基于全场条纹反射的镜面物体三维面形测量综述

随着集成电路、汽车行业、先进制造和天文学的发展,条纹反射术被广泛应用于测量镜面物体的三维形貌。条纹反射术通过反射条纹图中的相位信息计算被测镜面物体的局部斜率或深度信息来恢复物体的三维形貌。为全面了解条纹反射术研究的最新进展,本文综述了条纹反射的基本原理、反射条纹产生的方式、相位的计算方法、系统参数的标定和斜率积分获得深度数据,同时介绍了不依赖积分过程的直接条纹反射术。通过具体的应用和实例,指出了条纹反射术的优缺点。最后,指出了条纹反射术未来的研究方向。该综述文章为深入研究镜面反射物体的三维面形测量提供了有益的参考。     

基于双频彩色光栅投影测量不连续物体三维形貌

为减少多频条纹相移法进行三维形貌测量时的投影条纹数量,提高测量速度, 提出了采用双频四步相移彩色条纹投影技术来准确测量具有台阶状不连续或孤立物体表面三维形貌的方法。利用计算机将高低两种不同频率的正弦条纹分别输入彩色图像的红色和蓝色通道合成为彩色条纹,由数字视频投影仪将四步相移彩色条纹投影到被测物体,然后利用彩色CCD或CMOS相机采集4幅彩色条纹图并存储于计算机中。基于色彩分离技术得到8幅两种不同频率的四步相移条纹图并由图像灰度算法获得1幅反映背景的灰度图像;由低频条纹确定台阶状的物体边缘,高频条纹计算物体的形貌,并通过背景图像的二值化定位阴影和不连续区域。提出的方法仅用4幅彩色图像完成了台阶状不连续或孤立物体三维形貌的准确测量。与现有的多频4步相移条纹投影形貌测量技术需要8~12幅图像相比,该方法有效地减少了条纹投影与图像采集的数量。     

基于RGB三基色的实时相位测量轮廓术

提出一种基于彩色三步相移算法和DLP Light Crafter 4500的实时相位测量轮廓术。在测量系统中,DLP Light Crafter 4500快速有序地投影MATLAB生成的三帧相移量为2π/3的R、G、B调制正弦相移光栅条纹到被测物体表面,一台与DLP Light Crafter 4500投影光栅条纹信号同步的高速黑白CMOS相机拍摄受被测物体面形调制的变形条纹。由于捕获的变形条纹间存在颜色失衡,需要采用校正算法进行校正。基于传统的三步相移技术,利用校正后的三帧变形条纹图像可以实时重建被测物体的三维形貌。     

基于DLP技术的刀具刃口检测系统

硬质合金刀具刃口是影响精密加工表面质量以及表面微观几何形貌的重要因素。针对目前测量过程中出现的问题,提出利用DLP技术来测量刀具刃口的三维形貌。其原理是用计算机产生正弦投影条纹,经数字投影仪投射到物体表面,条纹经物体表面调制产生变形,用CCD摄像机将变形条纹拍摄下来。再利用计算机进行相位场提取、相位去包裹,得到绝对相位值。最后经系统标定、坐标变换可得物体表面的三维数据基于数字条纹投射的光学3D传感器,这样能够很好很快地提取刀具刃口的三维形貌。     

微小高度检测系统设计

高度信息是分析物体三维形貌的最重要信息。为了研究微小焊点的三维形貌,需要对焊点高度进行测量。针对传统测量技术的缺点,设计了一种检测系统。系统应用白光平行照射条纹板,将其像投影到被测物体上,受到物体高度轮廓的调制作用,形成变形的亮暗相间的条纹。该条纹图携带着焊点的三维信息,再用照相系统把变形的条纹图拍摄在CCD上,通过对CCD上像的处理,可以还原出高度信息。该方法可将条纹板的像等间距地投射到被测物体的表面上,避免了由于投影条纹宽度不同所带了的图像处理过程的误差。实现了测量范围大、重复性好、图像处理简单的优点,为微小高度的测量提供了新方法。     

成像光线追踪的舌面彩色三维成像方法研究

在中医舌诊的客观化研究中,舌面的彩色三维数据能为医生提供更全面的信息,提高诊断的准确性。提出了一种基于成像光线追踪的舌面彩色三维成像方法。在成像光线追踪模型的基础上,引入光平面约束,以准确确定成像点到空间测量点的映射,结合2个线结构光传感器的扫描测量,分别获取舌头上表面及下表面完整的三维信息,并根据空间测量点到成像点的映射,完成颜色渲染,获取对应测量空间点的颜色信息。设计并研制了舌面彩色三维成像系统,进行了测量及精度验证实验,实验结果表明该方法可以准确获取舌面的彩色三维信息。     

机械零件三维形貌的光栅投影测量系统

建立了一种基于虚拟复合光栅的三维形貌测量系统 ,利用两种频率光栅的合成投影 ,实现物体表面突变部分的测量。测量系统适用于机械零件的三维形貌检测 ,并且得到令人满意的测量结果。     

全视场外差干涉三维测量系统

结构光三维测量技术具有快速、无损接触、重复性好等特点,被广泛应用在模具检测及工程制造中,但传统投影式结构具有离焦模糊的缺点。本文采用全视场外差干涉的原理,使用高精度声光移频外差干涉条纹代替传统光栅投影中的编码条纹,与传统工业相机结合使用便可获取快速的全视场三维数据。根据对系统参数的建模计算,设计加工了外差干涉三维测量仪,联合使用电动平台及棋盘格标定板来获取该系统的相位高度映射模型,最后对标准陶瓷台阶进行了测量。实验结果复现了原物体的三维形貌及高度信息,在30°的观测角下系统的高度分辨率为22μm,视场内的空间分辨率优于58μm,测量标准陶瓷平板,高度误差为75μm。该方法具有检测速度快、体积紧凑、抗环境干扰性强等特点。     

一种基于相移技术的物体表面三维轮廓测量方法

提出一种将阴影莫尔条纹法与相位测量技术相结合的物体表面三维轮廓测量方法 ,该方法利用电磁铁和精密机械部件对光栅进行定位控制以实现精确相移 ,并采用三步相移技术对CCD摄像机采集的物体表面形貌莫尔条纹进行相位解调 ,可有效实现物体表面三维轮廓的高速、高精度自动测量。     

用构造光系统实现3-D形貌测量的研究

介绍了一个用构造空间二进制编码进行非接触3-D形貌测量的系统。它以一台LCD投影仪为硬件基础,用8幅条纹投影图案对被测物体表面进行空间编码。用CCD摄像机获取物体编码信息,用基于单一像素的三角法原理从摄像机图像中获取三维形貌数据。指出了二进制编码图案生成软件及其生成的条纹图案的特点。为了提高3-D形貌测量的精度,分析了由摄像机和投影仪镜头造成的误差,建立了它们的透镜误差矫正公式,并取得了良好的实验结果。     

Research and development of an accurate 3D shape measurement system based on fringe projection: Model analysis and performance evaluation

In this paper, the research and development of an accurate 3D shape measurement system based on fringe projection is presented. This system utilizes a sliding projection unit to project the desired encoding fringe patterns onto the object and the object shape can be obtained by analyzing the images captured with a camera for each projection. The sliding projection unit uses a high precision grating element fabricated by electron beam lithography to produce the accurate encoding fringe patterns thus to reduce the projection error. And a method based on gray-code and phase-period edge detection is developed to align the grating element with its sliding direction to guarantee the alignment between the projected patterns. The influence of the lens distortion of both the projection unit and the camera is also studied and an improved nonlinear system model is developed based on triangulation. This model gives a more accurate mathematical representation of the shape measurement system and thus improves the system measurement accuracy. The experimental results show that an overall measurement error of 0.04 mm with a variability of ±0.035 mm can be obtained for the developed system.     

Design of thin-structured-light projection system for small-height measurement

A thin-structured light projection system with simple setup is proposed and applied to small-height measurement. In this system, the design of structured light pattern is carried out on the computer. The structure, color, geometric dimension, motion mode, projection brightness, contrast, and other attributes of the pattern can be edited easily. The optical system with zoom function is designed, which can output thin-structured-light fringe with a minimum width of 10 μm. The camera and microscope are used to construct a vision system, which is used to capture the pattern of structured light. The three-dimensional (3D) shape reconstruction is realized by analyzing the pattern of structured light. The results show that this system can project a small width of thin-structured light pattern, which is very suitable for 3D shape reconstruction of microscopic objects with the small-height of tens of microns to hundreds of microns.     

光学非接触三维形貌测量技术新进展

三维物体表面轮廓测量是获取物体形态特征的一种重要手段,在机器视觉、自动加工、工业检测、产品质量控制领域具有重要意义和广阔的应用前景.光学非接触测量由于其高分辨率、无破坏、数据获取速度快等优点而被认为是最有前途的三维形貌测量方法. 介绍了光学非接触测量方法中的光切法、基于调制度测量的原理及优缺点,重点介绍了光栅投射法的测量原理,并分析了其研究热点与发展方向.     

Real-time three-dimensional imaging of macroscopic structures

We describe an extremely simple method of obtaining optically sectioned images with conventional low-power imaging systems in real time. A single spatial frequency grid pattern is projected onto an object. Images taken at three spatial positions of the grid projection are processed to provide 3D images of macroscopic structures.     

基于空间编码投影法测量三维大物体面形

三维图像拼接技术是实现大型物体形貌测量的关键技术。本文在图像控制点约束的基础上,提出了一种实现三维图像拼接的新方法,即将一伪随机空间编码投射到一大型物体表面,然后用CCD在不同视角拍摄不同视场中的物体,利用重叠区域相同的某一窗口特征点进行配准,采用四元组法求取坐标转换矩阵,从而实现大范围自由曲面三维形貌的测量。实验结果表明：基于空间编码的图像拼接新方法,可以实现大尺度三维面形的测量。     

融合SFS和主动视觉技术的未知物体重建方法

针对未知三维物体自动重建问题,提出一种结合明暗恢复形状的被动视觉和主动视觉技术的新颖三维重建方法.首先利用摄像机分别获取初始位置及旋转180°位置下的未知物体图像信息,采用改进的Tsai-SFS算法恢复物体表面粗糙轮廓,从而获取未知物体的最大尺寸信息.然后结合单目线激光主动视觉系统沿Z轴旋转方向和绕X轴翻转方向上的可视空间模型,预测出物体未知区域信息.最终依据下一视点的可见性判据,将规划过程分为物体侧表面重建规划和上表面重建规划.其中将能获取最大可视曲面面积和最佳表面重建精度的位置定义为下一最优视点位置.并经过实体模型的三维重建验证所提方法的可行性及有效性.     

Dynamics range enhancement in digital fringe projection technique

In this paper a new approach to enhance the dynamic range of a fringe projection system for measuring 3D profile of objects with wide variation in their optical reflections is proposed. The high dynamic range fringe images are acquired by recursively controlling the intensity of the projection pattern at pixel level based on the feedback from the reflected images captured by the camera. A four step phase shifting algorithm combined with a quality guided algorithm is used to obtain the unwrapped phase map of the object from the acquired high dynamic range fringe images. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed technique can accurately measure the 3D profile of objects with wide variation in their optical reflectivity.     

A low cost 3D shape measurement method based on a strip shifting pattern

We present a simple, low cost but fast 3D shape measurement method. There is no limitation on the object's material and texture. We use a projector to project a strip shifting pattern on the object, and a digital camera to record videos of the scene. The distortion of the strip shadow on the object is used to get the object's 3D information. A novel space-time edge finding method is introduced to position the shadow edge accurately. This edge finding method overcomes the effect of inter-reflection and high light. Using this space-time information, we can calculate the pixels' 3D coordinates. To get the 3D shape of an object with black texture, we improve the black strip pattern to a 3-color strip pattern. The bad data are filtered by a post-processing 3D filter, which makes full use of the neighborhoods' geometric constraints and the view point constraint. Meanwhile, our measurement method is fast, regardless of the complexity of the shape.