时效时间对7075铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

采用透射电镜、显微硬度仪、拉伸试验和疲劳试验等研究了 7075铝合金在欠时效(120℃×8 h)、峰时效(120℃×24 h)与过时效(120℃×48 h)状态下的微观组织、硬度、拉伸性能方面与疲劳裂纹扩展速率方面的差异.结果表明:3种时效状态的合金在高低应力强度因子范围时,疲劳裂纹扩展速率呈现不同的规律.在低应力强度因子范围时,峰时效态合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最高,过时效态最低;在高应力强度因子范围时,过时效态的合金表现出最优的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力,而峰时效与欠时效状态的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力相近.结合疲劳损伤能量模型、强塑积与晶界析出相差异,分析了时效时间不同引起疲劳裂纹扩展速率差异的本质原因.     

A1-Li合金的拉伸断裂过程研究

以2090 Ce合金为研究对象，对不同时效时间的室温拉伸断口进行了半定量分析，探讨了拉伸性能对断裂特征的响应关系，重点分析合金分层裂纹的形成过程。研究表明：2090 Ce合金的断裂方式以韧窝、分层开裂和沿亚晶界开裂3种为主，随时效时间的延长，韧窝、分层开裂逐渐减少，沿亚晶界开裂比例逐渐加大：分层开裂程度与时效程度有密切关系：分层开裂过程与试样内部受力状态、晶界状态有密切关系。分层最先发生在试样中心，随后在二分之一、四分之一……处反复发生，最终将试样分割成一系列平行的薄板。时效后期由于亚晶界的弱化，使裂纹倾向沿亚晶界扩展，从而抑制分层开裂的发生，同时导致合金强度，尤其是塑性的下降。     

SEM原位观察3104铝合金板材的断裂行为

利用原位拉伸扫描电镜,观察并研究了3104铝合金冷轧板动态拉伸过程中裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展情况,讨论了裂纹萌生和扩展与板材微观组织之间的关系。结果表明：在拉伸过程中,裂纹起源于滑移带处,并沿滑移带扩展。裂纹扩展路径受拉伸应力状态以及板材内部晶粒和粗大第二相分布的影响。原位拉伸断裂模式为韧窝断裂和剪切断裂复合断裂模式,断口形貌受裂纹扩展应力状态的影响。     

H68黄铜断裂过程的透射电镜原位观察

采用透射电镜动态拉伸、原位观察研究了低层错能合金H68黄铜断裂的微观过程。结果发现：黄铜薄膜试样拉伸时，裂尖首先发射位错，平衡时形成无位错区和反塞积位错群；裂尖前方较厚区域可以发生孪生变形，形成形变孪晶，微裂纹在孪晶中形核、扩展，导致裂纹呈Z字形扩展；裂尖无位错区也可能形成微孪晶，微裂纹在微孪晶中形核，使裂纹呈不连续扩展；微裂纹也可以从主裂纹顶端连续形核、扩展。     

单晶高温合金损伤与断裂特征研究

研究了单晶高温合金在持久、拉伸和低周疲劳条件下的损伤与断裂特征。结果表明:单晶合金高温持久微观断裂方式为沿原始微孔洞扩展的微孔聚集型断裂,中温持久微观断裂方式为微孔聚集型断裂与滑移剪切断裂共存的混合型断裂;高温拉伸首先在内部以微孔聚集型模式开裂,最后阶段以滑移剪切的方式发生断裂,微孔聚集型断裂过程占主要地位,中温拉伸以纯滑移剪切的方式发生断裂,断口由一个平面组成;低周疲劳断裂由裂纹萌生、裂纹稳定扩展和裂纹失稳扩展3个阶段组成。断口呈现多源开裂特征,疲劳裂纹一般萌生于表面。疲劳裂纹扩展初期断口基本与主应力方向垂直,随着疲劳裂纹扩展,断口表现为与主应力约成45°的平面特征。     

多级时效处理对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金GP区形成及力学性能的影响（英文）

通过拉伸性能和疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的拉伸性能和疲劳性能。拉伸试验结果显示,与利用峰时效温度的传统回归再时效(RRA)相比,较低时效温度的RRA处理能够提高合金的伸长率,但是降低了合金的强度。但是,在前面改良的RRA处理基础上,在再时效之前增加自然时效,可以同时提高合金的强度和塑性。疲劳测试结果显示,两条改良的工艺路线都可以降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率。尤其是采用较低再时效温度改良的RRA工艺获得最低的疲劳扩展速率。自然时效处理提高了GP区的形核速率。大量的GP区都能够被位错切割。因此该状态合金拥有最高的强度和伸长率,以及较低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。     

Al—Zn—Mg—Cu—Zr（-Sn）合金的强度和疲劳断裂行为

通过拉伸试验和疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究了Al-Zn—Mg—Cu-Zr（--Sn）合金的强度和疲劳断裂行为。运用光学显微镜（0M）、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对试验合金的微观组织进行分析检测。结果表明,Sn的添加可以阻碍固溶时Al-Zr-Mg-Cu-Zr合金晶粒的长大,也使得过时效Al-Zr-Mg-Cu-Zr-Sn合金的晶界无沉淀析出带（PFZ）变窄及晶界析出相变小,因此,提高了合金的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力。此外,过时效的Al—Zn—Mg—Cu—Zr-Sn合金具有较高的抗拉强度。     

圆筒内嵌钨合金球爆炸加载条件下断裂机制研究

针对钨合金作为预制破片战斗部穿甲后的易碎性,采用圆筒内嵌钨合金球战斗部,研究了97.5W-Ni-Fe合金在圆筒内嵌式爆炸加载穿靶前后的微观组织以及断裂机制。结果表明,97.5W-Ni-Fe合金爆炸加载后在钨颗粒内部产生大量形变孪晶,穿透靶板后形变孪晶诱发大量微观裂纹,微裂纹在穿靶后的拉应力作用下扩展并与W-W界面断裂相互连接,使钨合金球断裂成有效破片,增强了钨合金的二次毁伤能力。     

高温合金焊接接头动态拉伸变形断裂行为

借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的专用拉伸台,通过取自相同焊接接头疲劳试件的原位拉伸试验和疲劳试验,分析了高温合金焊接接头原位拉伸的动态断裂过程,讨论了原位拉伸断裂行为与疲劳断裂的关系。结果表明,高温合金熔化焊接接头强韧性良好,断裂前应变可达17．5％,具有明显的形变强化效应;焊缝断裂形貌与应力状态密切相关,在平面应力状态下,裂纹形成于熔合区晶内缺陷和晶界交汇处,以延性剪切型断裂为主,在应力集中的棱角处,易诱发穿晶脆断;焊缝熔合区的微观组织不均匀性和焊趾应力集中的联合作用将使焊接接头在疲劳试验过程中发生应变硬化,引发疲劳裂纹。     

工业铸造A357铝合金SEM原位拉伸实验

通过场发射扫描电镜装载原位拉伸台,对不同凝固条件下工业铸造A357铝合金进行原位拉伸试验。结果表明,裂纹微裂纹首先萌生于组织中破裂的共晶硅处,近邻的微裂纹连接形成小裂纹;多处形成的小裂纹彼此连接并形成较长裂纹,沿共晶区深化和扩展,逐渐发展为主裂纹;当主裂纹遇到铝基体时,扩展受阻,裂纹发生钝化并在其前沿区域形成剪切带;剪切带深化并开裂,主裂纹沿着深化的剪切带穿过基体继续扩展,最终导致试样断裂。A357铝合金的断裂方式为兼具韧性断裂和解理断裂的混合断裂。反重力铸造有效地改善合金微观组织形态,提高了合金的力学性能。     

压铸态Mg-7Al-0.5Y合金的低周疲劳行为

研究了压铸态Mg-7Al-0.5Y合金在全反向总应变模式控制下的低周疲劳行为。结果表明,在所采用的不同外加总应变幅下,压铸态Mg-7Al-0.5Y合金均可呈现循环应变硬化,且在0.9%的外加总应变幅下,合金在疲劳变形期间发生了动态应变时效;合金的弹性应变幅、塑性应变幅与断裂时的载荷反向周次之间的关系可分别由Basquin和Coffin-Manson描述。断口形貌的扫描电子显微分析揭示,低周疲劳加载条件下,对于压铸态Mg-7Al-0.5Y合金而言,疲劳裂纹以穿晶方式萌生于疲劳试样表面,并以穿晶方式扩展。     

Microstructure Evolution of Extruded Mg-6Gd Alloy Under 175 °C and 150 MPa

The tensile creep behavior of extruded Mg-6Gd alloy, having the tensile yield strength of~110 MPa at 175 °C, has been investigated under 175 °C and 150 MPa. In this study, the extruded Mg-6Gd sample exhibits the total tensile strain of~10.5% after the creep time of 1100 h, and the fast plastic strain of~4.6% at the beginning of the creep test. The microstructure result suggests that the dislocation deformation is the main deformation mode during creep, and the grains with orientation close to〈0001〉|| ED disappear after creep. The creep process containing a low creep strain has no effective promotion for the precipitation compared with the aging process without strain. The origination of creep crack is related to the formation of precipitate-free zone during creep. The work offers an important implication to research the microstructure evolution under an applied stress in a weak aging response Mg alloy.     

含有第二相的高强铝合金疲劳模型

基于疲劳裂纹尖端的应力和应变以及高强铝合金中不同尺度第二相性态对其延性的影响，建立了高强铝合金中粗大第二相、中间尺度第二相以及细小时效强化相性态与其疲劳裂纹扩展速率之间的多元非线性关系模型。结果表明：对于2024铝合金的疲劳扩展速率，该模型的预测趋势与他人的实验研究结果吻合良好。同时借助于对该模型的理论分析，提出了在确保高强铝合金强度不降低的前提下降低其疲劳裂纹扩展速率的优化方案。     

Effect of aging and oxidation on strain hardening behaviour of a nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

Effect of aging and oxidation on strain hardening behaviour of a nickel-free high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel has been investigated using room temperature tensile tests and TEM. The alloy in both oxidised and unoxidised conditions exhibits a transition in flow behaviour that can be described best by the Ludwigson flow relationship as evident from the lowest values of the sum of residual squares, χ ², of the fit. The transition in macroscopic flow behaviour with strain has been correlated to change in deformation mechanism from planar slip in the low strain regime (LSR) to deformation twinning and slip in the high strain regime (HSR) in solution treated (ST) condition of the alloy. However, the LSR of the alloy aged for longer times (>100 h) is characterized by the formation of dislocation tangles, while the HSR is marked by the formation of well-defined finer dislocation cell structure. This difference in deformation sub-structures in low and high strain regimes between ST and long term aged samples has been correlated to the change in stacking fault energy due to the precipitation of Cr₂N and σ-phases. Further, the alloy in ST condition exhibits the highest strain hardening rate, which then progressively decreases with aging time.     

A model for oxidation-assisted low cycle fatigue of superalloys

Cracks in superalloys subject to an isothermal, sustained hold, compressive strain cycle experience cycle-by-cycle extension. The phenomenon has been attributed to the strains induced by the formation a thermally grown oxide (TGO) on the crack faces with the strain accommodated by alloy creep. Basic features have been elucidated through finite element calculations. The present objective is to develop a straightforward model that explicitly relates the fatigue to the TGO strains and the alloy creep rates. For this purpose, insights are first developed through finite element simulations. The results are rationalized through simple mechanics assessments, leading to analytic expressions for the crack growth rate. Insights are gained using a plasticity model that demonstrates how the TGO growth strains are accommodated and the stress distributed at various stages during the strain cycle. Creep calculations highlight the time-dependent phenomena occurring during the hold interlude. Finally, an expression for the crack growth rate is presented in terms of the TGO growth strain rate, its thickness, the alloy creep strength and the hold time.     

铜铝复合接触线用银铜合金疲劳试验

通过采用不同应变幅控制,对不同变形量冷拉银铜合金进行室温低周疲劳试验.结果表明,随着应变幅的增大,滞后环面积也随之增大;随着循环周次的增加,循环应力逐渐降低,从而产生疲劳软化;加工率为38%的银铜合金循环周期大于加工率为19%的银铜合金循环周期;试样断裂后存在三个明显疲劳特征区:裂纹源、裂纹扩展区、瞬断区;银铜合金的裂纹扩展具有穿晶和沿晶两种方式.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ACu－Ni－AI－Ti ALLOY

ＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＦＨＥＡＴＴＲＥＡＴＭＥＮＴＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＥＳＯＮＭＥＣＨＡＮＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＩＥＳＯＦＡＣｕ－Ｎｉ－ＡＩ－ＴｉＡＬＬＯＹＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＦＨＥＡＴＴＲＥＡＴＭＥＮＴＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＥＳＯＮＭＥＣＨＡＮＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＰＥＲ...     

CuNiSiP合金的时效和热变形行为

研究了时效温度、时效时间以及冷变形对CuNiSiP合金时效性能的影响,并利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机,采用高温等温压缩试验,研究了变形温度和变形速率对CuNiSiP合金高温压缩变形行为的影响.结果表明:CuNiSiP合金经冷变形后时效能得到较高的综合性能,其经60%变形450 ℃时效2 h,显微硬度达到242 HV0.05,导电率达到35.61%IACS;应变速率和变形温度的变化对合金的再结晶影响较大,变形温度越高,应变速率越小,合金越容易发生动态再结晶,其所对应的峰值应力相对越低.     

Corporate Effects of Temperature and Strain Range on the Low Cycle Fatigue Life of a Single-Crystal Superalloy DD10

Low cycle fatigue behavior of a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy DD10 was investigated at 760 and980 °C under different strain ranges. Results show that the fatigue life(Nf) of DD10 alloy exhibits different temperature dependence under various strain ranges. Under low strain range, the alloy exhibits a longer Nfat 760 °C than that at980 °C. However, under high strain range, a reverse result is obtained. This difference can be attributed to the change of dominant damage modes under various test conditions, which is manifested in different modes of crack initiation(crack nucleation and its early propagation). At 760 °C, the crack initiates at pores in subsurface due to local stress concentration.This process is mainly controlled by plastic amplitude and plastic property, but not affected by oxygen-induced damage before the crack propagates to the surface. At 980 °C, the crack initiates at surface instead of pores due to the more homogeneous plastic deformation and the disharmony between the external oxidation layer and the bulk material when the strain amplitude is high. At that temperature, the process is mainly controlled by oxidation damage and strain amplitude simultaneously. Therefore, under high strain range, the crack initiation is much easier at 760 °C due to plastic deformation and the poor plasticity, while under low strain range obvious oxidation damage at 980 °C may accelerate the crack initiation.     

钛合金热变形过程中裂纹缺陷的预测

基于连续损伤力学(CDM)理论,同时考虑包括温度和应变速率在内的变形历史影响,建立TC11钛合金热变形过程中的损伤演化方程,提出宏观裂纹预测的断裂准则,并采用高温拉伸试验确定方程和准则中的参数。将提出的方法用于TC11合金热压缩变形过程中的数值模拟,模拟结果同实验结果的对比表明该方法可以很好地预测合金在热变形过程中裂纹的起裂和裂纹的扩展行为。