钛表面辉光等离子无氢渗碳的研究

采用双层辉光离子渗碳技术在本底真空度为 5×10-3Pa 的高真空下,用 99.999%的高纯氩气进行无氢渗碳。在整个工艺过程中,没有涉及到氢元素,实现了无氢渗碳。试样材质为 TA1 工业纯钛,用透射电镜(TEM)观察渗层结构;X 射线衍射(XRD)测定渗层的相组成;用 M200 耐磨试验机测定渗碳试样的耐磨性能;渗碳试样的磨痕表面状态用 TR240型粗糙度仪测定。渗碳层厚度大于 100 μm。表面层生成的是 TiC,基体仍为 α-Ti。近表面渗层维氏硬度为 6 000 MPa,表面的硬度远大于此值。摩擦系数 0.11。纯钛经过无氢渗碳后,与未经过处理的纯钛相比磨损量仅为纯钛试样的1/1 592.5。研究得出:钛材经过双辉等离子无氢渗碳后,不仅提高了表面的硬度,同时降低了摩擦系数,因而使耐磨性能得到了大幅度的提高。     

γ-TiAl辉光等离子无氢渗碳后的组织及性能研究

利用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术（DGPSAT）对γ-TiAl金属间化合物进行等离子表面无氢渗碳处理，用OM、EDS和XRD分析了渗碳层的显微组织、化学成分及其相组成，测试了其表面显微硬度和耐磨性。结果表明，γ-TiAl经双层辉光等离子渗碳后，其表面形成以XTisC5，TiC，TiAl和C等相组成的合金层，有效厚度约为15μm；渗层与基体结合牢固；渗层成分由袁及里呈梯度分布；摩擦磨损性能也得到了提高。     

钛表面无氢渗碳研究现状

综述了钛表面无氢渗碳法——固体渗碳法和辉光等离子无氢渗碳法的研究成果。固体渗碳法可在钛表面形成Ti C等耐磨相、提高表面硬度,但也存在诸多不足,如反应气氛不可控,伴有多种氧化物、氮化物,渗层有剥落,耐蚀性不佳。辉光等离子无氢渗碳可形成Ti C的梯度扩渗层,同时也可在表面形成一层碳膜,这种渗碳层既耐磨又减摩,可大幅降低摩擦系数、磨损率,在盐酸、硫酸等还原性酸中耐蚀性大幅提高。经过无氢渗碳技术处理的钛液压件、球阀、齿轮等已在耐磨耐蚀领域得到应用。     

Ti6Al4V合金表面无氢渗碳层分析

将Ti6Al4V合金试样置入真空炉中进行无氢渗碳。分别用XRD、SEM、EDS及HV显微硬度计对渗碳层的物相、组织形貌、成分和硬度进行分析。结果表明,经过渗碳后,渗层中出现TiC相,但是未发现氢化物及含H相。整个渗碳层由附着层、渗碳层和扩渗层组成。附着层中含有Ti、Al、V元素,附着层的存在阻碍碳的渗入。渗碳层由致密的渗碳层Ⅰ和等轴晶组成的渗碳层Ⅱ组成。扩渗层有碳的渗入,碳含量少,只是一个渗碳影响层。渗层的硬度呈梯度变化,硬度变化曲线是渗层中碳含量变化的反映,硬化层厚度约为900 μm     

网状双阴极法纯钛表面无氢渗碳的研究

采用网状双阴极法对纯钛表面进行离子无氢渗碳,在纯钛表面形成冶金结合的高硬度合金渗层;硬度检测表明纯钛表面硬度可达1050HK,合金渗层硬度呈梯度分布;辉光放电光电子谱仪(GDS)渗层成分检测结果表明表面含碳量可达29．8％,合金渗层的碳含量也呈梯度分布;划痕试验显示渗层与基体结合好、无剥离现象。     

TiAl基合金的离子渗碳研究

试验研究了钛铝基合金离子渗碳后的渗层组织结构、渗碳温度和时间对渗层厚度、表面硬度的影响.结果表明,钛铝基合金经离子渗碳处理后,渗层由碳化物层与过渡层组成;提高渗碳温度及延长保温时间将使渗层厚度逐渐增加:与未处理试样相比,表面硬度显著提高.     

钛合金电火花表面渗碳研究

用电火花渗碳技术可在钛合金表面形成一层40～50μm厚的渗碳层,分析显示渗碳层中主要是由石墨电极与基体反应生成的TiC相组成。渗碳层与基体之间没有明显的界面,组织和成分过渡均匀。TA2合金渗碳层的显微硬度最高可达2000HV0.05,是基体的5～7倍;整个渗层截面的硬度呈梯度分布。     

20CrMnTi钢真空低压渗碳工艺及组织性能研究

研究了20Cr Mn Ti钢真空低压渗碳过程中渗碳温度和渗碳时间对渗层深度、渗层硬度分布和表面碳含量的影响,并分析了碳含量对渗层硬度分布的影响规律,比较了真空渗碳和气体渗碳两种渗碳工艺对盲孔结构的渗碳结果和渗层组织。结果表明,随渗碳温度的升高和渗碳时间的延长,渗层深度和表面碳含量增大,但表面硬度下降。碳含量对渗层硬度分布的分析结果表明,碳质量分数为0.78%时,渗碳层具有最高淬火硬度。对于盲孔结构,相较于气体渗碳,真空渗碳能显著减小渗层深度偏差,并改善渗层组织。     

钛合金表面加弧辉光离子无氢渗碳耐蚀性能的研究

提出一种新的钛合金表面强化方法，利用加弧辉光离子无氢渗碳技术在钛合金表面形成渗碳层。该方法是在加弧辉光离子渗镀技术中引入由高纯石墨制成冷阴极电弧石墨靶，按冷阴极场致发射机制，源源不断地从电弧石墨靶上发射出高能量、高密度、高离化率、高速度的离子流，成功的在钛合金(Ti6Al4V)基材表面形成25—30μm厚的渗碳层，同时避免了氢元素对钛合金造成的氢脆问题。电化学腐蚀试验表明钛合金无氢渗碳后耐蚀性能得到提高，在0．5mol/L的稀硫酸腐蚀介质中，耐蚀性提高7倍多。渗碳后钛合金表面显微硬度达到936(HV)。其中，渗碳层相结构采用XRD进行检测。     

TC4钛合金硼碳共渗层的组织和性能研究

通过在900℃进行固体渗碳10 h,后于950℃(低于β转变温度)在由供硼剂B_4C和无水Na_2B_4O_7、催化剂氧化镧以及一定量石墨组成的介质中进行固体渗硼12 h,在TC4钛合金试样表面制备了硼碳共渗层。检测了渗层的形貌、相组成、亲水性、硬度和耐摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,渗层由TiB_2、TiB和TiC三相组成,外层以TiB_2为主,表面较光亮、光滑和平整,粗糙度R_a为0.216,结构与多孔陶瓷类似,硬度约为2 637 HV0.1,亲水性良好;次表层以TiB为主,硬度约为1 600 HV0.1;内层以TiC为主,硬度约为802 HV0.1。渗层韧性良好,且与基体金属结合牢固,耐摩擦磨损性能明显优于基体。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.