还研究了过量单质Si和SiC对Mo（Six,Al1-x）2的还原反应,化学反应推论与实验结果相吻合。以新提出的涂层生成机理为指导,以粉末原料质量组成为Si10％,Al2O3 10％,SiC54％和MoSi226％时所制得了致密并且无粘结的复合涂层材料,并研究了封孔处理后复合材料的抗氧化性能。     

MoSi_2-SiC复合材料的制备及其抗氧化性研究

先以SiC(粒度分别为≤2.5、≤0.062 mm)为主要原料,水溶性树脂为结合剂,经混练、成型、烘干后得到SiC坯体,再用MoSi_2微粉(d_(50)=3μm)掩埋SiC坯体,在真空条件下2 000℃保温3 h进行熔渗烧结,以直接熔渗法制备出MoSi_2-SiC复合材料,并与R-SiC和Si_3N_4-SiC材料一起进行在空气中于1 600℃的静态抗氧化试验,以对比研究其抗氧化性能。结果表明:经1 600℃氧化75 h后,Mo Si_2-SiC复合材料的抗氧化性优于R-Si C、Si_3N_4-SiC材料的;Mo Si_2在烧结过程中部分发生分解生成了Mo_5Si_3,Mo Si_2、Mo_5Si_3填充于Si C的内部并实现烧结致密化,使Mo Si_2-SiC复合材料的显气孔率显著降低至5.7%;Mo Si_2-SiC复合材料中Mo Si_2、Mo_5Si_3含量(w)分别为10%~15%、3%~5%,1 000℃下的热导率为46.5 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1),显著高于R-SiC和Si_3N_4-SiC材料的。     

C/C多孔体的制备及其对C/C-SiC-Si复合材料的影响

C／C—SiC—Si材料是一种新型的复合材料。本文通过反应熔渗法将液态硅渗入C／C多孔体中得到致密的C／C—SiC—Si复合材料。重点研究了制备C／C多孔体的树脂浸渍裂解法，并测定了在不同浸渍次数下得到的不同的C／C多孔体的体积密度和气孔率，用扫描电镜观察了其形貌，讨论了不同的C／C多孔体对C／C—SiC—Si复合材料最终形貌的影响。     

直接浸渗法制备MoSi2/SiC复合材料

本文通过直接浸渗法制备了致密的MoSi2/SiC复合材料,在室温下该材料的强度为248±25MPa,1600℃下的强度为205±20MPa,室温下显微硬度为12.6GPa,断裂韧性为3.6MPa·m1/2.同时分析了复合材料的相组成;观察了材料的显微结构;讨论了热处理工艺和成型工艺对烧结体性能的影响.     

直接浸渗法制备MoSi2/SiC复合材料在900℃下氧化性能研究

研究了直接浸渗法制备的MoSi2/SiC复合材料在900℃温度下的氧化性能，以及复合材料在该温度下表现为硅、钼同时氧化。由于MoO3的挥发复合材料表现为失重，复合材料的失重量与材料的孔隙率和SiC粒径大小有关，孔隙率越高，SiC粒径越小其失重量越大。MoSi2/SiC复合材料在900℃氧化时氧化层结构蔬松，表面存在大量气孔，无法在材料表面形成致密的SiO2氧化层。     

微波烧结制备碳化硅粉体的研究

以乙炔炭黑和硅粉为原料,采用微波烧结技术合成制备了粒度不同的碳化硅粉体.研究了反应温度和保温时间对碳化硅粉体产率和粒度的影响.结果表明:在900℃反应30 min,所得产物的主要物相为β-SiC和仍残余少量金属Si.随着反应温度的升高,产物中SiC的含量不断增加,残余金属Si的含量则明显下降.当反应温度升高至1100℃以上时,则得到单相的β-SiC.在1200℃下反应5min,产物中主要物相为SiC,存在着少量未反应的金属Si,当反应时间延长到15 min时,即得到单相的β-SiC.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.