Combined effects of fabric air permeability and moisture absorption on clothing microclimate and subjective sensation during intermittent exercise at 27 degrees C.

The present paper aimed at determining the combined effects of two different levels of air permeability and moisture absorption, in terms of clothing microclimate and subjective sensation, in resting and exercising subjects at an ambient temperature of 27 degrees C, a relative humidity of 50% and an air velocity of 0.14 m s-1. Three kinds of clothing ensemble were investigated: (1) polyester clothing with low moisture absorption and low air permeability (A), (2) polyester clothing with low moisture absorption and high air permeability (B), and (3) cotton clothing with high moisture absorption and high air permeability (C). The subjects exercised for 10 min on a cycle ergometer at an intensity of 30% maximal oxygen uptake and then had a 10 min rest. This sequence was repeated four times. The main findings are summarized as follows: (1) The clothing microclimate humidity in the back area was significantly higher in A than in B, and in C than in B. (2) The clothing microclimate temperature in the chest area was significantly higher in B than in A, and in B than in C. (3) The clothing microclimate temperature in the back area was significantly higher in C than in B. (4) The clothing surface temperature was significantly higher in C than in B. (5) Although the positive relationships between the microclimate humidity and forearm sweat rate was significantly confirmed in all three kinds of clothing, the microclimate humidity at chest for the same sweat rate was lower in C than in A and B. (6) Although the positive relationships between subjective sensation and forearm sweat rates were significantly confirmed in all three kinds of clothing, the subjective discomfort seemed to be reduced more effectively in C than in A and B for the same sweat rate. These results were discussed in terms of thermal physiology and combined effects of air permeability and moisture absorbency of the fabrics.     

基于多时相遥感数据的徐州市植被净初级生产力估算及相关性分析

以遥感数据和气象数据为主要数据源,应用改进的光能利用率模型估算徐州市2006、2008和2010年3年间6月份的植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP),研究了该区域6月份NPP的时空变化及其与气象因子的相关性。结果表明：时间上,受气候和环境等因素综合变化的影响,研究区域6月份NPP呈逐年下降趋势;空间上,NPP的分布表现为在林地、草地和农田相对集中的区域偏高,且不同植被类型6月份的NPP大小关系在不同年份可能不同,其中在2006和2008年为农田>草地>林地,而2010年为农田>林地>草地。通过分析与气象因子的相关性和偏相关性,限制NPP的主要气象因子不是固定不变的,其中2006和2008年,限制NPP的主要气象因子为太阳辐射,而2010年为降雨量和温度。不同植被类型下NPP与气象因子相关性和偏相关性差异反映了不同类型植被生长对光、热、水条件要求的差异。
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Combined effects of fabric air permeability and moisture absorption on clothing microclimate and subjective sensation during intermittent exercise at 27 degrees C

The present paper aimed at determining the combined effects of two different levels of air permeability and moisture absorption, in terms of clothing microclimate and subjective sensation, in resting and exercising subjects at an ambient temperature of 27 °C, a relative humidity of 50% and an air velocity of 0.14 m s^-1. Three kinds of clothing ensemble were investigated: (1) polyester clothing with low moisture absorption and low air permeability (A), (2) polyester clothing with low moisture absorption and high air permeability (B), and (3) cotton clothing with high moisture absorption and high air permeability (C). The subjects exercised for 10 min on a cycle ergometer at an intensity of 30% maximal oxygen uptake and then had a 10 min rest. This sequence was repeated four times. The main findings are summarized as follows: (1) The clothing microclimate humidity in the back area was significantly higher in A than in B, and in C than in B. (2) The clothing microclimate temperature in the chest area was significantly higher in B than in A, and in B than in C. (3) The clothing microclimate temperature in the back area was significantly higher in C than in B. (4) The clothing surface temperature was significantly higher in C than in B. (5) Although the positive relationships between the microclimate humidity and forearm sweat rate was significantly confirmed in all three kinds of clothing, the microclimate humidity at chest for the same sweat rate was lower in C than in A and B. (6) Although the positive relationships between subjective sensation and forearm sweat rates were significantly confirmed in all three kinds of clothing, the subjective discomfort seemed to be reduced more effectively in C than in A and B for the same sweat rate. These results were discussed in terms of thermal physiology and combined effects of air permeability and moisture absorbency of the fabrics.     

Use or Abuse of Improvisation in Organizations?

This paper studies the uses and abuses of improvisation in craft breweries in Brazil and Germany. Using semi‐structured interviews, it shows theory‐based empirical evidence of improvisation and learning in organizations. Given the well‐known use of improvisation in the arts, the paper makes a parallel between the role of improvisation in organizations and in arts' activities in order to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of improvisation, although this study goes beyond the use of metaphors and carries out a direct analysis of improvisation in organizations. The empirical analysis was conducted with 24 managers, head brewers and employees from craft breweries in Brazil and Germany. Using a multiple case study approach, with interviews, direct observation and storytelling, this research shows evidence of improvisation in breweries. The analysis uncovers and evaluates the uses and abuses of improvisation in organizations.     

Older Adults’ Text Entry on Smartphones and Tablets: Investigating Effects of Display Size and Input Method on Acceptance and Performance

This study focuses on older adults’ finger-based text entry on smartphones and tablets. Thirty-two older adults entered Chinese characters with two input methods (typing and handwriting) on touch screens with four display sizes (3.5 in., 5 in., 7 in., 9.7 in.). Their performance, acceptance, preference, and errors were recorded and thus four findings were found. First, on small displays (3.5 in. and 5 in.), handwriting contributed to shorter task completion time, higher perceived ease of use, and higher usage intention than typing, but no difference was observed on large displays (7 in. and 9.7 in.). Second, there is a gap of task completion time and perceived ease of use between 5 in. and 7 in. for typing, whereas there is no gap for handwriting. Third, participants’ preference of 9.7 in. was almost the same as that of 7 in., and their preference of 7 in. was 1.5 times as strong as that of 5 in. Fourth, participants’ finger-based text entry was prone to 13 types of errors. Many of these errors were caused by the mismatch between older adults’ mental models and designers’ mental models.     

在体测量的新型氧分压传感针的研制及应用

研制出一种可用于在体测量的新型氧分压传感针,以高纯度的铂丝作为其核心,固定在玻璃毛细管内,再套于不锈钢管中进行离体及在体的测量。离体和在体实验结果显示:该新型氧分压传感针具有较好的性能,能实时反映体内氧分压的动态变化过程。该新型氧分压传感针体积小、强度大、响应性能良好,适合于对生物体内氧分压的在体、原位、动态监测。     

Crisis Management and Strategic Orientation in Small and Medium‐Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Peru,Mexico and the United States

This study addresses the link between management concern for organizational crises and competitive strategy in small and medium‐sized enterprises in Peru, Mexico and the United States. Surveys were completed by 270 Peruvian, 218 Mexican and 256 American managers. Strategic orientation in Peru did not mirror the broad pattern found in Mexico and in the United States. Levels of concern for crises were significantly higher in both Mexico and Peru than in the United States for 12 of 21 crises. The level of concern for crises tended to increase with management level more in Mexico and Peru than in the United States. Correlations between competitive strategy and crisis concern were significant in 26 of 126 instances.     

Industry–academia collaborations in software testing: experience and success stories from Canada and Turkey

Collaboration between industry and academia supports improvement and innovation in industry and helps to ensure industrial relevance in academic research. However, many researchers and practitioners believe that the level of joint industry–academia collaborations (IAC) in software engineering (SE) is still relatively very low, compared to the amount of activity in each of the two communities. The goal of the empirical study reported in this paper is to characterize a set of collaborative industry–academia R&D projects in the area of software testing conducted by the authors (based in Canada and Turkey) with respect to a set of challenges, patterns and anti-patterns identified by a recent Systematic Literature Review study, with the aim of contributing to the body of evidence in the area of IAC, for the benefit of SE researchers and practitioners in conducting successful IAC projects in software testing and in software engineering in general. To address the above goal, a pool of ten IAC projects (six completed, two failed and two ongoing) all in the area of software testing, which the authors have led or have had active roles in, were selected as objects of study and were analyzed (both quantitatively and qualitatively) with respect to the set of selected challenges, patterns and anti-patterns. As outputs, the study presents a set of empirical findings and evidence-based recommendations, e.g.: it has been observed that even if an IAC project may seem perfect from many aspects, one single major challenge (e.g., disagreement in confidentiality agreements) can lead to its failure. Thus, we recommend that both parties (academics and practitioners) consider all the challenges early on and proactively work together to eliminate the risk of challenges in IAC projects. We furthermore report correlation and interrelationship of challenges, patterns and anti-patterns with project success measures. This study hopes to encourage and benefit other SE researchers and practitioners in conducting successful IAC projects in software testing and in software engineering in general in the future.     

Methods of system development in Finland

Interest in the use of different methodologies, methods and tools for information systems analysis and design has been increasing for the last decade in Finland. This has resulted in the founding of a special interest group in systems analysis and design within the Finnish Data Procesing Association and in its making a survey of the methods and tools in use in Finland in 1980. This survey was in the form of a questionnaire mailed to the company members of the association. The results of the survey show a wide use of different tools in the design and implementation of information systems. In the analysis phase, there seems to be a need for more and better methods and tools. In 1980 several companies began to use new methodologies, methods and tools in the field; the most common are: the Swedish ISAC, Jackson's JSP, and the data dictionary.     

DIFS—a modelling and simulation tool for DGT induced trace metal remobilisation in sediments and soils

The technique of Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) can measure in situ fluxes of trace metals in sediments. Interpretation of these measurements requires a numerical model of trace metal reaction and transport in sediments. The DIFS (DGT Induced Fluxes in Sediments) model has permitted quantitative interpretation of DGT measurements in terms of fundamental kinetic and equilibrium resupply parameters. DIFS is here further refined and developed into a software tool which both simulates temporal and spatial changes in concentrations of trace metals in solid and solution phases in sediments during in situ DGT deployments, and estimates resupply parameters from experimental data. The basis of the DIFS model is a pair of linked parabolic PDEs describing dissolved and sorbed trace metal concentrations in the sediment and DGT device. These are solved by the Method of Lines using standard ODE solvers. The solutions are processed to obtain the DGT response. The use of the software, in particular the format of the text file containing input parameters, is described. Illustrative examples of the type of behaviour predicted for DGT by DIFS are provided.     

Macroergonomic anticipatory evaluation of work organization in production systems

Abstract

The problem of anticipation—awareness of consequences of design alternatives—is structured in a hierarchical scheme of predictive and simulative approaches in work science. For the anticipatory evaluation of work organization sets of dependent and independent variables are connected in analytical and simulative models for control centres and design departments, in procedural and participative approaches to group work in the automotive industry, and in programmatical design concepts for direct manufacturing and assembly departments and for indirect functions in operations planning and scheduling. The analytical, procedural, and programmatical approaches are bound together in a method to evaluate anticipatory group work concepts for production systems.     

Syntactic Positions of Prepositional Phrases in the History of Chinese: Using the Developing Sheffield Corpus of Chinese for Diachronic Linguistic Studies

This paper reports the completion of the first expansion phaseof the Sheffield Corpus of Chinese (SCC). We describe the majorimprovements we made in expanding the corpus. They involve thecoverage of time periods, choice of text types and categories,and selection of individual texts; the mark up scheme and theintegral search and analysis tool. We use the developing SCCto examine Li and Thompson's; (1974, 1975, 1976) controversialpostverbal predominance hypothesis for prepositional phrases(PPs) in Archaic Chinese and their word order change hypothesisfor PPs in general in the history of the Chinese language. Ourstudy provides no evidence for the postverbal predominance hypothesisfor PPs in Archaic Chinese and the word order change hypothesisfor PPs in general from postverbal in Archaic Chinese to preverbalin Modern Chinese. Our findings show that postverbal and preverbalPPs have been in coexistence and there have always been moreoccurrences of preverbal PPs than postverbal PPs in all thetime periods covered in the current SCC. Although use of somePPs declined in some time periods and use of others emergedin other time periods, there was never a predominant positionfor PPs in any time period in the history of Chinese. We showdifferences in the distribution of PPs in different time periodsand provide an account of the syntactic positions of PPs inthose time periods.     

生物组织光声成像技术综述

光声成像是一种低功率、非电离的成像方式,既具有声学方法对深层组织成像分辨率高的优点,又具有光学方法在功能成像、分子成像方面具有高对比度的优势。本文回顾了近年来,光声成像技术在生物医学领域的研究进展,介绍了光声成像的基本成像原理。以此为基础,本文介绍了光声成像的两种主要成像方案：光声断层成像和光声显微镜,并且讨论了光声成像在获取生物组织化学成分信息和微结构信息方面的优越性;最后,本文对光声成像技术的优点和应用前景进行了总结。     

标准模型下基于身份的签名方案

在标准模型下构建安全高效基于身份的签名方案是目前密码学领域的热点研究问题之一。提出并实现一个标准模型下基于身份的签名方案,其安全性依赖于截断的确定性q-ABDHE假设,并被证明是选择ID-CMA安全的,且具有紧规约,同时该方案的公共参数及签名长度皆为常数级。通过与典型方案对比可知,该方案在参数及签名长度、签名用时以及模型复杂度和易实现性等方面具有一定的优势。而实验结果则表明,该方案在对不同类型文件进行签名操作时有着良好的性能表现,签名所用时间与签名文件大小呈线性变化关系。     

Evolution of Emergency Management in Malaysia

Various types of disaster ranging from biological, structural collapse, fire and explosion, landslides and meteorological incidents have struck Malaysia. Safety and emergency laws and regulations in Malaysia had evolved in pace with the development and industrialisation of the country. Some of these disasters were land‐marked disasters whereby various safety and emergency acts and regulations were amended or introduced. In this article, the history of the evolution of various Safety and Emergency Laws, Regulations and Acts in the country since independence in 1957 until the establishment of the Permanent Guidelines for Disaster Management and Relief Operations in 1997 is presented. Lessons from past disasters and the rapid expansion of industrialisation have greatly influenced the evolution of safety and emergency management in Malaysia. However, this intermediary phase in the pursuit of development is often accompanied by an increase in vulnerability (McEntire, 1997). This paper discusses reasons that are attributed to the increase in vulnerability as well as the challenges faced by the nation in the area of safety and emergency planning.     

冲压自动生产线上下料机器人示教编程方法

针对由多台机器人及多种辅助设备组成的冲压自动生产线编程量大、运动协调关系复杂、联锁信号多的特点 ,介绍一种离线规划与在线示教相结合的冲压机器人示教编程方法 ,对冲压机器人进行运动轨迹、作业内容等方面的示教 ,降低了示教内容的复杂性 ,节省了在线示教所占用的现场调试和生产时间。     

Bilingual language supports in online science inquiry environments

Research over the past fifteen years has investigated and developed online science inquiry environments to support students engaging in authentic scientific inquiry practices. This research has focused on developing activity structures and tools to scaffold students in engaging in different aspects of these practices, but relatively little of this research has explored linguistic supports for language minority students studying science in their non-native language. These students are simultaneously learning science and the surrounding academic language in their second language. This study investigates the potential value of providing 8th grade Spanish-speaking English language learners access to content and supports in both English and Spanish as opposed to an English-only format in an online science inquiry environment. Learning outcomes are compared between the two conditions on an immediate post-test in English, a delayed post-test in English, a delayed post-test in Spanish, and a written essay in English in the form of a letter to the governor. The outcomes suggest significant benefits for providing ELL students with access to content and supports in both English and Spanish as opposed to the English-only format. The findings of this study carry important policy implications in light of the growing English-only political movements in the United States and similar political movements in other countries.     

Contour tracking on ultrasound sequences of vascular images

Simple vascular measurements on sequences of echographic images can be used to quantify important indexes of cardiovascular risk. The measurement of the intima-media thickness and the characterization of the endothelial function are but two examples. Real-time image processing systems would be helpful to automatically track, locate, and discriminate vascular structures through image sequences. Many algorithms have been developed to accomplish this task and they are generally based on the application of a mathematical operator at the points of a starting contour and on an iterative procedure that brings the starting contour to the final contour. In this paper, the performances of a mathematical operator that exploits both temporal and spatial information are compared to those of an operator that only exploits spatial information. The paper shows that, in general, when tracking contours on image sequences and when two or more gray-level discontinuities are present and close to each other, as in the case of arteries, both operators should be used in sequence. The text was submitted by the authors in English. Marcello Demi was born in Cecina, Italy, in 1956. He graduated in Electronic Engineering from the University of Florence, Italy in 1985. He is currently head of the Computer Vision Group at the CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology in Pisa and he teaches a course on Medical Image Processing at the faculty of Applied Physics, University of Pisa. His research interests are image processing systems and filtering schemes inspired by the early stages of biological vision systems. He has 80 scientific publications and his objective is the development of common projects with people who work in the area of biological vision for the purpose of both understanding biological vision and developing image processing systems. Elisabetta Bianchini was born in Lucca, Italy, in 1975. She received the degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Pisa, Italy, in 2004. Since 2004 she is junior research at CNR, the Italian National Research Council, at the DSP lab in IFC (Institute of Clinical Physiology). Her field of interest is image processing and in particular development of methods for the assessment of indices of cardiovascular risk from ultrasound images. She is author or co-author of 14 scientific publications in international journals and conference proceedings. Francesco Faita was born in 1973 in La Spezia (Italy). In 2001 he graduated from Università degli Studi di Pisa obtaining the degree of Electronic Engineer. Since 2001, he has been working as a research fellow at the Institute of Clinical Physiology of the Italian National Research Council. His main research interests lie in Computer Vision, in particular in the field of ultrasound image motion estimation. A major focus of his research in the last years has been development of clinically applicable automated techniques for cardiovascular analysis and prediction of disease progression. He is author or co-author of 58 scientific publications in international journals and conference proceedings. Viencenzo Gemignani was born in 1969, in Viareggio (Italy). In 1995, he graduated in Electronic Engineering from the University of Pisa. Since 1996, he has been working at the Institute of Clinical Physiology of the Italian National Research Council. His main research interests are in diagnostic ultrasound, realtime image analysis and non-invasive patient monitoring systems. He teaches a course on DSP processors at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Pisa. He is author or coauthor of 40 scientific publications in international journals and conference proceedings and is co-inventor of 4 patents in the field of ultrasonic image processing.     

在结构与随机扰动下的大系统的稳定性

在本文中,我们给出了在结构与随机扰动下的动态大系统的稳定性分析,建立了这类大系统的依概率吸引性,依概率一致有界性,依概率大范围渐近稳定性,p吸引性,一致p有界性,和大范围渐近p稳定性的结论。这些结论的假设是由孤立子系统和与其联系的李亚普诺夫函数,受扰系统的结构和作用在子系统上的随机扰动表出的。     

古典青铜器设计中科学性与艺术性的统一

本文主要对于古典青铜器中科学技术的运用从其设计上科学性与艺术性的统一上进行了分析和研究。希望通过本文让大家对古典青铜器设计中科学性与艺术性的统一有一个了解和认识,以便日后更好地运用到现代的产品设计中。