深圳市政供水健康风险评价

目的对深圳市2012年市政供水的出厂水和末梢水进行健康风险评价。方法收集、分析全市2012年出厂水和末梢水水质监测数据,借鉴美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)推荐的风险评价模型,对3种基因毒物质砷、六价铬、镉和12种躯体毒物质铁、锰、挥发酚、氰化物、氟化物、铅、汞、氨氮、硝酸盐、铜、锌、硒进行成人和儿童的健康风险评价。结果 150份出厂水样和207份末梢水样检测结果表明,除1份末梢水样品锰超标和另1份末梢水样品硝酸盐超标外,其他样品所测项目均符合国家卫生标准《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)。出厂水躯体毒物质对成人和儿童的健康风险(HI)分别为178.04×10-8/年和249.96×10-8/年,末梢水对成人和儿童的风险分别为363.02×10-8/年和509.66×10-8/年,其中出厂水中铅的危害最大,末梢水中氟化物的危害最大。出厂水基因毒物质对成人和儿童的致癌风险(R)分别为25.60×10-6/年和28.51×10-6/年,末梢水对成人和儿童的R值分别为23.47×10-6/年和26.08×10-6/年,出厂水和末梢水中均以六价铬危害最大,排列顺序从高至低为R六价铬>R砷>R镉。出厂水3种基因毒物质和12种躯体毒物质对成人和儿童的总健康危害风险分别为27.38×10-6/年和31.00×10-6/年,末梢水基因毒和躯体毒物质对成人和儿童的总健康危害风险分别为27.10×10-6/年和31.17×10-6/年,基因毒物质的健康危害是最主要的,儿童的健康风险高于成人。结论深圳市市政供水15种化学物的个人年健康风险水平在国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10-5/年)范围内。同时提示致癌物的风险远大于非致癌物,致癌物中以六价铬风险最大,非致癌物中以铅和氟化物风险最大,儿童的风险高于成人。     

饮用水重金属等污染物健康风险的初步评价

重金属作为环境中普遍存在的一类高稳定、难降解、可累积的污染物,可通过工农业及生活废水的排放等途径进入水体,对水体环境和水生动植物产生严重危害,并可通过饮水、食物链等途径直接或间接的影响到人类的健康。针对目前重金属污染危害人体健康集中爆发的情况,以黄河下游地区A省及其省会B市为例,对全省饮用水中的镉、铬(六价)、铅、汞等重金属元素和砷等元素浓度进行了调查研究,应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对饮用水中金属元素及砷所引起的健康风险度作了初步评价。结果表明,A省和B市饮用水中的砷和镉、铬(六价)、铅、汞重金属平均浓度分别为2.3μg/L、1μg/L、4.2μg/L、5μg/L、0.044μg/L和0.94μg/L、0.9μg/L、4.3μg/L、4.3μg/L、0.044μg/L;通过饮水途径引起的致癌健康风险中A省、B市的铬(六价)致癌风险均为最大,风险分别为8.252×10-5·a-1和8.32×10-5·a-1,略高于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5·a-1),因此B市乃至A省的供水水质仍存在一定的健康风险,需要对饮用水中砷及重金属含量及时检测,并优先对其进行管理和控制。     

南昌市城市饮用水水质健康风险评价

目的对南昌市市政出厂水和末梢水进行健康危害风险度评价。方法于2014年丰水期(4月)和枯水期(10月)对城区8个市政水厂和20个末梢水点各采集水样1次,丰水期水样检测常规指标,枯水期8个出厂水和2个末梢水再加测非常规指标,再筛选出可检出的指标,利用美国环保局推荐的水质健康危害风险评价模型计算水质健康危害风险。结果各类检测指标均合格,水中基因毒物质砷所致的健康风险度远大于躯体毒物质所致的风险度,占总风险度的99.9%,但均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的有毒有害物质健康危害风险最大可接受水平。丰水期水质健康风险度要高于枯水期,出厂水和末梢水水质健康风险度接近。结论南昌市市政出厂水和末梢水个人年健康危害风险水平在国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平范围内,砷的健康风险值要高于美国环保局建议的1.00×10~(-6)/a风险控制水平,为优先关注和治理的污染物。     

某区南水北调通水后市政末梢水健康风险变化分析

目的分析某市某区南水北调通水前后市政末梢水中各项非致癌物质水平及所致健康风险的变化。方法在某区15个街道设置21个市政末梢水监测点,2014年—2015年期间每月监测1次,监测挥发酚、氰化物、氟化物、氨氮、硝酸盐、铁、锰、铅、汞、铜、锌、硒共12项非致癌物质含量。以2014年全年监测数据作为南水北调通水前的本底值,分析南水北调通水后2015年全年市政末梢水中非致癌物质水平的变化,运用健康风险评价模型评价南水北调前后市政末梢水中非致癌物质所致个人健康风险的改变。结果南水北调通水后某区市政末梢水非致癌物质中的氟化物、硝酸盐含量下降,铁含量升高,氟化物、硝酸盐的个人年健康风险均下降,铁的个人年健康风险升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。市政末梢水年总健康风险为3.326×10~(-9),低于南水北调通水前的4.068×10~(-9),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论南水北调通水前某区市政末梢水健康风险远低于USEPA、ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平,南水北调通水后市政末梢水健康风险明显下降。     

皖北某矿区中层地下水微量元素健康风险评价

为研究皖北某矿区松散层中部地下水中微量元素含量特征及其对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,对该矿区的水质进行了监测分析,并采用中国环保部《污染场地健康风险评价导则》(HJ25.3-2014)推荐的健康风险评价模型分析了该矿区中层地下水中微量元素经饮水途径所引起的健康风险。结果表明:所监测的微量元素浓度为Zn>Ni>Cu>Cd>Cr,其中,Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn浓度都在《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-93)中Ⅲ类水质标准的规定范围内,仅Ni有一个水样超过相应的标准限值,对该矿区的中层地下水水质无明显的影响;5种微量元素中仅Cr存在潜在致癌风险,风险均值为1.55×10^-6,超过了该模型推荐的评价标准(10^-6),但是与国内已报道的其他地区的致癌风险度无明显差异;5种微量元素虽有非致癌风险,但危害商远小于1,不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害。     

北方某沿海城市大型居住区饮用水健康风险评价

水中存在的As、Cd、Cr、Fe、Mn、Pb、V、NO~-_3、F~-等污染物质会对人体健康产生不利影响。运用美国国家环境保护局(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型,对北方某沿海城市大型居住区饮用水中3种化学致癌物(Cr、Cd、As)和6种非致癌物(Mn、Fe、Pb、V、NO~-_3、F~-)引起的健康风险作出评价。结果表明,研究区域饮用水中非致癌物质的个人年风险值远远小于致癌物。致癌物质个人年风险CrAsCd,且Cr的致癌风险值远大于Cd和As,应引起重视。非致癌物质个人年风险F~-NO~-_3PbFeMnV,但是非致癌物质对人体健康的危害极小。该区域饮用水中9种污染物质的人体健康总风险值低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)最大可接受风险水平,仅通过饮水途径暴露不会对人体健康产生严重不利影响。     

我国中小水厂三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的健康风险评价

中小水厂供水规模小、技术水平有限,消毒副产物及其对人体健康产生的潜在危害受到了广泛关注。为评价我国中小水厂出厂水中三卤甲烷和卤乙酸对人体健康产生的潜在危害,选取位于珠江流域、长江流域和淮河流域的4家中小水厂(A、B、C和D),于2016年6月、7月、8月、12月和2017年1月、2月采集出厂水水样共48份,检测三卤甲烷(三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、三溴甲烷)和卤乙酸(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸)含量,并结合美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对以经口摄入为暴露途径所引起的健康风险进行评价。4家中小水厂出厂水中三卤甲烷的含量为12.06～47.79μg/L,卤乙酸含量为10.38～47.26μg/L,各水厂出厂水的经口致癌健康风险分别为7.47×10~(-5)、6.88×10~(-5)、6.27×10~(-5)和8.70×10~(-5),非致癌健康风险分别为0.179、0.157、0.177、0.207。4家水厂出厂水中的消毒副产物浓度没有超过国标限值,经口致癌和非致癌健康风险均在USEPA的可接受风险水平。     

六安市城区饮用水中氯仿和四氯化碳健康风险初评

目的运用健康风险评价方法定量描述六安市城区饮用水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳含量,评价其对人体健康产生潜在风险。方法 2014年,根据六安市城区(金安区、裕安区、开发区)人口的聚集程度设置水质监测点,并对监测点的水样进行采集和检测。结果六安市城区饮用水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳的浓度(中位数)分别为0.035 mg/L和0.0002 mg/L,致癌个人风险为59.3×10~(-6)和1.10×10~(-6),非致癌健康风险值个人健康风险为0.1912和0.0122。结论六安市城区饮用水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳对人体健康产生的潜在致癌个人风险和非致癌健康风险均在美国环境保护署(US EPA)可以接受的限值之内。     

银川市集中式饮用水水源地水质健康风险评价

运用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型对银川市东郊、南郊、北郊在用集中式饮用水水源地2018年水质进行健康风险评价,结果表明:3个水源地污染物健康危害总风险均低于ICRP和USEPA推荐值。东郊水源地以非致癌物风险为主,风险最大的是氟化物。南郊、北郊水源地以致癌物风险为主,风险污染物为砷。     

长江镇江段苯酚污染事件残留物健康风险评估研究

目的针对突发苯酚水污染事件的残留污染问题,评估慢性苯酚暴露的人群健康风险。方法通过布点采样检测评估发现苯酚的残留污染;在资料完备性审查的基础上,采用健康风险评价四步法,即危害鉴定、剂量反应关系评定、暴露评价和风险表征,针对苯酚的残留汚染评估其慢性健康风险。结果镇江突发水污染事件与苯酚泄露有关,自2012年发生至今,长江镇江段底泥和水体中应残留少量的酚类汚染。危害识别发现慢性苯酚暴露的关键危害效应终点为苯酚经口摄入暴露导致怀孕母亲体重增加减缓,对应的非致癌危害效应参考剂量值为0.3 mg/(kg·d)。终生暴露情景下,依据苯酚含量算术均值估算苯酚经口饮水途径的日均外暴露量为6×10~(-5) mg/(kg·d),突发事件的外暴露增量为3×10~(-5) mg/(kg·d);依据苯酚含量最大值估算苯酚经口饮水途径的日均外暴露量为2.4×10~(-4) mg/(kg·d),突发事件的外暴露增量为2.1×10~(-4) mg/(kg·d);日均外暴露量和暴露增量均小于苯酚经口摄入暴露途径导致怀孕母亲体重增加减缓所对应的参考剂量值。依据苯酚含量算术均值估算的健康危害指数为2×10~(-4),健康危害指数增量为1×10~(-4);依据苯酚含量最大值估算的健康危害指数为8×10~(-4),健康危害指数增量为7×10~(-4);慢性苯酚暴露的非致癌健康风险及突发事件带来的健康风险增量均处于可接受水平。结论苯酚残留污染可以通过经口饮水途径进入人体,但是,慢性苯酚暴露的非致癌健康风险及突发事件带来的健康风险增量均很低。本研究方法对类似水污染突发事件残留污染的健康风险评估具有借鉴意义。     

浅析高速公路工程招投标中的最低评标价法

结合目前高速公路施工项目招投标活动的实际情况,阐述了最低评标价法的概念,归纳了其优点及存在问题,对完善最低评标价法提出几点策略,以期促进招标投标市场更加规范有序。     

Place-Making in Megaprojects in Melbourne

This article analyses state-led place-making practices in Melbourne. The two levels of government that influence planning in Melbourne make much of the city as ‘culturally vibrant’ and ‘creative’, and have incorporated creative city-inspired place-making principles into many layers of the planning system. An examination of the development of two mixed-use megaprojects in central Melbourne reveals however that ideals of culturally engaging public places, and indeed of creative landscapes for middle-class consumption, wither in the face of more basic imperatives for economic development. In these case studies the ‘creative city’, no matter how the idea is interpreted, has little traction either as a set of inclusive place-making principles or as a gentrification strategy. The article concludes that the creative city-inspired place-making objectives in the planning system at both state and local levels are ambiguous in their overall intents and completely unsupported by statutory controls. Such place-making objectives as are realised are the compromised results of the interplay of uncoordinated decisions, delivered at the pleasure of the developer.     

Pathogens in septage in Vietnam

Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l^− 1, and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l^− 1. Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage.     

新时期广东城市化的新特点

新时期广东城市化出现以下特点:知识源导向、城市由单体向群体化发展、产业集群推动、政府主导自上而下的集约化发展、城镇化向城市化转变、由重“数量”发展向重“质量”发展的转变。     

在市场中实践在实践中学习在学习中进步--工程公司市场化进程的回顾与展望

近两年来，工程公司在提高市场竞争意识、推动市场化进程中做了大量工作，其中坚持走出去的方针是我们自我加压、推行加快市场化步伐的一个重要战略步骤。     

新形势下高校强化基建财务管理的探讨

在市场条件下高校基建财务人员在加强日常财务管理的同时,必须树立起高度的工作责任心,抓好事前监督、事中监督、事后监督三个环节,全面理解、贯彻执行《高等学校财务制度》,管好用好各项基本建设资金,提高基建财务管理水平,更好地完成高校各项基建任务,以有限的投资,最快的建设速度,获得最大的投资效益。     

Experiences in radon-safe building in Finland

A study was made of radon-safe buildings in 300 Finnish low-rise residential buildings using data obtained from a questionnaire study. The study also aims at finding the main defects in design and implementation and how the guidance given on radon-safe buildings in slab-on-grade houses has been followed. According to the guidelines, the prevention of the flow of radon-bearing air from the soil into the house is recommended to be carried out through installation of aluminised bitumen felt and use of elastic sealants. Second, as a precaution perforated piping should be installed in the subsoil of the floor slab. The median indoor radon concentration in the houses was 155 Bq/m3. This is 32% lower than the median of the estimated reference values. The action level of 200 Bq/m3 was still exceeded in 40% of the houses. In most houses with slab-on-grade the prevention was based only on the installation of a sub-slab depressurisation system. Sealing was performed in a low number of houses. In 80% of houses with a sub-slab piping connected to an operating fan, radon concentration was below the action level of 200 Bq/m3. In houses with piping but no fan, the corresponding fraction was only 45%. Sub-slab piping without a fan had no remarkable effect on radon concentration. In houses with crawl-space and edge-thickened slabs, radon concentrations were low. The choice of foundation system thus significantly affects the indoor radon concentration. The importance of complete and careful sealing work should be stressed in advice and guides concerning radon prevention.     

浅谈我国工程项目建设成本控制存在的问题

结合目前我国施工企业工程项目成本管理现状,对工程项目成本管理过程中存在的问题进行了较详细的分析,并提出了一些解决问题的办法,以做好项目成本控制工作,进而增强企业经济实力。     

2008年日本火灾情况

<正>1火灾总数在2008年(1～12月),日本发生的火灾总数为52 394起,与2007年相比减少了2 188起(4.0%)。这相当于平均1天大约发生143起火灾,每10min发生一起火灾。火灾类别(见表1)。     

Variation in property taxation in Tulsa

Conclusions It may be reasonably concluded from this study that the range of variation in these ratios of assessed to actual value are of a reasonable size for the great majority of cases. The frequency distribution of these sample ratios was not normal, however, as was assumed a process of this type would produce. On the other hand, the failure of the regression analysis to identify any significant variables which would explain these variations would tend to re-enforce the assumption that the fluctuations were indeed of a random nature.To sum it up in one paragraph, aside from a few extreme cases, the assessing process appears to give estimates which are more consistent than would be expected under the assumption that any errors would be of a random nature, but the regression analysis was unable to isolate any particular socioeconomic characteristics which would explain the variation which was present.Financial support for this research project was furnished by the University of Tulsa.