面向软件可靠性测试数据生成的剖面构造技术

软件可靠性测试是软件可靠性工程中的一项重要工作内容，通过软件可靠性测试积累的软件失效数据可以为软件可靠性的评估、验证提供重要的度量依据。针对传统的基于操作剖面的可靠性测试方法对实时嵌入式软件的适用性差、测试难以实施的情况，在操作剖面的基础上提出了一种层次化网络体系结构的使用剖面的概念，并研究了构造使用剖面的系统方法，以及根据使用剖面生成用于实时嵌入式软件可靠性测试操作序列的方法。该方法适用于实时嵌入式软件，对其它非实时软件也具有参考价值。     

Integrated knowledge-based system design and validation for solving problems in uncertain environments

Symbolic problem solving, specifically which knowledge-based systems (KBSs), in new and uncertain problem domains is a difficult task. An essential part of developing systems for these environments is determining whether the system is adequately and reliably solving the problem. KBSs that utilize heuristics have a development cycle not conducive to formal control and have high potential for error or incorrect characterizations of the problem they are meant to solve. A method of validating and testing such systems to increase and quantify their reliability is needed. Software engineering strategies for accessing and projecting the reliability of traditional software have been developed after years of experience with the cause and effect of errors. Since KBSs are new, methods for accessing and projecting their reliability are not as well understood. However, validation techniques from traditional software development can be applied to KBSs. Validation and testing techniques unique to KBSs can also be used to determine system reliability. In essence, tools and techniques can be used to meet the need for a legitimate, integrated approach to validation and testing of KBSs as they are developed.     

Stretching the paradigm for software reliability assurance

Reliability of a software product is best assured by the same means as reliability of any other product is assured: by a systematic, end-to-end, design for reliability process that begins at product concept and follows through to customer service after delivery. Steps in this process are coordinated with the phases of the product realization (software development) process and include specific reliability improvement activities that complement each phase. This represents a new approach to software reliability assurance needs, contrasted with the traditional inspection and rework approach commonly taken to software reliability assurance via reliability growth testing and modelling. The program we describe draws on contemporary principles of quality management and reliability engineering for its overall structure. Also, several important and promising new areas of software reliability research devolving from this expanded paradigm are sketched.     

软件可靠性估计与计算复杂性的关系浅析

软件可靠性估计是软件可靠性研究的重要问题之一.提出一种根据软件随机测试的结果进行软件可靠性估计的方法.它使被测软件的复杂性成为估计公式中的一个因素,从而克服了现有同类方法把软件看作是黑箱的缺点.它以软件的邻域集合的伪维数作为软件复杂性度量,从而使根据软件的可能错误空间进行可靠性估计成为可能.还证明了算法的计算复杂性与软件所可能计算的函数集合的伪维数之间存在着一定的联系.     

基于神经网络的软件可靠性模型的实现与分析

本文针对软件可靠性工程中模型选择比较麻烦的问题，提出了用神经网络构建通用的可靠性增长模型，在实现该模型的基础上，利用三组数据进行试验，并与三个分析模型的结果作了比较，得出了比较好的结论。     

软件可靠性的GP演化建模

为解决软件可靠性模型的不一致性，摆脱传统模型多种主观假设的束缚，提出了采用遗传程序设计(GP)的演化算法建立基于软件失效间隔时间序列的软件可靠性模型。针对装甲兵工程学院的某软件测试用例进行演化建模，并对其性能指标进行了分析评价，结果验证了GP算法的可行性以及拟合、预测的有效性，从而能有效地应用于软件系统测试，保障数据的有效性。     

Are we testing for true reliability?

The relationship between software testing and reliability is discussed. Two kinds of reliability models, reliability-growth models, which are applied during debugging, and reliability models, which are applied after debugging, are described. Several reasons for the failure of conventional reliability theory in software engineering are presented. It is argued that until random testing of a million points becomes practical, testing for quality is only a poor competitor for other heuristic defect-detection methods     

基于多模型变权重组合的软件可靠性仿真研究

研究提高软件可靠性预测精度问题,对软件可靠性研究已成为当前软件工程的一个研究热点,传统的单一软件可靠性模型由于使用的技术及提取的信息有限,软件可靠性预测精度不高。为提高软件可靠性预测精度,在建立多种单一软件可靠性预测模型的基础上,提出一种样本点的多模型变权重组合模型。将多种预测技术有效地聚合在一起,取长补短,在样本数据有限的情况下,不仅改善了样本内学习能力也增强了样本外的泛化能力,提高了综合预测精度。仿真验证模型无论在样本内还是样本外都较优于经过模拟退火算法优化的BP神经网络(SA-BP)及经过遗传算法优化的最小二乘支持向量机(GA-LSVM),说明变权重组合模型是一种精度更高的软件可靠性失效数据预测模型,具有较好的应用推广价值。     

Web工程过程研究

基于Web的应用系统开发和传统软件开发有显著区别,传统软件工程方法和技术应用到基于Web的系统开发中,显得力不从心。在多个基于Web的系统开发实践基础上,阐述Web工程与传统软件工程的区别,分析基于Web的应用开发的人员组织,提出一个Web工程过程模型。     

Empirical Research on the Application of a Structure-Based Software Reliability Model

Reliability engineering implemented early in the development process has a significant impact on improving software quality. It can assist in the design of architecture and guide later testing, which is beyond the scope of traditional reliability analysis methods. Structural reliability models work for this, but most of them remain tested in only simulation case studies due to lack of actual data. Here we use software metrics for reliability modeling which are collected from source codes of post versions. Through the proposed strategy, redundant metric elements are filtered out and the rest are aggregated to represent the module reliability. We further propose a framework to automatically apply the module value and calculate overall reliability by introducing formal methods. The experimental results from an actual project show that reliability analysis at the design and development stage can be close to the validity of analysis at the test stage through reasonable application of metric data. The study also demonstrates that the proposed methods have good applicability.      

Software architecture reliability analysis using failure scenarios

With the increasing size and complexity of software in embedded systems, software has now become a primary threat for the reliability. Several mature conventional reliability engineering techniques exist in literature but traditionally these have primarily addressed failures in hardware components and usually assume the availability of a running system. Software architecture analysis methods aim to analyze the quality of software-intensive system early at the software architecture design level and before a system is implemented. We propose a Software Architecture Reliability Analysis Approach (SARAH) that benefits from mature reliability engineering techniques and scenario-based software architecture analysis to provide an early software reliability analysis at the architecture design level. SARAH defines the notion of failure scenario model that is based on the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis method (FMEA) in the reliability engineering domain. The failure scenario model is applied to represent so-called failure scenarios that are utilized to derive fault tree sets (FTS). Fault tree sets are utilized to provide a severity analysis for the overall software architecture and the individual architectural elements. Despite conventional reliability analysis techniques which prioritize failures based on criteria such as safety concerns, in SARAH failure scenarios are prioritized based on severity from the end-user perspective. SARAH results in a failure analysis report that can be utilized to identify architectural tactics for improving the reliability of the software architecture. The approach is illustrated using an industrial case for analyzing reliability of the software architecture of the next release of a Digital TV.     

Neural computing for software reliability*

Abstract: We present the results of a feasibility study for the application of neural computing to the traditional problem of how to generate cost-effective, reliable implementations of complex problems—i.e. the central problem of software engineering. We treat neural computing as an innovative technology for conventional software engineering. We explore the reliability of neural networks (multilayer perceptrons trained with the backpropagation algorithm) as alternative versions in a multiversion software system. The basic idea is that versions trained differently will not exhibit common faults as independently developed, conventional versions (programmed in, for example, Modula-2) have been shown to do. The common design faults that run through independently developed versions appear to be the result of ‘difficult’ inputs which all programmers tend to misconstrue similarly. Network implementations, which are not directly designed in the conventional manner, should permit easy introduction of ‘diversity’ to combat this weakness. The initial results give credence to this possibility and have shown the way to generate substantial forced diversity within the neural computing paradigm.     

Standards-software reliability handbook: achieving reliablesoftware

The results to date of a three-year research effort on software reliability engineering sponsored by the American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics (AIAA) are discussed. After a standard for recommended practice for software reliability estimation was approved by the AIAA, a blue-ribbon panel of industry experts was convened to consider the future of reliable software and software technology in space systems. The panel's work towards a software reliability engineering database and research in software reliability tools and software reliability models are discussed. The software reliability recommended practice, its intended audience, and its users are reviewed     

软件可靠性测试的理论分析

目前软件可靠性测试没有真正开展起来,即使重要的军用软件也没有进行软件可靠性测试。软件可靠性模型的不一致性以及软件可靠性测试时间长、费用高、资源消耗大是造成这种局面的两个主要问题。而这两个问题很大程度是由传统基于随机系统假设的软件可靠性理论导致的。因此,在该理论下对可靠性测试方法及可靠性模型的修补与改善工作很难从根本上解决问题。只有从软件可靠性理论本身入手,提出新的研究思路,才有可能摆脱目前软件可靠性测试的困境。首先介绍了软件可靠性测试的现状,然后重点对现有可靠性理论进行了分析和总结,在此基础上,提出了软件可靠性测试研究的一些新思路。     

跨项目软件缺陷预测方法研究综述

软件缺陷预测是提高软件测试效率、保证软件可靠性的重要途径,已经成为目前实证软件工程领域的研究热点。在软件工程中,软件的开发过程或技术平台可能随时变化,特别是遇到新项目启动或旧项目重新开发时,基于目标项目数据的传统软件缺陷预测方法无法满足实践需求。基于迁移学习技术采用其他项目中已经标注的软件数据实现跨项目的缺陷预测,可以有效解决传统方法的不足,引起了国内外研究者的极大关注,并取得了一系列的研究成果。首先总结了跨项目软件缺陷预测中的关键问题。然后根据迁移学习的技术特点将现有方法分为基于软件属性特征迁移和软件模块实例迁移两大类,并分析比较了常见方法的特点和不足。最后探讨了跨项目软件缺陷预测未来的发展方向。     

舰船装备软件构件可靠性评估方法

为了解决对当前大型舰船装备软件构件可靠性评估不够直观详细,构件的性能参数缺乏足够的测试数据。针对以上问题进行研究,提出针对舰船装备软件构件的可靠性评估方法、分析和综合评价的工具。本文提出了一种针对舰船装备软件构件可靠性评估方法,接着对其评估过程进行介绍。最后,在开发出的可靠性评估工具上对方法进行验证,它可以实现软件可靠性早期预计以及可靠性分析的自动化实施。该软件可以极为方便的帮助软件可靠性工程师实现舰船装备软件构件可靠性早期预计分析工作,具有重要的工程意义。     

工程软件之可靠性定量评估研究

在分析多种软件可靠性模型的基础上,结合工程软件的特点,提出一种工程软件适用的可靠性定量评估方法,并将其用于某大型工程软件的可靠性评估。应用表明,该方法简单,可行、对其它领域的软件可靠性评估同样具有参考价值。     

航天载荷应用软件可靠性参数的分析与确立

航天载荷应用软件可靠性研究是开展航天载荷系统可靠性工程的重要组成部分.而软件可靠性参数的分析与确立是进行软件可靠性研究的前提.首先定义并解释了航天载荷应用软件可靠性,其次对航天载荷系统中常用的软件可靠性参数进行了计算与分析,最后依据软件可靠性参数选取的原则提出了一个航天载荷应用软件可靠性参数集.该参数集在开展航天载荷软件可靠性工程中具有一定的参考价值,也是进行航天载荷软件可靠性设计与分析的前提.     

软件可靠性工程学综述

软件可靠性工程学定量评价软件系统的可靠性,是开发并维护软件系统的一种工程学技术.回顾了软件可靠性工程学的历史、目前的趋势以及现存的问题和困难.提出了软件可靠性工程学中未来可能的方向和有前景的研究课题.     

一种面向开发过程的软件可靠性预测方法

在进行软件开发时,该如何回答这样的问题,＂当前开发的软件可靠性是什么？＂这个对于用户来说是非常重要的信息,却难以表述。以此为方向,研究了一种面向开发过程的软件可靠性预测方法,结合软件开发各个阶段的特点,通过合理地采用软件可靠性早期预测模型,实现对开发中软件可靠性的预测。实践应用表明,该方法紧密结合软件开发的实际,反映了软件可靠性与开发人员的水平、开发规范的标准之间的联系,有助于采取必要的措施提高其以后的可靠性,从而也验证了该方法的工程实用性。