Rapid acquisition of PN signals for DS/SS systems using a phaseestimator

We propose a new scheme for rapid acquisition of PN signals in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems by estimating the phase of the received PN signal with the use of an auxiliary signal. The auxiliary signal can be generated by a sum of the phase shifted PN signals. The phase of the incoming PN signal is estimated using the properties of cross correlation between the PN signal and the auxiliary signal. True phase alignment is detected using a conventional serial search scheme, where the initial phase of the local PN generators is set to a value obtained by the phase estimator. The performance of the proposed acquisition scheme is analytically evaluated in terms of the mean acquisition time. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can achieve acquisition at least two times faster than the conventional scheme in the nominal operating condition     

Spread Spectrum PN Code Acquisition Using Hybrid Correlator Architectures

A hybrid correlator architecture is described which combines the serial structure of an active correlator with the parallel structure of a matched filter correlator. The mean PN code acquisition time performance of this hybrid serial-parallel correlator structure is analysed. Results are shown which compare the acquisition performance of the serial, parallel, and serial-parallel structures. The results are for a PN code length of 64 code chips and assumes a Gaussian channel with the receiver detection threshold set to obtain a constant false alarm rate. An enhancement to the serial-parallel acquisition algorithm is also described which can increase the acquisition time performance by about 15% for typical operating conditions. Overall the results demonstrate that the hybrid correlator can provide rapid code acquisition with a limited receiver complexity.     

一种基于二分试探法的相干扩频快捕系统

利用辅助序列与接收PN码的线性相关性,在搜索方向判决准确的前提下,折半的查找范围对应折半的误差范围,达到应用二分法大步进缩小查找范围,从而有效的加快捕获速度,与常规步进滑动相关法相比,该捕获系统能够有效改善长PN码的捕获性能。     

Application of Adaptive Filtering to Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Code Acquisition

A novel hybrid scheme utilizing an adaptive FIR filter is proposed for acquisition of DS-SS signals. Timing information on the delay offset between the incoming DS-SS signal and the locally generated replica of the spreading code is extracted from the tap-weight vector of the acquisition adaptive filter. Expressions for the mean acquisition time, detection, and false alarm probabilities for a coherent, chip synchronous DS-SS system in AWGN are derived. The improvement in acquisition performance over serial search techniques is twice the length of the adaptive filter. This is similar to that gained by other hybrid schemes that search the same number of cells at a time. However, a significant reduction in hardware complexity is obtained. The proposed system is also compared to a system utilizing a partial matched filter structure. Moreover, the same hardware could be used for code tracking and, hence, eliminating the need for a separate tracking loop.     

A new approach to rapid PN code acquisition using iterative message passing techniques

Iterative message passing algorithms on graphs, which are generalized from the well-known turbo decoding algorithm, have been studied intensively in recent years because they can provide near-optimal performance and significant complexity reduction. In this paper, we demonstrate that this technique can be applied to pseudorandom code acquisition problems as well. To do this, we represent good pseudonoise (PN) patterns using sparse graphical models, then apply the standard iterative message passing algorithms over these graphs to approximate maximum-likelihood synchronization. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves better performance than both serial and hybrid search strategies in that it works at low signal-to-noise ratios and is much faster. Compared with full parallel search, this approach typically provides significant complexity reduction.     

基于前导脉冲辅助的相位调制1090ES信号载频同步算法

基于相位调制扩容1090ES信号为ADS-B带来新的功能和应用,载波频率同步是扩容信号需解决的一项关键技术。针对扩容1090ES信号的突发载频同步问题,提出了一种基于频偏捕获和相位误差跟踪环的快速同步方法,频偏捕获采用前导辅助脉冲相关性判决进行二叉树频率搜索,捕获载频偏差并校正得到频偏较小的基带信号,相位误差跟踪环实现对小频偏信号进行频率估计和补偿。仿真结果表明:该方法适用于基于相位调制的扩容1090ES信号接收系统。     

A closed-loop coherent PN acquisition system with a pre-loopestimator

We propose a closed-loop system with a pre-loop code phase estimator (PLE) for acquisition of the pseudonoise (PN) signal in direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems. It consists of two major parts: a PLE and a closed-loop acquisition subsystem. The system uses an auxiliary signal, as opposed to the PN signal itself, to correlate with the incoming signal. The PLE uses the correlation result to obtain an estimate of the incoming code phase. Then, starting with this initial estimate, the closed-loop subsystem will acquire the code phase of the incoming PN signal. With coherent carrier demodulation, mean and variance of the acquisition time of the proposed scheme are obtained and compared to those of the conventional serial-search acquisition receiver and the closed-loop system without the pre-loop estimator. Results show that, with proper choices of parameters, the proposed system acquires the PN phase significantly faster than the other two systems     

A coherent acquisition method for a PN sequence using binary searchand an auxiliary sequence

Direct sequence spread spectrum systems require a local replica of the pseudonoise (PN) sequence to be synchronized with the received signal's spreading code. A method is proposed to improve the PN sequence acquisition time and decrease the acquisition time variability. The proposed method is based on a binary search algorithm. At each stage of the algorithm, an auxiliary signal is used to formulate a new search region within the PN sequence, and at each stage the search region is reduced by half. The region containing the incoming PN phase is therefore obtained within O(log₂ (N+1)) steps. A closed loop coherent PN acquisition algorithm presented by Salih and Tantaratana (1996) motivated the use of the auxiliary signal, and the algorithm of Salih et al. is also used for comparison. Results indicate the algorithm presented in this paper can achieve a factor of two to three times improvement in the mean acquisition time with a significant decrease in the acquisition time variability     

Noncoherent hybrid parallel PN code acquisition for CDMA mobilecommunications

This paper proposes a noncoherent hybrid parallel pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition scheme for code-division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication systems and analyzes the effect of multiple access interference (MAI) on the code acquisition performance for Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The hybrid acquisition scheme combines parallel search with serial search to cover the whole uncertainty region of the input code phase. It has a much simpler acquisition hardware structure than the total parallel acquisition and can achieve the mean acquisition time slightly inferior to that of the total parallel acquisition in the case of severe MAI; on the other hand, it provides the flexibility in the tradeoff between the mean acquisition time and system complexity if no MAI is considered. The closed-form expressions of the detection and false-alarm probabilities and mean acquisition time are derived. Numerical analysis quantifies the severe performance degradation of code acquisition due to both MAI and channel fading, and demonstrates the dependence of the increase of mean acquisition time (due to MAI) on the number of users in the CDMA system, system design parameters, and channel fading statistics     

基于相位估计器的直接序列快捕方法

该文提出一种基于直接序列扩频系统(DS/SS)的码相位估计器。它能根据输入信号与一个特殊序列不同相位下的互相关值,相当准确、有效地估计出本地伪随机序列的改进方向和大小,成倍地缩短了捕获的时间。理论分析和计算机模拟表明,对于周期511以上的伪随机码而言,该算法在正常工作条件下平均捕获时间仅为常规捕获方法的一半。     

高动态弱信号环境下基于INS的GNSS捕获方法分析

为保证 GNSS 在挑战环境下的捕获性能，分析了高动态弱信号捕获存在的问题，提出了一种新的 INS 辅助并行码相位捕获方法，在频域利用 INS 辅助信息卫星星历/历书数据估计多普勒，缩小频率搜索范围，在码域利用码相位估计及并行码相位搜索的方法，减少码相位搜索时间，最后结合差分相干累积提高捕获灵敏度，实现高动态弱信号的快速捕获。仿真结果表明， 该算法能显著提升高动态、弱信号环境下 GNSS 接收机的捕获性能。     

Effects of multiple threshold values for PN code acquisition inDS-CDMA systems

A decision method using multiple threshold value for PN code acquisition in DS-CDMA systems is describe. This technique is applied to a conventional hybrid search algorithm and analysis in terms of the probability of detection and false alarm. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme in terms of detection probability because multiple threshold values mitigate any possible decline in performance caused by the used of a single threshold     

一种快速的PN码同步捕获方法

针对直扩系统中长PN码同步捕获速度慢的问题,利用推导的串接短PN码与长PN码具有相似相关性的结论,对直扩系统中PN码同步捕获的并行匹配滤波捕获方法进行改进,得到了简单可行的串并结合捕获方法。然后,结合一个周期内PN码相关值,采用迭代的方式,选取简单、实用的自适应门限,实现了突发通信中PN码的快速同步捕获。采用该自适应门限的捕获方法无需估计噪声,计算量小。仿真实验表明所提方法捕获概率高,抗噪性能强。     

深空通信中基于FFT的高动态扩频信号的捕获

在深空通信中，航天器的高动态性使扩频信号引入了高Doppler频移，给捕获造成了巨大困难。针对如此之大的Doppler频移，提出了一种新的捕获方案，即基于FFT算法实现对Doppler频移进行一定程度的补偿，将沿码相位一Doppler频率的二维搜索简化为沿码相位的一维搜索；重点分析了深空通信环境中高速长PN码的捕获性能。理论分析和仿真结果表明，该方法大大缩短了捕获时间，是一种性能优良的伪码捕获方法。     

Interference suppression to aid acquisition in direct-sequencespread-spectrum communications

The acquisition and tracking systems of a spread-spectrum receiver are probably the most critical components of the receiver, since if they fail to function properly, it is doubtful that the desired signal can be successfully detected. This means that the affect of interference (such as jamming) on the receiver while it is attempting to learn the correct phase position of the incoming code might be especially harmful, since the interference might not allow the receiver to acquire the signal. To address this problem, a narrow-band interference suppression filter is used to enhance the performance of a serial search acquisition scheme for a direct-sequence spread-spectrum receiver. Analytical expressions for the probabilities of error in both the search and lock modes are derived, and numerical results are used to illustrate the sensitivity of the receiver to various system parameters. It is shown that the presence of the rejection filter can be significantly improves the performance of the acquisition system     

基于FFT的GPS信号二维大规模并行捕获

GPS接收机中信号捕获通过粗略调整本地复制信号的码相位和载波频率与卫星信号同步.信号捕获实际上一个二维的搜索过程,其主要挑战是计算复杂度.基于FFT的二维并行捕获方法,可以一次搜索整个二维不确定空间,在减少计算复杂度的同时提高了捕获性能.仿真结果表明,采用35 ms的捕获时间可以90%概率捕获到载噪比为34 dB-Hz的卫星信号.     

Serial search code acquisition using smart antennas with single correlator or matched filter

This paper investigates three code acquisition methods for direct sequence spread spectrum systems (DS/SS) utilizing smart antennas. The methods are suitable especially for receivers that consist of a smart antenna followed by a single correlator or a matched filter (IMF). The first method is the known fixed beam strategy where the whole angular uncertainty region is divided into small cells using conventional beamforming techniques. Therein, the receiver searches through all angular and delay cells via a serial search procedure. In the second method, the fixed division is made using advanced beamforming techniques, which provide improved tolerance against interference. In the third strategy, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of incoming signals are estimated and utilized in the acquisition process. An advantage of this DOA estimation-based strategy, when compared to fixed beamforming methods, is a decrease in the region of uncertainty. Disadvantages are increased computational complexity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limitations. The acquisition strategies are compared when the serial search acquisition of the code phase is made using either the correlator or the matched filter. The results indicate that a single antenna receiver gives the best acquisition performance when SNR is high. However, single antenna methods are sensitive to interference. On the other hand, DOA estimation-based methods offer shorter mean acquisition times than fixed beam methods, especially when the number of arriving signals is small.     

Mobile GPS carrier phase tracking using a novel intelligent dual‐loop receiver

Carrier phase information is necessary for accurate measurements in global positioning system (GPS) applications. This paper presents a novel intelligent GPS carrier tracking loop with variable‐bandwidth characteristics for fast acquisition and better tracking capability in the presence of dynamic environments. Our dual‐loop receiver is composed of a frequency‐locked loop‐assisted phase‐locked loop structure, the fuzzy controllers (FCs), and the ATAN discriminator functions. The soft‐computing FCs provide the time‐varying loop gains to perform accurate and reliable control of the dual‐loop paradigm. Once the phase dynamic errors become large under kinematic conditions, the fuzzy loop gains increase adaptively and achieve rapid acquisition. On the other hand, when the tracking errors approach zero in the steady state, the loop gains decrease and the corresponding dual‐loop receiver returns to a narrowband system. Four types of carrier phase signals, i.e. phase offset, decaying sinusoidal phase jitter, frequency offset, and frequency ramp offset, are considered to emulate realistic mobile circumstances. Simulation results show that our proposed receiver does achieve a superior performance over conventional tracking loops in terms of faster settling time and wider acquisition range while preventing the occurrence of cycle slips. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高动态短时突发扩频信号的快速捕获

针对低信噪比和大多普勒频移环境下,短帧突发直接序列扩频通信系统要求在短时间内以很低虚警和漏警概率捕获信号这一难题,设计了仅使用独特码的短时突发扩频信号帧结构,在接收端将扩频码与独特码作为一个复合扩频码看待,提出了基于FFT的高动态突发信号捕获方法,可同时快速完成突发信号检测、扩频码捕获、频偏估计、帧同步检测和位定时捕获等任务。仿真结果表明:该算法能有效消除多普勒频移对短时突发扩频信号捕获性能的影响。     

低信噪比高动态条件下基于FFT的二维平移累加PN码捕获算法

针对低信噪比高动态条件下直接序列扩频（DSSS）系统中PN码捕获的问题,提出了基于FFT 二维平移累 加的PN码捕获算法。首先对现有的PN码捕获技术进行了分析,然后研究了时变的载波频偏与 码频频偏对PN码捕获的影响,在此基础上,提出了基于FFT二维平移累加的PN码捕获算法。 算法的基本思想是对相关器输出的相关值在载波频偏不确定度与码相位不确定度同时进行平 移,从而消除相关峰“漂移”现象,增大非相干累加的有效性。给出了采用此算法的捕获系 统结构图,并对关键参数进行了分析。最后,通过仿真表明了该算法对捕获系统有6 dB的改 善。