UV-C辐照处理对高节笋冷藏品质的影响

为研究UV-C辐照处理对采后剥壳后的高节笋的品质、木质化和褐变的控制效果,本文将UV-C 4.0 kJ·m-2强度辐照处理剥壳后的高节笋于(6±1) ℃、85%~90% RH环境下贮藏15 d,分析硬度、呼吸速率、失重率、腐烂率、纤维素和木质素含量以及4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性等指标的变化。结果表明:UV-C处理对抑制高节笋切面的褐变,延缓高节笋的硬度、呼吸速率、失重率、腐烂率、纤维素和木质素含量的上升,抑制4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性均有显著性作用(p<0.05)。研究发现,UV-C辐照处理能够通过降低木质素合成代谢的相关酶活以抑制采后去壳竹笋木质素的累积,从而延缓采后冷藏竹笋的木质化进程,使其保持良好的食用品质。     

Use of 1‐methylcyclopropene for alleviating chilling injury and lignification of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis) during cold storage

BACKGROUND: Bamboo shoot is sensitive to chilling, and low‐temperature injury is a major limitation to its long‐term storage. Studies on the causes of postharvest deterioration in bamboo shoot are few. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ethylene and 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) treatments on the physiological and biochemical responses of bamboo shoot and their ability as a postharvest tool to alleviate chilling injury and lignification of bamboo shoot during storage at 2 °C. RESULTS: Disease incidence, electrical conductivity (EC), respiration and ethylene production of control bamboo shoot increased after about 2–3 weeks of cold storage, associated with higher chilling injury (CI) index. Increased shoot firmness during cold storage was positively correlated with higher lignin and cellulose accumulation, and this accumulation of lignin in flesh tissue was also positively correlated with the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD). Ethylene treatment was associated with higher disease incidence, CI index, EC, respiration and ethylene production, enhanced lignin and cellulose accumulation and accelerated the activities of PAL, CAD and POD. In contrast, 1‐MCP treatment was associated with lower respiration, ethylene production, CI index and EC, reduced lignin and cellulose accumulation and retarded the activities of PAL, CAD and POD. CONCLUSION: The present findings throw light on the role of ethylene in postharvest physiological disorders such as chilling injury and lignification and suggest that 1‐MCP could be used commercially to control these disorders in bamboo shoot during cold storage. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of heat treatment on lignification of postharvest bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis.)

In order to evaluate the effects of heat treatment on the quality of postharvest bamboo shoots, the firmness, disease incidence, respiration and ethylene production, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities, lignin and cellulose contents, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD) were examined during storage at 20 °C after heat treatment at 45 °C for 5 h. Heat treatment inhibited disease incidence and respiration, retarded ethylene production, and decreased ACS and ACO activities in bamboo shoots. Furthermore, heat treatment significantly delayed the rise in the activities of PAL, CAD and POD, which were associated with the inhibition of the synthesis of lignin and the delayed tissue lignification. These findings suggest that heat treatment could be a potential tool to delay lignification and decrease disease incidence in bamboo shoots during storage at 20 °C.     

高压静电场处理对鲜切黄甜竹笋冷藏下品质的影响

本实验研究了高压静电场对冷藏鲜切黄甜竹笋品质、木质化和褐变的影响。黄甜竹笋剥壳切段后经高压静电场(600 kV/m）处理120 min，而后于（6 ±1）℃、80%~85%相对湿度环境下贮藏10 d。结果显示:高压静电场处理显著（P<0.05）抑制了黄甜竹笋基部切面的褐变，显著（P<0.05）延缓了黄甜竹笋的呼吸速率、硬度、纤维素、木质素和H₂O₂含量的上升，同时也显著（P<0.05）抑制了苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）、肉桂醇脱氢酶（cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CAD）、多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）的活性，显著（P<0.05）提高了超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）的活性。结果表明，高压静电场处理能够抑制采后鲜切黄甜竹笋的木质纤维化和褐变，延缓品质劣变。     

Quality Changes of Whole and Fresh-Cut Zizania latifolia During Refrigerated (1 °C) Storage

The quality changes of whole and fresh-cut Zizania latifolia were investigated for 12 days at 1 °C. The results showed that the respiratory rate of whole Z. latifolia increased over the first 9 days of storage and then decreased quickly. Weight loss and cellulose and lignin contents increased, while whiteness index (WI), firmness, and total sugar content diminished. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities decreased for the first 3 days and then increased, whereas the activities of SOD, APX, and CAT increased and reached a peak value on the 3rd, 6th, and 9th days, respectively. Fresh-cut exhibited higher respiratory rate, weight loss, and cellulose and lignin contents and lower WI, firmness, and total sugar content; activities of PPO, POD, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase were enhanced compared with whole Z. latifolia. However, most of these quality attributes were similar for cut and whole Z. latifolia samples during the first 6 days of storage, suggesting that storage at 1 °C delayed quality deterioration thereby extending the shelf life of packaged fresh-cut Z. latifolia.     

Physiological and biochemical changes of fresh‐cut bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys heterocycla var pubescens) during cold storage

Different selections along the length of a shoot in fresh‐cut bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var pubescens) were used to study the changes of respiratory rate and the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, total phenol, lignin, cellulose and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) during storage at 4 °C. Respiratory rate increased after mechanical stress resulted from cutting, but decreased gradually during storage. PAL activity and PPO activity were higher in the apical and middle sections than in the basal sections of bamboo shoot. The content of total sugar, reducing sugar, MDA, lignin and cellulose changed differently in the three sections during storage. Total sugar and reducing sugar in the basal and middle sections decreased initially, then increased. In the apical section, total sugar and reducing sugar also decreased initially, but remained low thereafter. MDA levels increased sharply after processing but decreased in the apical section after 4 days and remained at high levels in the middle and basal sections during storage. Cellulose and lignin decomposed more rapidly in the apical and middle sections than in the basal section. Lignin content increased in the basal section at the end of the storage. These results suggest that, while softening occurs in the apical and middle sections, lignification also takes place at the same time in the basal section. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

微波辅助涂膜技术对竹笋保藏性的影响

为了解决竹笋采后不耐保藏的问题,研究微波辅助涂膜技术对竹笋保藏性的影响。对比微波辅助涂膜、微波不涂膜、直接涂膜、直接冷藏4种处理方式,4℃避光贮藏60d,定期检测竹笋质量损失率、呼吸强度、硬度、PAL活性、POD活性、粗纤维含量、木质素含量及总糖含量等指标。结果表明,微波辅助涂膜处理在各项指标上均优于其他处理,可明显降低PAL活性、POD活性和呼吸强度,抑制竹笋的纤维化,保持竹笋良好的外观品质,贮藏期达50d以上。     

减压贮藏对毛笋采后品质和相关酶活性的影响

研究了减压冷藏(40 kPa)和常压冷藏对毛笋采后生理和品质的影响。结果表明,减压冷藏能够抑制毛笋贮藏期间的组织褐变和霉变的发生,减少组织中丙二醛的积累,降低PAL、POD和PPO等酶的活性,延缓木质素合成和组织硬度的增加。减压贮藏对毛笋具有良好的保鲜效果。     

Effect of delayed storage and continuous ethylene exposure on flesh reddening of ‘Royal Diamond’ plums

BACKGROUND: Flesh reddening has been described as one of the manifestations of plum fruits to low‐temperature storage for prolonged periods. The influence of factors such as ethylene and delayed storage has not been studied to date. In order to assess that, plum cv. ‘Royal Diamond’ fruits were (a) stored at 5 °C (control), (b) held at 20 °C for 2 days before storage at 5 °C (delayed storage) or (c) maintained at 5 °C under 15 µL L^?1 ethylene. Fruits were then transferred to 20 °C and ethylene, respiration, weight loss, firmness, soluble solids content, acidity, flesh reddening, anthocyanin accumulation and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity were determined. RESULTS: Delayed storage fruits showed more extensive flesh reddening than control fruits, with increased PAL activity and higher anthocyanin accumulation. Symptoms were expressed more markedly when fruits were stored at 5 °C in ethylene. CONCLUSION: Results indicated that the fruit ripening stage is a critical factor determining the susceptibility of ‘Royal Diamond’ plums to flesh reddening. Fruits continuously exposed to ethylene showed a dramatic increase in reddening, suggesting that ethylene contributes to the development of the disorder. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

鲜切雷竹笋冷藏过程中木质化机理的研究

研究鲜切雷竹笋在4℃冷藏条件下苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活力及丙二醛(MDA)、多酚、木质素含量的变化规律,探讨其木质化机理。结果显示：在冷藏过程中,PAL、POD活力、MDA含量呈先上升,后下降的趋势;PPO活力在前6d缓慢上升,第15天开始下降;多酚含量在冷藏前6d急剧下降,后缓慢上升,第12天又开始下降;木质素含量不断增加,基部为5%～26%,中部为3%～24%,尖部为2%～22%。结果表明：在冷藏期内,PAL、POD活力大幅度增加,是导致鲜切雷竹笋木质化的关键酶;酚类物质作为木质素合成的前体物质,参与木质素的合成;MDA可能参与鲜切雷竹笋的木质化进程,但需进一步验证;木质素含量从基部向尖部逐渐降低,木质化进程是从基部向尖部推进的。     

壳聚糖-乳清分离蛋白复合膜对鲜切雷竹笋木质化和品质的影响

采用壳聚糖-乳清分离蛋白复合膜（chitosan-whey protein isolate composite film,CWF）涂膜1、2、3 次及去离子水、乙酸处理鲜切雷竹笋,于4 ℃冷藏15 d,以贮藏过程雷竹笋的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）活力、丙二醛（MDA）、多酚、木质素含量、菌落总数等为指标,研究CWF对鲜切雷竹笋木质化和品质劣变以及涂膜次数对保鲜效果的影响。结果显示,乙酸对鲜切雷竹笋的木质化和微生物有一定的抑制作用,但影响不显著;CWF涂膜可以显著降低鲜切雷竹笋表面的微生物数量,抑制PAL和POD活力,降低木质素、MDA含量,延长鲜切雷竹笋的货架期。随着CWF涂膜次数的增加,保鲜效果更好,考虑到生产成本选择涂膜2 次。     

The role of 1‐methylcyclopropene in lignification and expansin gene expression in peeled water bamboo shoot (Zizania caduciflora L.)

BACKGROUND: Water bamboo shoot (WBS) (Zizania caduciflora L.) is a fleshy aquatic vegetable susceptible to lignification. In this study, effects of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) anti‐ethylene treatment on lignification of harvested peeled WBS were investigated. RESULTS: Peeled shoots were treated with 0.5 µL L^?1 1‐MCP for 20 h at 20 °C and then stored at 20 °C for up to 9 days. Sensory quality, lignin content and activities of the lignification‐associated enzymes peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were evaluated. Expression of expansin (ZcExp) was also assessed. 1‐MCP application maintained better sensory quality and inhibited the increase in lignin content. Lessened lignification was associated with reduced activities of POD and PAL. Moreover, 1‐MCP‐treated shoots showed lower expression of the ZcExp gene. CONCLUSION: 1‐MCP pretreatment suppressed the synthesis of lignin and thereby delayed lignification in peeled WBS. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

热激处理对冷藏“解放钟”枇杷果实木质化及相关酶活性的影响

以福建莆田市“解放钟”枇杷为材料,采后50℃热处理30min 后分为冷库(2～5℃)和室温(18～25℃)两种贮藏条件进行贮藏。在贮藏期通过对枇杷果实的木质素含量、硬度、多酚氧化酶(PPO) 、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化的分析,研究贮前热处理对冷藏枇杷果实木质化及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：低温(2～5℃)条件下贮藏,枇杷果实硬度和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性都有明显升高,且两者呈正相关,相关系数r=0.914。贮前热处理能够延缓冷藏枇杷果实木质素含量及硬度的上升,降低PPO、PAL、CAD、POD 的活性。     

Alleviation of chilling injury and browning of postharvest bamboo shoot by salicylic acid treatment

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) treatment on chilling injury, disease incidence, electrolyte leakage (EL), flesh browning index, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total phenolic content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and polyamine (PA) content of bamboo shoot, during storage at 1 °C for 50 days, were examined. Chilling injury and disease incidence, EL, MDA content of control shoot increased progressively. Chilling injury promoted PAL, PPO and POD activities, which are associated with shoot total phenolic content and flesh browning index increase. Chilling injury was significantly positively correlated with putrescine (Put) or spermidine (Spd) contents. Suppression of chilling injury by SA treatment was associated with reducing EL, MDA and total phenolic content, retarding activities of PAL, PPO and POD, and promoting PA accumulation. The present findings suggest that SA treatment could be used commercially to control chilling injury in bamboo shoot during cold storage.     

Poststorage Behavior of Apple Fruit After Low Oxygen Storage as Influenced by Temperatures During Storage and in Transit

‘Delicious’, ‘Newtown’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) maintained acceptable flesh firmness and high levels of titratable acids and soluble solids after 9 months of storage in 1% 0₂ at either 0°C or 3.3°C. Low-0₂-stored ‘Delicious’ were kept at 0°C for 6 wk without developing physiological disorders before or after 8 days of ripening at 20°C. Storage at 3.3°C caused ‘Delicious’ to soften faster during 6 wk of post-storage holding plus 8 days of ripening. ‘Newtown’ apples developed flesh browning and alcohol flavor after 9 months of low 0₂ storage at 0°C. ‘Newtown’ fruit stored at 3.3°C developed only minimal incidence of flesh browning and alcohol flavor. ‘Granny Smith’ fruit were free from scald, core flush, flesh browning and alcohol flavor after low 0₂ storage, regardless of storage temperature. However, core flush and flesh browning appeared when ‘Granny Smith’ were kept for 6 wk at 0°C plus 8 days at 20°C.     

外源亚精胺处理对香菇木质化及相关酶活力的影响

本实验以香菇为原料,分别用10、15 mg/L和20 mg/L亚精胺溶液进行负压渗透处理,4 ℃贮藏16 d,研究了贮藏过程中硬度和木质素、几丁质、纤维素、总酚含量以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力的变化规律。结果表明：所有处理均不能抑制香菇硬度下降,并均促进了纤维素含量升高;15 mg/L的亚精胺处理能够使贮藏末期几丁质含量不发生明显下降;总酚含量在贮藏过程中先增加后降低;15、20 mg/L的亚精胺处理组能够在4～6 d保持较低的PAL活力;而20 mg/L亚精胺处理在贮藏前期（4～6 d）能抑制POD活力,推迟木质化高峰的到来。     

Lignin accumulation and biosynthetic enzyme activities in relation to postharvest firmness of fresh waxy corn

Lignification and changes in the enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis were investigated in relation to the reduced tenderness occurring during the postharvest storage of fresh waxy corn at 20 °C. The firmness of the corn and its lignin and polyphenol contents increased as storage time increased. The lignin content was significantly correlated (p < .05) with the polyphenol content and firmness. Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase was not the rate‐limiting enzyme in polyphenol biosynthesis, whereas the cinnamate 4‐hydroxylase activity was significantly correlated (p < .05) with the polyphenol content. The activity of coenzyme A ligase (4CL) had a limited effect on the polyphenol content. Peroxidase was significantly correlated (p < .05) with the lignin content, while no significant (p > .05) effect of polyphenol oxidase or cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) on the lignin content was observed.

Practical applications

Tenderness is a main factor in sensory quality of fresh waxy corn. Secondary cell wall lignifications induced by phenylpropanoid pathway is the main reason of tenderness decline for postharvest fresh waxy corn. But little information of lignin accumulation of fresh waxy corn is obtained from the present studies. Analyzing the changes of lignin and related precursor materials, enzyme activities will help to comprehensively understand the regulatory mechanism of postharvest lignification of fresh waxy corn, which can provide suitable methods to delay postharvest lignin accumulation, and maintain the eating quality of fresh waxy corn.     

外源GABA对双孢蘑菇细胞壁代谢及木质化进程的影响

为了探究γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)处理对双孢蘑菇细胞壁代谢及木质化进程的影响,本文研究了5 mmol/L GABA处理对双孢蘑菇几丁质、纤维素、木质素含量以及细胞壁代谢和木质素合成的相关酶活力的影响(4℃贮藏12 d)。结果表明:GABA处理能显著(P<0.05)抑制双孢蘑菇几丁质酶和纤维素酶的活力,减缓几丁质和纤维素的降解,这说明GABA处理能较好维持细胞膜的结构和抗压力。在贮藏6 d后,双孢蘑菇中的木质素含量不断升高,木质化进程不断加深。相关性分析表明,木质素含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力(PAL)活力呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),而与肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)活力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。GABA处理组木质素含量低于对照组,PAL活力高于对照组,而CAD活力却低于对照组,这说明GABA能够通过提高PAL活力和抑制CAD活力来降低双孢蘑菇木质素的积累,进而延缓其木质化进程。     

Effect of in‐season calcium applications on cell wall physicochemical properties of nectarine fruit (Prunus persica var. nectarina Ait. Maxim) after harvest or cold storage

Pre‐harvest calcium sprays with calcium chloride or with a commercial chelated calcium form at equivalent calcium rate were applied in nectarine trees at weekly intervals beginning 4 or 8 weeks before harvest, respectively. The fruits were harvested at commercial maturity stage and cold stored (0 °C, 95% RH) for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, prior to their ripening at room temperature (20 °C) for 1 and 5 days. The interrelations between calcium content (total, cell wall and pectin‐bound), cell wall components (polyuronide, neutral sugar and cellulose content) and tissue firmness of the nectarine fruits were examined. The two strategies (four or eight calcium sprays) were equally effective at increasing the fruit calcium content. Calcium increased by 14–25% in the peel and by 8–11% in the flesh, whereas cell wall calcium increased by 7–17% in calcium‐sprayed compared to non‐sprayed fruits after harvest. Cell wall and pectin calcium increased with the increase of storage time both in sprayed and non‐sprayed fruits without a corresponding increase of total calcium and uronic acid content, indicating the formation of more sites for calcium binding as storage period increased. Neutral sugar and cellulose content remained unaffected by the application of calcium sprays. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase Activities in Papaya During Postharvest Ripening and After Freezing/Thawing

Changes in peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities of papaya (Caricu papava), cv Sunrise, during ripening, freezing and short frozen storage were studied. Fruits were stored at 14°C and 85 90 % RH until maturity for processing was reached (about 21 days). Fruit were frozen cryogenically and frozen slices were stored at — 18°C. POD activity increased in pulp tissue up to the ripe stage, showing a maximum value after 7 days cold storage. Similarly, PPO activity showed an important increase (4 × initial value) on the same date. The quantity of extractable proteins was at a maximum after 15 days storage at 14°C. Freezing and frozen storage (-18°C) produced an increase of POD activity while EPO activity was only slightly affected.