基于分形理论的纳米颗粒多孔介质真空导热特性

采用分形理论,描述了纳米颗粒多孔介质材料的微尺度空间结构,建立了分形等效单元体模型,分析了影响其真空下有效热导率关键因素为固体基质热导率、填充率、分形维数、分形直径、残余气体压力及热导率等,并导出了气相、固相热传导计算公式和热辐射等效热导率计算公式及多孔介质材料总有效热导率计算公式。研究表明,纳米颗粒有效热导率随着分形直径、残余气体压力的增大而增大,并给出了纳米颗粒多孔介质材料作为真空材料的最佳直径。同时,模型计算值与实验测量值比较,具有较好的一致性。该理论分析方法对新型真空绝热材料的研制和绝热性能的提高具有实用价值。     

多孔介质中受限层流冲击射流的流动与换热特性

基于两区(two-domain)模型采用基于预处理的时间推进法对铺设有多孔介质层的恒温平板在受限层流冲击射流作用下的流动与换热特性进行了研究,其中多孔区域动量方程采用Brinkman-Forchheimer拓展Darcy模型,能量方程则采用局部热平衡(LTE)模型,并对porous/fluid交界面切应力跳跃条件对多孔介质冲击射流的影响进行了分析。流体的控制方程采用基于密度的有限体积法来求解,并针对于多孔区域低速流动特点采用相对应的预处理矩阵来消除控制方程的刚性。还对Reynolds数、孔隙率、Darcy数、热导率比、多孔介质层厚度等参数的变化对流动结构及换热特性的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明,在目前的计算条件下,在其他参数一定时,Reynolds数、孔隙率对通道内流动结构的影响有限;Darcy数、多孔介质层厚度则对流动结构的影响很大;上述参数对受冲击平板的总体换热性能均有明显的影响。在受冲击平板上铺设适当厚度的高渗透率、高热导率的多孔材料能有效地增强换热性能。     

高温熔融高炉渣颗粒相变冷却特性分析

采用温度法模型对高温熔融高炉渣颗粒的相变冷却特性进行了分析,考虑颗粒固液相热导率随温度的变化及颗粒与环境的辐射换热,获得了高温熔渣颗粒内的温度分布以及相界面位置随时间的推移过程。讨论了变热导率、换热条件、颗粒尺寸,冷却流体速度和温度对相变冷却过程的影响,结果表明:热导率的变化使得颗粒冷却凝固时间延长,高温辐射换热极大加快了冷却速率;颗粒直径增加,相界面移动速度降低,凝固时间增加;冷却流体速度增加,温度降低,相界面移动速度增加,凝固时间缩短。     

高温熔融高炉渣颗粒相变冷却特性分析

采用温度法模型对高温熔融高炉渣颗粒的相变冷却特性进行了分析,考虑颗粒固液相热导率随温度的变化及颗粒与环境的辐射换热,获得了高温熔渣颗粒内的温度分布以及相界面位置随时间的推移过程。讨论了变热导率、换热条件、颗粒尺寸,冷却流体速度和温度对相变冷却过程的影响,结果表明：热导率的变化使得颗粒冷却凝固时间延长,高温辐射换热极大加快了冷却速率;颗粒直径增加,相界面移动速度降低,凝固时间增加;冷却流体速度增加,温度降低,相界面移动速度增加,凝固时间缩短。     

三类随机分形结构下干土壤有效热导率的介观研究

地埋管换热器的换热能力是设计地源热泵系统的关键,而环境土壤的有效热导率是影响地下传热量的重要参数。为探究土壤的介观结构参数对有效热导率的影响,提出三类随机分形结构,并结合格子玻尔兹曼方法,对土壤类多孔材料的传热特性进行了基础研究。通过对热探针实验结果和三类重构结构下模拟结果的对比分析,发现孔隙率仍然是影响干土壤有效热导率的主要因素,分形维度数和粒径比的影响则较小;干土壤介观结构的随机性对有效热导率有较大的影响,随机颗粒分布的微小变化会导致差异高达到24.5%。     

多孔陶瓷热导率的影响因素及其有效热导率的数值计算方法

多孔陶瓷因具有孔隙率高、体积密度小、比表面积大等独特的表面物理特性而被广泛应用于保温材料、炉膛材料、热障涂层材料、高温烟气过滤材料等,研究多孔陶瓷导热机制并给出其有效热导率的计算方法既是重点又是难点。本文总结了国内外研究的多孔陶瓷热导率的影响因素,概述了多孔陶瓷有效热导率的计算方法,并重点分析了不同显微结构的不同计算方法。针对不同的应用领域对材料热导率的不同要求,提出通过控制显微结构控制热导率是今后多孔陶瓷热导率研究得发展趋势。     

三类随机分形结构下干土壤有效热导率的介观研究

地埋管换热器的换热能力是设计地源热泵系统的关键,而环境土壤的有效热导率是影响地下传热量的重要参数。为探究土壤的介观结构参数对有效热导率的影响,提出三类随机分形结构,并结合格子玻尔兹曼方法,对土壤类多孔材料的传热特性进行了基础研究。通过对热探针实验结果和三类重构结构下模拟结果的对比分析,发现孔隙率仍然是影响干土壤有效热导率的主要因素,分形维度数和粒径比的影响则较小;干土壤介观结构的随机性对有效热导率有较大的影响,随机颗粒分布的微小变化会导致差异高达到24.5%。     

基于Lattice-Boltzmann方法的纳米颗粒多孔介质导热特性

为研究气凝胶纳米颗粒的导热特性,提出了一种基于随机统计原理的构造气凝胶多孔介质介观尺度三维物理模型的方法。模型中颗粒空间分布、粒径分布及孔隙率可以根据实际气凝胶微尺度结构数据调整。基于所构造的物理模型,采用D3Q15LBM进行了数值模拟。分析了颗粒尺寸、孔隙率等因素对气凝胶导热性能的影响规律,即在既定孔隙率下,热导率随粒径增大而减小;既定粒径下,随孔隙率的递增热导率先下降后上升;颗粒尺寸不均匀性对热导率的影响甚大。模拟与实验结果相吻合。研究工作对优化气凝胶导热性能,提高其有效热导率的预测精度具有参考价值。     

孔隙随机结构对非均质多孔泡沫导热性能的影响

多孔泡沫是一类低密度、高比表面积、具有独特性能的新型功能材料。实际多孔泡沫材料通常是非均质的,即其孔隙结构分布是随机的。为研究非均质多孔泡沫材料的导热性能,提出用孔隙均匀度作为表征孔隙结构分布随机性的参数,以多孔石墨泡沫为例,分析孔隙均匀度对多孔泡沫有效热导率的影响。数值计算结果表明:孔隙结构分布越不均匀,多孔泡沫材料的导热性能越差。根据计算结果提出了非均质石墨泡沫相对有效热导率的预测式,并与现有文献报道的结果进行了比较,发现当前结果呈现了孔隙结构随机性对材料有效热导率的影响,与ORNL实验结果更吻合。     

孔隙随机结构对非均质多孔泡沫导热性能的影响

多孔泡沫是一类低密度、高比表面积、具有独特性能的新型功能材料。实际多孔泡沫材料通常是非均质的,即其孔隙结构分布是随机的。为研究非均质多孔泡沫材料的导热性能,提出用孔隙均匀度作为表征孔隙结构分布随机性的参数,以多孔石墨泡沫为例,分析孔隙均匀度对多孔泡沫有效热导率的影响。数值计算结果表明：孔隙结构分布越不均匀,多孔泡沫材料的导热性能越差。根据计算结果提出了非均质石墨泡沫相对有效热导率的预测式,并与现有文献报道的结果进行了比较,发现当前结果呈现了孔隙结构随机性对材料有效热导率的影响,与ORNL实验结果更吻合。     

材料介电函数对两球形纳米颗粒间近场辐射特性的影响

当两个纳米颗粒之间的距离小于平均自由程或辐射特征波长时,两者之间的近场辐射比黑体辐射大几个数量级。辐射能量的大量传递将显著降低纳米隔热材料的性能。基于涨落耗散定理,通过调节介电函数Drude和Lorentz模型中不同的可调节参数,可有效降低近场辐射传热量。该研究对纳米颗粒簇传热研究与隔热材料的设计具有重要意义。     

Effects of non-gray thermal radiation on the heating of a methane laminar flow at high temperature

The effects of the non-gray thermal radiation on the heating of a methane/argon laminar flow at high temperature are investigated. The preheating zone of a tubular reactor is studied, where the thermal decomposition of methane does not occur. The laminar flow is simulated with the commercial Fluent code in an axisymmetric geometry. The discrete ordinates method is applied to the numerical simulation of radiative heat transfer. The non-gray gas radiative model used is the absorption distribution function (ADF) using high temperature methane radiative properties which were recently published. Several thermal entrance regions of tubular reactors are compared and the influence of methane participation in radiative heat transfer is studied. The results show that the temperature field is significantly influenced by radiation due to methane absorption. Furthermore, the average flow temperature increases when the wall temperature, the tube diameter or the methane mole fraction increases. Due to intense absorption bands of methane, it is shown that the influence of methane non-gray thermal radiation should be included in simulations of such reactors.     

Finite difference solution for radiative–conductive heat transfer of a semitransparent polycarbonate layer

Thermal radiation greatly affects the transient thermal response of translucent materials in many practical applications, such as radiative heat shields and ignition and flame spreads for translucent plastics. However, because of the complexities that transients impose, less work has been done on the transient analysis of combined radiation–conduction heat transfer than on steady‐state analysis. In this study, the transient heat transfer analysis of a polycarbonate (PC) layer was done with the use of the two‐flux method and implicit finite difference formulations. The radiative and conductive properties of PC available in the literature, together with computer implementation prepared on the basis of the two‐flux method and implicit finite difference formulations, were used to obtain the transient thermal response of a PC layer. On the basis of these results, we show that, compared to the conduction‐alone case, the PC layer responded faster when radiation effects were considered. It is also shown that the internal reflectivity of boundaries had a great effect on the thermal response of the layer, whereas the thermal conductivity had a minor influence. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

LNG输送管道耦合传热的数值模拟

对LNG输送管道与其周围环境之间的耦合传热过程进行分析,包括管道与保温层之间的导热以及保温层与周围环境之间的对流传热和辐射,并对LNG输送管道的冷量损失进行了较为完整的分析和计算。用数值仿真对管道周围的流场和温度场进行模拟和分析,比较了不同厚度的保温材料、Reynolds数、环境温度以及阳光辐射等对冷量损失的影响。结果表明保温材料特性对LNG输送管道的冷量损失影响较为敏感。随着保温材料热阻的增加,Reynolds数、环境温度以及阳光辐射对冷量的损失的影响逐渐减小。     

A Theoretical Model for the Nongray Radiation Drying of Polyvinylalcohol/Water Solutions

A theoretical analysis of heat transfer and moisture variation was performed while a PVA solution was exposed to high-intensity nongray irradiation and/or air flow convection. Effective absorption coefficients were incorporated in the radiative transfer analysis. The influence of various radiation and convection parameters on the transfer of heat and moisture variation in the coated layers on an optically thick substrate was investigated. The effects of radiation and convection parameters on the transfer process were presented in terms of the rate of water content removal, heat transfer, and moisture distribution. Results were compared to those of drying when using convective heat. It is evident that the use of thermal radiation combined with convective heat will help in improving the drying rate. Numerical results show that both the radiative energy absorbed by the solution and the substrate and the distribution of water mass fraction in the solution are closely related to the rate of water removal from the solution during the process.     

A Review of Radiant Heat Transfer in Glass

This review is aimed at a nonmathematical elucidation of the physical phenomena underlying radiant heat transfer in glass. In transparent materials, unlike the more familiar opaque materials, the emission and absorption of radiation are bulk, rather than surface, phenomena. Interaction of the simultaneous emission and absorption of radiation throughout the volume leads to a dependence of the emissivity of transparent bodies on their thickness. The interaction also leads to a mechanism of radiative heat transfer in the interior of transparent materials entailing not the familiar radiation through them but internal radiant exchanges between nearby layers. The analogy of this mechanism with thermal conduction has led to the definition of an equivalent 'radiative conductivity." The origin and limitations of this concept are briefly discussed, together with conditions at the boundaries of transparent bodies and applications to unsteady-state processes.     

在陶瓷梭式窑中应用高效热辐射强化剂的节能实践

基于辐射传热原理，本文详细分析了高效热辐射强化剂在陶瓷梭式窑中应用的节能机理，理论分析和工业试验都表明在梭式窑中应用高效热辐射强化剂后可以有效地增强窑内的辐射换热，从而提高梭式窑的热效率，达到显著的节能降耗效果。     

A Theoretical Model for the Nongray Radiation Drying of Polyvinylalcohol/Water Solutions

Abstract

A theoretical analysis of heat transfer and moisture variation was performed while a PVA solution was exposed to high-intensity nongray irradiation and/or air flow convection. Effective absorption coefficients were incorporated in the radiative transfer analysis. The influence of various radiation and convection parameters on the transfer of heat and moisture variation in the coated layers on an optically thick substrate was investigated. The effects of radiation and convection parameters on the transfer process were presented in terms of the rate of water content removal, heat transfer, and moisture distribution. Results were compared to those of drying when using convective heat. It is evident that the use of thermal radiation combined with convective heat will help in improving the drying rate. Numerical results show that both the radiative energy absorbed by the solution and the substrate and the distribution of water mass fraction in the solution are closely related to the rate of water removal from the solution during the process.     

Transient combined radiative and conductive heat transfer in plastics

By the addition of metal and oxide particles to plastics, thermal transport properties, heat capacity, and density of polymers can be varied systematically. Radiation effects in a particle filled with various fillers become more important and transient temperature responses including radiation can be significantly different from those by conduction alone. Transient combined conduction–radiation heat transfer is analyzed in a non‐gray layer of plastics, submitted to several thermal and radiative boundary conditions. The numerical method is an implicit finite difference procedure with nonuniform space and time increments. Coupling problems for the prescribed temperatures, prescribed radiative–conductive heat exchange laws, and mixed kind thermal boundary conditions are worked out for opaque as well as vitreous interfaces with specular reflections. Solutions are given to demonstrate the effect of different parameters, such as radiation–conduction parameter, radiation–convection parameter, and emissivity of the surfaces on temperature distribution and heat flux profiles across the layer. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL., 11:28–37, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers     

ANALYSIS OF SIMULTANEOUS RADIATIVE AND CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BEDS

In the bubbling regime of operation for fluidized beds, the major mechanism for heat transfer is transient conduction to periodic packets of densely packed particles at the heat transfer surface. The well known Mickley and Fairbanks model, with various subsequently proposed modifications, adequately describes this transient conduction mechanism. However, no adequate theory exists for heat transfer in high-temperature fluidized beds where radiative contribution becomes significant.

Analysis of the radiative contribution is complicated by the nonlinear interaction of radiation with conduction/convection. This paper describes a differential formulation of the combined radiative/ conductive heat transfer process. The discrete flux method used by Churchill et al. for radiative transport in heterogeneous media is applied here to the problem of transient heat transfer to packets in fluidized beds. Packets are modeled as radiatively participating media with absorption, scattering, and emission of radiation. Simultaneous solution of the governing differential equations for temperature and forward and backward radiation fluxes permits calculation of instantaneous heat flux at the heat-transfer surface. Radiative transfer during bubble contact is added as a time-weighted contribution.

Using experimental data on radiative cross sections (from packed media experiments) and experimental data on packet residence times (from fluidized bed experiments), the combined conductive/radiative heat transfer to packets was obtained for examples of fluidized beds at different fluidizing velocities and wall temperatures. The analytical results indicate that the relative importance of radiation is affected by particle size, average packet residence time, and the radiative attenuation cross sections. For operating conditions representative of fluidized bed combustion, the model estimates a 10 to 20 percent contribution by radiation to the total heat transfer. Comparison to limited experimental data from the literature shows reasonable agreement.