传感网络在水电边坡变形优化检测中应用仿真

在水电边坡变形的检测过程中,需要根据坡变幅度,布置传感节点,传递相关数据,由于坡变幅度一般都伴随不规则起伏,造成传感器节点传递的信号无法形成线性特征,传统的检测方法为了克服非线性变化,需要在大起伏区域布置多个节点,以保证检测的准确性,一旦水电边坡规模大,地质条件较为复杂,将会导致检测节点过多,降低了检测效率。为解决上述问题,提出采用坡变估计模型的水电边坡变形优化传感器检测方法。构建传感网络水电边坡变形检测模型,分别对大坡变区域进行模型的坡变参数预估、参数精估、检验模型适应性、模型修正和模型预报,根据上述模型进行模型最优化评测,实现传感网络在水电边坡变形优化检测。实验结果表明,利用改进算法进行水电边坡变形优化检测,可以减小检测误差、提高检测的准确性,提高检测效率。     

Slope Perception from Monoscopic Field Images: Applications to Mobile Robot Navigation

When remotely navigating a mobile robot, operators must estimate the slope of local terrain in order to avoid areas that are too steep to climb or that slope so steeply downward that the operator would lose control of the rover. Although many rovers are equipped with sensor systems to aid the operator in this task, it is sometimes necessary to estimate slopes from two-dimensional images, either when planning operations or when the operator wishes to monitor the results of a sensor system. This experiment compares the operator’s estimates of the slope in Martian terrain with the actual slope determined from three-dimensional data. The ten participants overestimated the slope of the indicated regions by an average of 19° (SD 16°). An analytic model of the error, based on psychophysical analysis, accurately predicts the average magnitude of the errors. Implementation of this model eliminates an average amount of participant error. However, the large estimate variance within and between participants and images still poses a challenge for accurate slope estimation.     

Slope stability analyses on a low-cost microcomputer

A slope stability program for use on a low-cost microcomputer is described. The program is general in that it includes circular and noncircular slip surface analyses, different soil strata, a watertable, and external loading. The graphics facilities available on the machine are used extensively to produce an interactive program which is easy to understand and run.     

基于静态平衡的四足机器人斜面步态规划

本研究从静态平衡角度出发,考虑了影响斜面步行稳定性的各种因素,提出了采用SM和SNE共同判稳的方法。基于这两个指标,针对四足机器人在斜面步行中的倾倒和绕支撑腿连线翻转的问题,规划了一种快速、稳定的全方位静步态,通过计算机仿真平台进行验证,实验表明了所研究方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于RS与GIS的大尺度水土流失分级制图

以长春市双阳区鹿乡镇为例，选用SPOT5的遥感数据、DWG全要素地形图，运用遥感软件提取植被指数并进行密度分割，确定植被覆盖度；用地理信息系统软件提取地形坡度信息，并对地形坡度进行分级。然后根据植被覆盖度、地形坡度和土地利用类型几个水土流失强度因子，确定水土流失强度的分级指标，生成水土流失等级强度图。为水土流失监测、治理提供依据。
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Geomorphometric processing of digital elevation models

The general system of geomorphometry is composed of elevation, derivatives of elevation at a point, and moments of the distribution of elevation over some area. All of the point measures in this system can be obtained by computer processing of a digital elevation model (DEM), and they can be used as input to the analysis and classification of terrain. A suite of FORTRAN programs implementing this system for dense grid DEMs has been designed and used in various operating environments. Attention has been given to the methods used in the approximation of terrain concepts such as slope and relief. An area of high relief in subarctic Canada is used to illustrate the discussion.     

坡面侵蚀土壤磁化率变化机理的研究

研究了土壤磁化率与土壤物理性质的关系,结果表明:应用干筛法在不同粒级土团中获得的0.1～0.25mm粒级的土团主导土壤的磁化率,各组分土团中大于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈反相关,小于0.1mm的组分磁化率与粒径呈正相关。土壤比重、土壤总孔隙度、崩解速率等均与土壤磁化率呈负相关,且土壤崩解速率与土壤磁化率呈极显著负相关;土壤磁化率与容重、粒径小于0.25mm的水稳性团粒组分和大于0.05mm的机械组分含量呈显著正相关。坡面土壤侵蚀导致坡面物质发生再分布,使得土壤颗粒组成、容重、比重、孔隙度等土壤物理性质发生变化,进而使得坡面不同空间部位土壤磁化率出现差异。     

Can accelerometry accurately predict the energy cost of uphill/downhill walking?

To evaluate whether an activity monitor based on body acceleration measurement can accurately assess the energy cost of the human locomotion, 12 subjects walked a combination of three diVerent speeds (preferred speed±1 km/h) and seven slopes (-15 to + 15% by steps of 5%) on a treadmill. Body accelerations were recorded using a triaxial accelerometer attached to the low back. The mean of the integral of the vector magnitude (norm) of the accelerations (mIAN) was calculated. [Vdot]O₂ was measured using continuous indirect calorimetry. When the results were separately analysed for each incline, mIAN was correlated to [Vdot]O₂ (average r = 0.87, p < 0.001, n = 36). [Vdot]O₂ was not significantly correlated to mIAN when data were globally analysed (n = 252). Large relative errors occurred when predicted [Vdot]O₂ (estimated from data of level walking) was compared with measured [Vdot]O₂ for different inclines (-53% at + 15% incline, to + 55% at -15% incline). It is concluded that without an external measurement of the slope, the standard method of analysis of body accelerations cannot accurately predict the energy cost of uphill or downhill walking.     

The effects of a sloped ground surface on trunk kinematics and L5/S1 moment during lifting

There are many work environments that require workers to perform manual materials handling tasks on ground surfaces that are not perfectly flat (e.g. in agriculture, construction, and maritime workplaces). These sloped ground surfaces may have an impact on the lifting strategy/technique employed by the lifter, which may, in turn, alter the biomechanical loading of the spine. Describing the changes in kinematics and kinetics of the torso is the first step in assessing the impact of these changes and is the focus of the current research. Subjects' whole-body motions were recorded as they lifted a 10 kg box while standing on two inclined surfaces (facing an upward slope: 10° and 20°), two declined surfaces (facing a downward slope: ? 10° and ? 20°), and a flat surface (0°) using three lifting techniques (leg lift, back lift and freestyle lift). These data were then used in a two-dimensional, five-segment dynamic biomechanical model (top-down) to evaluate the effect of these slopes on the net moment about the L5/S1 joint. The results of this study showed an interesting interaction effect wherein the net L5/S1 moment was relatively insensitive to changes in slope angle under the back lift condition, but showed a significant effect during the leg lift and freestyle lifting conditions. The results show that under the freestyle lifting condition the peak L5/S1 moment was significantly higher for the inclined surfaces as compared to the flat surfaces (6.8% greater) or declined surfaces (10.0% greater). Subsequent component analysis revealed that both trunk flexion angle and angular trunk acceleration were driving this response. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that ground slope angle does influence the lifting kinematics and kinetics and therefore needs to be considered when evaluating risk of low back injury in these working conditions.     

A method for drawing slope maps from contour maps by automatic data acquisition and processing

A method for drawing slope (angle) maps is described. After the contour lines of a topographic map have been expressed in digital form by a digitizer, the ground surface is considered as a set of partly overlapping trend surfaces. Slope values then are calculated at the mesh points of a grid superimposed on each of these mathematically expressed surfaces. The final map consists of a set of isolines (isoclines) obtained by slope values interpolation. The computer is used to determine the slope values, whereas the final map is obtained by a plotter.     

一种局部放大半定量仿真算法

基于复杂系统的定量仿真求解效率较低,难以适应仿真系统对实时性和高精度的仿真要求。针对这一局限性,提出一种局部放大半定量仿真(PESQS)算法。该算法使用包含斜率值的半定量状态描述方法,能表达变量值变化速率;提出一种根据斜率方向传播方向定量信息的方法;对重要时间点进行局部放大的步长精炼法,提高局部精度,减少仿真时间。将Q3算法、龙格库塔法(RK4)和PESQS算法应用于红蓝方对抗仿真系统。实验结果表明PESQS算法比Q3提高了仿真精度,比RK4节省了仿真时间。     

Parallelization of the TRIGRS model for rainfall-induced landslides using the message passing interface

We describe a parallel implementation of TRIGRS, the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Model for the timing and distribution of rainfall-induced shallow landslides. We have parallelized the four time-demanding execution modes of TRIGRS, namely both the saturated and unsaturated model with finite and infinite soil depth options, within the Message Passing Interface framework. In addition to new features of the code, we outline details of the parallel implementation and show the performance gain with respect to the serial code. Results are obtained both on commercial hardware and on a high-performance multi-node machine, showing the different limits of applicability of the new code. We also discuss the implications for the application of the model on large-scale areas and as a tool for real-time landslide hazard monitoring.     

基于Bode''''s integrals的PID控制器的设计及其仿真

该文为一类稳定的最小相位控制对象提出一种新的PID控制器的参数整定方法。它是基于Bode’s integrals可以给出最小相位稳定系统的幅值与相位的关系，从而运用bode’s integrals近似表示控制对象G（jw）的幅值和相位的微分，然后将该简化结果用于PID控制器的设计中，从而得到新的控制器参数整定方法。该文中PID控制器的设计要求是，调整控制对象的Nyquist曲线在给定频率处的斜率，以提高闭环系统性能。最后，通过在matlab中对一类稳定的最小相位系统的计算机仿真例子比较，可以显示出该方法的优越性。     

开关DC_DC变换器双斜坡补偿技术设计

讨论了一种采用双斜坡补偿技术的峰值电流模式控制PWM升压型DC_DC变换器结构,利用双斜坡信号差模输入方法有效消除了单斜坡补偿技术中存在的电路干扰对斜坡信号斜率造成的误差。利用一个求和比较器电路同时实现了电压和电流的双环反馈以及双斜坡补偿,提高了变换器的瞬态响应速度。     

“平坦峰”对象的分割

对于目标所占比例很小的图像,目标在直方图中退化成平坦峰。该文根据直方图的形状,提出了一种对具有平坦峰的图像的分割方法,在具体的医学图像应用中取得了较好的分割效果。     

基于聚类和项目相似性的Slope One算法优化

随着用户项目数量的增长,用户项目矩阵变得越来越稀疏,使用基于最小生成树的k-means算法对项目进行聚类并以聚类结果对用户评分矩阵进行预测填充。考虑到Slope One算法存在用户兴趣变化问题,将时间权重加入Slope One算法中进行评分预测。将改进后的算法在Movie Lens数据集上进行验证,结果表明,改进后的算法可有效解决稀疏性问题和用户兴趣变化问题,并将MAE值降低到0.015以下。     

基于用户偏好优化模型的推荐算法研究

传统的个性化推荐算法普遍存在数据稀疏性问题,影响了推荐的准确度。Slope one算法具有简单、高效等特点,但该算法只是根据用户—项目评分矩阵进行数据分析,对所有用户采用一致性的权重进行计算,忽视了用户对项目类型的喜好程度。针对上述问题进行了研究,提出LR-Slope one算法。首先根据用户—项目评分矩阵和项目类型信息构建用户对项目类型的偏好矩阵;然后利用线性回归模型计算用户对每个类型的权重,采用随机梯度下降算法优化权重;最后结合Slope one算法预测评分,填充评分矩阵,提高推荐的质量。实验结果表明,所提算法提高了推荐的精度,有效缓解了稀疏性问题。     

晋西黄土区坡面尺度土壤水分分布规律研究

采用定位观测方法对晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面土壤水分的分布规律进行研究。结果表明:坡向、坡度、坡位是坡面尺度土壤水分分布的重要影响因素,得出了不同立地条件土壤水分的剖面变化与时间动态规律,在此基础上对不同立地条件进行聚类,给出坡面尺度下不同立地条件的分类结果,通过分类,我们可以用立地因素代替土壤水分状况,为黄土高原植被建设提供科学的土壤水分依据。     

边坡位移LMD-BP神经网络模型研究

结合局部均值分解LMD(Local mean decomposition)算法和BP神经网络算法,提出一种全新的局部均值分解——BP神经网络位移时序预测模型。通过把实际监测的位移值作为训练样本,利用局部均值分解算法对其进行高度的自适应分解,得到多个生产函数PF(Product function)分量;而后通过BP神经网络模型对每一个PF分量进行预测,再把各个PF分量预测值进行重构累加,即可得到位移的预测值。通过BP神经网络对相关参数进行优化,达到了对于预测精度的改善。将该模型应用到永久船闸高边坡的三个监测点上进行位移时序预测中,结果表明,预测精度较高,具有一定的科学依据,在边坡体位移时序预测领域中具有极大的潜在价值。