多投影仪组合显示的自反馈亮度校正

针对目前的亮度校正方法存在的问题,提出了闭环的自反馈亮度校正方法。该方法首先计算一个初始模板;然后在反馈过程中,使用模板对白色图像进行亮度衰减,根据相机获取的投影图像,以及屏幕与投影仪坐标的对应关系,用一定的模板修正规则来修正每个投影仪对应的亮度校正模板;重复反馈过程,直到达到亮度一致的约束条件。该方法避免了亮度响应曲线的复杂又耗时的测量工作,通过迭代反馈来不断修正亮度校正模板,最终使得亮度校正后的图像投影后逼近亮度一致。自反馈亮度校正方法中计算的初始亮度校正模板过渡更均匀,消除了模板中的三角带问题;采用的模板更新方法能够使迭代反馈过程更快地收敛。实验证明,该方法能够有效地解决自由立体投影显示系统中的亮度校正问题。     

多投影显示墙的全局颜色校正

画面校正是实现无缝多投影显示墙系统的关键环节,针对此,提出了一种基于参数估计和统计思想的全局颜色校正方法.首先根据采样点的粗略分布建立亮度响应曲线的经验参数模型,并通过采样数据来确定该曲线的参数;然后依据亮度响应曲线,引入统计算法来调整投影仪输入,从而实现视觉上无缝的多投影拼接显示.最后在2×2和3×5多投影显示墙上进行了该算法的可行性和效果测试.结果表明,该算法比现有颜色校正算法的画面质量更好,亮度更高.     

面向LCD多投影显示的三阶段光学校正方法

光学校正对多投影无缝显示非常重要.用照相机作为测量工具,提出三阶段法构建三个显示模型解决多投影显示中遇到色度不一致和亮度不均匀的问题.三个模型分别被命名为单投影机模型、标准投影机模型和显示墙模型.单投影机模型描述投影机光学成像过程,标准投影机模型对每个投影机做规一化操作,显示墙模型中重新定义多投影显示的光学模型以达到无缝显示.给出不同品牌投影机协同工作的实验结果,表明方法对于多投影显示光学校正的有效性.     

多投影仪无缝拼接显示中的颜色校正技术比较研究

基于多投影仪的无缝拼接显示是对图形、图像、视频等进行大范围、高分辨率显示的一种有效实现方式。多投影仪无缝拼接显示的一个关键是解决颜色失调问题,而现有的颜色失调原因的分析结果可归纳为投影仪输出颜色的变化特性和投影屏幕与投影环境的影响两个方面。近年来,为解决该问题已提出了多种颜色校正技术,而根据解决颜色失调问题的原理和实现方法的不同,这些技术可分为基于边缘融合的校正技术、基于单一投影光源的校正技术和基于颜色/亮度输出匹配的校正技术3类,并对这3类技术在无缝拼接显示效果、可维护性和可扩展性等方面的优缺点进行了较详细分析,该领域下一步的研究将会朝着兼顾不同投影机类型、不同形状和反射特性的投影屏幕和考虑运动中观察者的实时颜色校正方向发展。     

多投影显示墙画面校正技术综述*

由投影仪阵列组成的多投影显示墙是目前实现高性能、低成本大型绘制平台的首选解决方案。为了保证多投影显示墙画面的完整性,需要通过一定的方法来预补偿由于投影仪特性差异造成的画面几何扭曲与色彩不均衡。结合实际研究工作,从多投影显示墙存在的问题、几何变换矩阵求取、颜色模型估计和全局颜色校正等几个方面对多投影显示墙画面校正的研究情况进行综述, 讨论了存在的问题和进一步的发展方向。     

基于多尺度梯度域引导滤波的低照度图像增强算法

针对低照度彩色图像整体亮度较低，增强图像中颜色易失真，部分图像细节淹没在较低灰度值像素中等问题，提出一种改进的低照度图像增强算法。首先，把待处理图像转换到色调、饱和度、亮度（HSI）颜色空间，对亮度分量进行非线性全局亮度校正；然后，提出多尺度梯度域引导滤波的亮度增强模型，利用该模型对校正后的亮度分量进行增强，接着对增强后的亮度分量进一步实施避免颜色失真的亮度校正；最后，将图像再转换回红绿蓝（RGB）颜色空间。实验结果表明，增强后的图像亮度平均提高90.0%以上，清晰度平均提高123.8%以上，这主要得益于多尺度梯度域引导滤波具有更好的亮度平滑和增强能力；同时由于减小了颜色失真，使增强图像的细节表现能力平均提高18.2%以上；由于采用了多尺度梯度域引导滤波的亮度增强模型与直方图自适应的亮度校正算法，使提出的低照度图像增强算法适宜应用于夜间等弱光源条件下的彩色图像增强。     

面向多投影显示墙的画面校正技术

多投影显示墙是缓解对超高分辨率显示屏幕不断增长的需求与单台显示设备分辨率有限性之间矛盾的有效手段,但目前还缺乏规范化的模式和方法以支持高精度、高可靠性的画面校正.提出一种颜色校正方案以解决上述问题.首先介绍多投影显示墙画面校正中存在的主要问题和现有的解决方法;在此基础上,给出了多投影显示墙的画面校正流程和几何校正方法;然后讨论了多投影显示墙画面校正结果的评价标准,提出了投影仪的广义颜色模型和基于搜索技术的视觉无缝方法.该方案使用数码相机实现了高精度的视觉无缝画面校正,从而提高了构造多投影显示墙的效率并降低了维护成本.校正结果在多种类型的投影墙系统中得到验证和应用,对指导多投影显示墙的搭建和维护具有较高的理论与实践价值.     

CAVE系统中不规则多屏投影变换矩阵

常见的CAVE系统是由4个正方形投影面构成一个立体空间,将复杂的数据以可视化的方式展现,营造一个逼真的虚拟环境,带给用户一种非凡的沉浸式体验。本文在分析投影变换矩阵的基础上,通过构建CAVE投影坐标系,提出构建不规则投影变换矩阵的快速计算方法。该方法使CAVE系统不再局限于标准的立方体空间,并通过获取用户在CAVE投影坐标系下的坐标位置,实时计算投影变换矩阵,满足用户在任意空间位置下的最佳观测视角。     

内投式球幕投影系统的实现算法

针对内投式球幕投影中涉及的计算机处理过程,提出了基于虚拟球面变换和虚拟鱼眼透镜投射的内投式球幕投影算法,并针对不规则鱼眼透镜导致的球幕映像扭曲,提出了基于等立体角投影函数的六阶函数校正算法,该六阶函数的系数可通过简单求解六元一次方程获得。实验结果表明,该方法能完全消除不规则鱼眼透镜导致的球幕投影扭曲。针对球幕投影导致的图像亮度分布变异提出了基于投射角余弦修正的球幕光强校正算法。实验结果表明,该算法成功地把与输入二维图像亮度分布差异明显的球幕投影图像校正至与原始图像亮度分布高度一致的状态。该方法对球幕投影系统的设计和软件开发具有重要的理论指导意义和实践应用价值。     

内投式球幕投影系统的实现算法

针对内投式球幕投影中涉及的计算机处理过程,提出了基于虚拟球面变换和虚拟鱼眼透镜投射的内投式球幕投影算法,并针对不规则鱼眼透镜导致的球幕映像扭曲,提出了基于等立体角投影函数的六阶函数校正算法,该六阶函数的系数可通过简单求解六元一次方程获得。实验结果表明,该方法能完全消除不规则鱼眼透镜导致的球幕投影扭曲。针对球幕投影导致的图像亮度分布变异提出了基于投射角余弦修正的球幕光强校正算法。实验结果表明,该算法成功地把与输入二维图像亮度分布差异明显的球幕投影图像校正至与原始图像亮度分布高度一致的状态。该方法对球幕投影系统的设计和软件开发具有重要的理论指导意义和实践应用价值。     

基于自然彩色图像的彩色化权值函数建模

针对现有的权值函数采用人为指定的核函数,难以准确地反映图像复杂处像素间的色度相似关系,提出了利用自然彩色图像特性构建权值函数的方法。根据自然图像的像素在RGB空间的分布特征,提取出色度与灰度的局部线性关系,并利用其作为先验知识结合最小二乘法推广至整幅图像,进而获得一种新的权值函数。该权值函数能将相近的两像素间的灰度差异、位置差异及周围像素的灰度分布统一到色度相似程度的计算中。实验结果表明,该权值函数有助于获得更优的彩色化结果,特别是在复杂边界处效果提升明显。     

Color nonuniformity in projection-based displays: analysis and solutions

Large-area displays made up of several projectors show significant variation in color. Here, we identify different projector parameters that cause the color variation and study their effects on the luminance and chrominance characteristics of the display. This work leads to the realization that luminance varies significantly within and across projectors, while chrominance variation is relatively small, especially across projectors of same model. To address this situation, we present a method to achieve luminance matching across all pixels of a multiprojector display that results in photometrically uniform displays. We use a camera as a measurement device for this purpose. Our method comprises a one-time calibration step that generates a per channel per projector luminance attenuation map (LAM), which is then used to correct any image projected on the display at interactive rates on commodity graphics hardware. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to match luminance across all the pixels of a multiprojector display.     

基于单投影仪与柱面反射镜的沉浸感显示系统

在分析传统沉浸感显示系统优缺点的基础上,设计并实现了一种新型的沉浸感显示系统。该系统使用柱面反射镜对单投影仪投射光线进行反射,并在弧形背投幕上成像,能够获得无缝画面,实现了广角度虚拟场景的连贯显示。通过合理设计柱面反射镜形状,实现了投影画面在水平方向上的均匀放大。通过对图像进行预变形可以基本消除因投影幕曲率而产生的投影画面形变,同时采用背投技术使参与者在虚拟场景中活动更加自如。该系统克服了传统的多投影仪或多显示器沉浸感显示系统中存在的图像拼接问题,且易于构建,经实验验证能够获得良好的沉浸感显示效果。     

Color spectral analysis for spatial structure characterization of textures in IHLS color space

In this article, a linear prediction model based approach for color texture characterization and classification in the improved hue luminance and saturation color space is presented. Pure chrominance structure information is used in addition to the normally used luminance structure information for color texture classification. Hue and saturation channels of a color image in IHLS color space are combined using a complex exponential to give a single channel which holds all the chrominance information of the image. Two dimensional complex multichannel versions of the non-symmetric half plane autoregressive model, the quarter plane autoregressive model and the Gauss Markov random field model are used to perform parametric power spectrum estimation of both luminance and the “combined chrominance” channels of the image. The accuracy and precision of these spectral estimates are proven quantitatively by performing tests on a large number of images. Spectral distance measures are calculated for the spectral information of luminance and chrominance channels individually as well as combined through a combination coefficient. Using these distance measures, color texture classification is done with k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Experimental results verify that the IHLS color space exhibits better performance than the RGB color space indicating the significance of using IHLS for such analysis. They also show that color texture characterization and percentage classification obtained by combined luminance and chrominance structure information is better than the color texture classification done using only the luminance structure information.     

Local MAP estimation for quality improvement of compressed color images

This paper concerns color image restoration aiming at objective quality improvement of compressed color images in general rather than merely artifact reduction. In compressed color images, colors are usually represented by luminance and chrominance components. Considering characteristics of human vision system, chrominance components are generally represented more coarsely than luminance component. To recover such chrominance components, we previously proposed a model-based chrominance restoration algorithm where color images are modeled by a Markov random field. This paper presents a color image restoration algorithm derived by the MAP estimation, where all components are totally estimated. Experimental results show that the proposed restoration algorithm is more effective than the previous one.     

Choice of a pertinent color space for color texture characterization using parametric spectral analysis

This article presents a comparison of different color spaces including RGB, IHLS and L?a*b* for color texture characterization. This comparison is based on the fusion of the independent spatial structure and color feature cues. In IHLS and L*a*b*, two channel complex color images are created from the luminance and the chrominance values. For such images, two dimensional complex multichannel linear prediction models are used to perform parametric power spectrum estimation and the structure feature cues are computed from this estimated power spectrum. Quantitative comparison of auto spectra of luminance and combined chrominance channels for different color spaces is done. This comparison is based on the degree of decorrelation between luminance and chrominance information provided by different color space transformations. Three dimensional histograms are used as color feature cues. Then, to classify color textures, Kullback-Leibler divergence based symmetric distance measures are calculated for pure color, luminance structure and chrominance structure feature cues. Individual as well as combined effect of information from all feature cues on classification results is then compared for different color spaces and different color texture data sets. The proposed color texture classification method performs better than the state of the art methods in certain cases. The L*a*b* color space gives us a better characterization of the chrominance spatial structure as well as the overall spatial structure for all of the chosen data sets. Experimental results on pixel classification of color textures are also presented and discussed.     

多投影机非平面自动几何校正

非平面投影以其高度的沉浸感、多样的表现形式和灵活的场景布局,近年来越来越多地应用在虚拟现实、数字娱乐、展览展示等领域。非平面投影与平面投影相比,由于涉及到投影机位姿标定以及失真图像校正等问题,实现难度较高。目前的投影校正方法虽然可以通过重建或者非重建方法实现非平面屏幕投影的几何校正,但是它们多少都存在成本高昂,步骤复杂,需要人工干预,适用面窄等问题。针对非平面屏幕中最常使用的柱幕面型,提出一种非重建的多投影机投影几何校正方法,此方法可自动实现柱幕环境的几何投影校正,并且可对柱幕在加工中引入的倾斜、表面起伏等外形偏差予以修正,实现了复杂柱幕环境下多投影机高精度、短时间投影几何校正。提出的方法不仅适用于柱幕,还可扩展应用于其他可参数化描述的面型,如球面、双曲面、抛物面等面型的投影环境,具有广泛的适用性。     

Camera-based detection and removal of shadows from interactive multiprojector displays

Front-projection displays are a cost-effective and increasingly popular method for large format visualization and immersive rendering of virtual models. New approaches to projector tiling, automatic calibration, and color balancing have made multiprojector display systems feasible without undue infrastructure changes and maintenance. As a result, front-projection displays are being used to generate seamless, visually immersive worlds for virtual reality and visualization applications with reasonable cost and maintenance overhead. However, these systems suffer from a fundamental problem: Users and other objects in the environment can easily and inadvertently block projectors, creating shadows on the displayed image. Shadows occlude potentially important information and detract from the sense of presence an immersive display may have conveyed. We introduce a technique that detects and corrects shadows in a multiprojector display while it is in use. Cameras observe the display and compare observations with an expected image to detect shadowed regions. These regions are transformed to the appropriate projector frames, where corresponding pixel values are increased and/or attenuated. In display regions where more than one projector contributes to the image, shadow regions are eliminated.     

基于小波变换的水下降质图像复原算法

根据水下成像的物理模型,提出一种基于小波变换的水下降质图像清晰化处理算法。该算法将RGB图像转换为YUV图像,根据图像的对比度,对亮度Y图像利用小波变换自适应估计介质散射光的大小,增强水下降质图像的对比度,并在小波变换的低频子带上进行非线性亮度调节,消除水下图像的光照不均问题,将亮度Y图像的处理结果与颜色分量U、V合成得到清晰的水下彩色图像。实验结果表明,该算法可以自适应实现水下观测图像的清晰化处理。     

Low-cost telepresence for collaborative virtual environments

We present a novel low-cost method for visual communication and telepresence in a CAVEtrade-like environment, relying on 2D stereo-based video avatars. The system combines a selection of proven efficient algorithms and approximations in a unique way, resulting in a convincing stereoscopic real-time representation of a remote user acquired in a spatially immersive display. The system was designed to extend existing projection systems with acquisition capabilities requiring minimal hardware modifications and cost. The system uses infrared-based image segmentation to enable concurrent acquisition and projection in an immersive environment without a static background. The system consists of two color cameras and two additional b/w cameras used for segmentation in the near-IR spectrum. There is no need for special optics as the mask and color image are merged using image-warping based on a depth estimation. The resulting stereo image stream is compressed, streamed across a network, and displayed as a frame-sequential stereo texture on a billboard in the remote virtual environment