双站前视低频超宽带SAR的快速因式分解后向投影算法成像处理

双站前视低频超宽带(UWB)SAR兼具双站前视的复杂成像构型和低频UWB的强距离方位耦合两个特点,因此极大地增加了实现高精度成像处理的难度。针对这个问题,该文提出一种基于快速因式分解后向投影(FFBP)算法的双站前视低频UWB SAR成像处理方法。首先,基于双站前视低频UWB SAR的成像几何构型和信号模型,给出了双站前视低频UWB SAR 原始BP算法成像的原理和流程。其次,在上述基础上,推导了双站前视低频UWB SAR FFBP算法成像处理的精确相位误差形式,并分析了相位误差对成像处理的影响,据此建立了双站前视低频UWB SAR FFBP成像处理中的子孔径和子区域划分原则。接下来,给出了双站前视低频UWB SAR FFBP算法成像处理流程,并对比分析了BP算法和FFBP算法的成像效率。最后,利用仿真实验证明了文中所作理论分析的正确性和所提方法的有效性。     

双站SAR时频同步技术

基于星载SAR照射源的双站SAR系统,由于收、发系统分置,时间同步和频率同步误差会对成像结果造成影响,甚至不能成像,因此,时频同步问题是这类系统需要解决的关键问题之一。本文首先以基于星载辐射源、接收机固定在地面的双站SAR系统为例,详细分析了时频同步误差的模型,随后提出了一种利用直达波信号脉压峰值位置和相位信息提取时频同步误差,实现系统时频同步的方法,并对该方法的估计精度进行了分析。最后,通过仿真,对时频同步方法及其性能进行了验证。根据仿真结果分析,该方法取得了较好的性能,可以有效的应用于上述双站SAR系统。      

运动误差对双站SAR相位同步及成像的影响

收、发系统间的相位同步是双站合成孔径雷达的一项关键技术,采用锁相环接收机是实现双站SAR系统相位同步的一种可能方法.本文主要就锁相环接收机在运动误差条件下的相位同步问题进行了研究,并分析了锁相环相位误差对系统成像的影响,最后,给出了计算机仿真结果.     

轨道超宽带SAR实验技术研究

超宽带SAR地面实验系统具有可控性、重复性以及低造价等特点,是研究、验证超宽带SAR的有效手段.但对于线性调频体制雷达,由于线性调频信号具有较大的时宽,导致了较大的单站雷达作用盲区,虽然采用双站天线可以解决距离盲区问题,但却不可避免地会受到发射机强耦合信号的影响,严重妨碍了地面SAR实验系统的成像处理.本文提出了采用双站天线实现线性调频信号体制超宽带SAR地面实验的新方法,并对双站SAR的成像算法进行了研究.实验结果验证了处理方法的可行性;同时本文还对轨道实验系统的运动精度进行了分析研究.最后,对双站SAR的局限性和应用前景进行了讨论.     

机载双站SAR频率同步与误差补偿

机载双站SAR系统中，收发平台是分置的，收发载机本振频率源的不同步，将会引起回波信号相位误差的积累，其积累时间长度为整个合成孔径时间．本文给出了“GPS＋独立高稳定频率源”实现双站SAR收发频率同步的方法，并对该同步方法引起的同步相位误差进行了分析，提出了一种基于收发平台视距通信的频率同步误差补偿方法．最后给出了对几种典型频率同步误差的补偿仿真，仿真结果表明，该频率同步误差补偿方法能够有效地补偿由收发不同步引起的误差项．     

基于椭圆极坐标的一站固定式双基地低频UWB SAR FFBP成像处理

一站固定式双基地低频UWB SAR具有方位移变的距离徙动和较长的合成孔径,这导致其距离方位耦合变得非常复杂,从而限制了频域算法的应用.为此,本文提出一种基于椭圆极坐标的一站固定式双基地低频UWB SAR FFBP算法.基于一站固定式双基地SAR的成像几何,分别推导了直角坐标与椭圆极坐标下后向投影算法的解析表达式,并讨论了双基地FFBP算法中采用椭圆极坐标的优势.然后分别从频带和斜距误差角度推导了子图像的采样间隔.最后讨论了该算法的实现过程和计算量.仿真结果证明了所提方法的有效性.     

单双站合成孔径雷达成像回波等效变换误差分析

双站合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)的回波距离历程比单站SAR复杂,导致双站SAR的Chirp Scaling算法的三个成像因子的推导困难,计算量大.现在的诸多双站SAR处理方法是针对双站SAR回波特性进行处理,文中通过双站SAR距离历程变换和引入收发双站速度比因子,将双站SAR回波等效为单站SAR回波进行处理,并对等效误差在双站SAR平飞移不变模式和移变模式下进行了分析,为双站SAR成像等效变换处理的参数选取提供了指导.     

机载低频超宽带合成孔径雷达运动补偿

运动误差是造成低频超宽带合成孔径雷达(UWB SAR)成像质量降低的主要因素之一.给出了适合低频超宽带SAR运动补偿方法,并对该方法的剩余误差进行分析,得到在图像质量一定条件下,最大的波束张角和最大容忍的运动误差.最后利用计算机仿真,验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于椭圆模型与改进NLCS的一站固定式大基线双站SAR成像算法

在一站固定式双站SAR成像处理中,该文针对距离-方位2维空变描述不够准确导致成像性能迅速下降的问题,提出一种新的椭圆模型精确描述一站固定式大基线双站SAR的距离-方位空变特性,并基于此推导了改进的非线性调频变标(NLCS)成像算法。在距离向,首先利用相位去斜完成距离去走动和多普勒中心矫正,接着对剩余距离单元徙动和距离方位高次耦合项进行了去除处理。在方位向,根据一站固定式双站SAR的2维空变特性,提出了一种用于描述回波距离-方位空变特性的椭圆模型,基于该模型对空变的回波方位调频率进行了分析,并重新推导NLCS算法的方位变标函数和方位压缩系数。理论分析与仿真结果证明,所提出的模型不仅揭示了一站固定式大基线双站SAR数据的2维空变特性,而且对回波的距离-方位空变给出了更精确的解析式描述,使得基于该模型改进的NLCS算法可以获得更好的成像处理效果。     

双站SAR多PRF同步链同步方法

收发单元之间的相位同步是双站合成孔径雷达的关键问题之一。针对实际双站SAR实验系统中所体现出的问题,该文提出了一种多PRF同步链的双站合成孔径雷达同步方法,该方法通过双向同步链实现高精度的随机相位误差测量;并利用中国余数定理解算频率差测量中的模糊,实现低同步频率条件下双站SAR单元频率源间慢变化频率差的无模糊测量。最后,通过仿真验证了方法的有效性。     

频率源稳定性对BiSAR成像的影响研究

高稳定度的频率源是实现双站合成孔径雷达(BiSAR)系统相位同步的基础,该文研究分析了 收、发系统独立频率源条件下不同类型的频率误差对BiSAR成像的影响,确定了BiSAR成像的频率源稳定性要求。最后,给出了计算机仿真的结果。     

双站合成孔径雷达系统同步问题研究

讨论了双站合成孔径雷达 (双站SAR)收、发系统的同步问题 ,详细分析了频率源稳定性对收发系统间相位同步的影响 ,并给出了计算机仿真结果     

An Adaptive Timing Synchronization Scheme for Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Based Ultra-Wideband Communication Systems

This article deals with a new energy based adaptive timing synchronization scheme (ATS) which estimates the symbol timing information within two (2) OFDM symbols and updates the information with different frequency bands (adaptive in sense) in a multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) based system. The new approach provides significant improvement in system performance for high delay spread ultra-wideband (UWB) channel model (CM) environments where fast and low-complexity timing synchronization is a critical issue. This paper also addresses a crucial aspect of UWB channel which is frequency dependent delay characteristics. This effect contributes to different dispersion and timing shift of an UWB signal for different frequency bands. In this work, the wideband channel delay characteristics are studied and delay parameters are found considerably different over frequency bands 3.1–4.6 GHz. Based on this observation, the ATS which estimates and maintains the timing delays of each band separately is presented. The performance of ATS algorithm is measured by mean-squared error (MSE), synchronization probability, signal to interference ratio (SIR) reduction due to synchronization errors and bit error rate (BER) through the computer simulation for several UWB CM environments CM2–CM4. Each of these UWB CMs is simulated for 100,000 noisy channel realizations for both coded and uncoded MB-OFDM system. It is shown that ATS gives signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement of 1.1 dB at BER of 1 × 10⁻³, 1.2 dB at BER of 2 × 10⁻⁴, and 0.7 dB at BER of 2 × 10⁻⁴ for CM4, CM3, and CM2 respectively for coded MB-OFDM system over a non-adaptive synchronization scheme [Yak et al., Proceedings of IEEE PIMRC, Berlin, Germany, vol 1, pp 471–475, September 11–14, 2005].     

On the performance of a rapid synchronization algorithm for IR‐UWB receivers

Because of the very low signal duty cycles, synchronization is the most critical issue in ultra wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) systems. Some effective synchronization schemes like a symbol‐differential (SD) IR‐UWB receiver have been proposed to synchronize received signals rapidly. Yet, SD IR‐UWB receiver is unsuitable for operation in multi‐user environment because of multiple access interference (MAI). By taking advantage of frame‐differential IR‐UWB receivers, we propose a parallel frame‐differential (PFD) IR‐UWB receiver to do so. Our proposed PFD IR‐UWB receiver manifests better immunity against message passing interface and MAI than the SD IR‐UWB. Based on this PFD IR‐UWB receiver, uncertain (search) regions are limited to one frame duration without any symbol‐level synchronization process. Performance of PFD and SD receivers are compared by computer simulations, showing that the proposed PFD receiver not only achieves significant bit error rate performance but also better and more robust results than the SD receiver in this literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Approach of Adaptive Synchronization for Bistatic SAR Real-Time Imaging

The use of a novel synchronization link to compensate time, phase, and spatial synchronization errors is proposed, aiming at the development of a practical synchronization technique for bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR) real-time imaging. With the proposed technique, an amplitude-modulated signal emitting from the transmitter is received by a passive receiver and divided into two channels. One is passed through an envelope detector and then used to trigger the sampling clock, and the second is used to achieve spatial synchronization and phase synchronization. Finally, the residual time synchronization errors are compensated with a proposed high-precision range realignment method, and the residual phase synchronization errors are compensated with autofocus algorithms. This technique allows a passive receiver, which is teamed with an illuminator at a safe standoff distance, to receive the data reflected from potentially hostile areas of interest. Thus, this configuration, making real-time imaging possible, has a particular value in military applications. Simulation results show that successful adaptive synchronization for BiSAR real-time imaging is possible by using this dedicated synchronization link.     

A Technique for Frequency Synchronization in Multi-Band OFDM in Realistic UWB Channel

This paper presents a highly accurate frequency offset estimation algorithm for multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) systems effective for realistic ultra-wideband (UWB) environment. The proposed algorithm derives its estimates based on phase differences in the received subcarrier signals of several successive OFDM symbols in the preamble. We consider different carrier frequency offsets and different channel responses in different bands to keep the analysis and simulation compatible for practical multi-band UWB scenario. Performance of the proposed algorithm is studied by means of bit error rate (BER) performance of MB-OFDM system. In order to compare the variance of the synchronizer to that of the theoretical optimum, we derive the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the estimation error variance and compare it with the simulated error variance both in additive white Gaussian noise and UWB channel model (CM) environments, CM1–CM4. Next, we modify the estimation algorithm by proposing a multi-band averaging frequency offset synchronization (MBAFS) scheme. We establish superior BER performance with MBAFS compared to our first scheme. We calculate modified CRLB for MBAFS and compare it with simulation results for CM1–CM4. Both analysis and simulation show that MBAFS algorithm can estimate the carrier frequency offset effectively and precisely in UWB fading channels for MB-OFDM applications. We also analyze the computational complexity of both the proposed algorithms in order to verify their feasibility of implementation in practical UWB receiver design.     

Frequency Offset Estimation by Multi-Band Averaging Method: A New Approach for MB-OFDM Based Ultra-Wideband Communication System

In this literature, we present a new method for estimating the coarse frequency offset in multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) based ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems. The proposed training based coarse frequency offset (CFO) estimator performs an averaging of initial estimate over the multiple bands of transmission during estimation process. The proposed multi-band averaging provides an improved estimation of approximately three times for band group 1 (BG1) compared to our earlier proposed scheme. To prove the efficiency of the proposed scheme, the Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the estimation error is calculated and compared with the simulation results. We illustrate the performance of MB-OFDM system in terms of bit-error rate (BER) with multi-band averaged frequency synchronization (MBAFS) and compare with earlier reported results for 100,000 noisy realizations in UWB channel model 2 (CM2).     

TDM协议实现的网型超宽带系统

超宽带系统通常使用纳秒级的超宽带脉冲,系统内所有用户实现同步是非常困难的。本文提出了一种时分多路复用(TDM)网型超宽带系统,根据系统内同步基准站提供的同步信息和每个用户分配的发送时间,实现系统内所有用户间信息交换。计算机仿真和理论计算结果表明：同步帧中使用的同步脉冲越多,同步概率越高。     

An Effective Timing Synchronization Scheme for DHTR UWB Receivers

In performing short-distance, high-data-rate wireless communications using ultra-wideband (UWB) systems, it is necessary to reduce the average transmission power and ensure a fixed synchronization error between the transmitter and receiver ends. Furthermore, to reduce multipath interference, the UWB system should be sometimes implemented using a rake receiver. However, for such receivers, the delay time and attenuation loss over each transmitted route must be known in advance. In the present study, the complexity of rake receivers with a large number of “fingers” is reduced by means of a delay-hopped transmitted-reference (DHTR) scheme, in which the delayed signal is correlated with the original signal; thereby avoiding the need for a separate template signal. The synchronization performance of the proposed DHTR receiver is analyzed both theoretically and numerically. An effective timing synchronization scheme, designated as “parallel signal acquisition with shared looped delay-line” (PS-SLD), is then proposed. The simulation results show that for multipath environments with a single user, the proposed synchronization scheme achieves a higher detection probability and a lower normalized mean square error (MSE) than the traditional timing dirty templates (TDT) algorithm.