Polarimetric detection of objects buried in snowpack by a syntheticaperture FM-CW radar

Presents experimental results of polarimetric detection of objects buried in a natural snowpack by a synthetic aperture FM-CW radar. First, the principle of polarimetric imaging in the Co- and Cross(X)-pol radar channels is outlined based on the scattering matrix and the characteristic polarization states for a specific target. Then, polarimetric measurements were carried out to detect objects buried in a natural snowpack 230 cm deep. The targets included two orthogonally placed metallic plates, an ice layer within the snowpack, and a human body. It is shown that the polarimetric FM-CW radar clearly enhances target signatures and that it serves to significantly improve detection in snowpack. Several polarimetric detection results are displayed, demonstrating the potential capability of characteristic polarization imaging and the usefulness of FM-CW radar     

Advanced polarimetric subsurface FM-CW radar

The subsurface radar suffers from two typical problems, i.e., strong clutter from surface and severe wave attenuation in the underground. This paper presents a unique countermeasure to these problems using a polarimetric FM-CW radar and an equivalent sensitivity time control (STC) technique. The authors apply the polarimetric filtering principle to suppress surface clutter either in the Co-pol channel or in the X-pol channel of synthetic aperture radar, yielding to polarimetric enhanced target image. This technique works when the surface clutter and target have different polarization properties. Moreover, they use an equivalent STC technique specially suited for FM-CW radar for a deep object sounding to compensate wave attenuation within the ground. These techniques contribute to a significant improvement of the radar performance and the detection image contrast, although the detection of the target is in general a much more complicated topic. The field experiments were carried out to show the usefulness of the method. Some detection results are presented     

Two-dimensional and full polarimetric imaging by a syntheticaperture FM-CW radar

Applies the principle of radar polarimetry to a synthetic aperture frequency-modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) radar and presents results based on two-dimensional (2D) full polarimetric imaging. It is shown that the polarimetric target reflection coefficients obtained by the synthetic aperture FM-CW radar are elements of a Sinclair scattering matrix, although the coefficients are derived from a wide band signal. Using the scattering matrix optimization procedure, a 2D polarimetric imaging experiment (including Co-Pol maximum, minimum, span, and phase imaging) of an orthogonally placed linear target set was successfully carried out in the laboratory. This result demonstrates the validity of N-band (8.2-9.2 GHz) FM-CW radar polarimetry, and it presents a demonstration of a full polarimetric 2D FM-CW imaging radar system     

High-resolution nonsinusoidal radars with three-dimensional targetstructure

A 3D target structure along with a coordinate system transformation will enable a high-resolution ground-based radar looking up at a target or an airborne radar looking down on a target to perform target recognition at all azimuth and elevation or look-down angles. Target dimensions such as length, width, and height are characterized by a three-dimensional surface as a function of azimuth and elevation angles. Target signatures for transmitted pulses with beta time variation are obtained as a function of target extent, azimuth, and elevation or look-down angles. An average range resolution is defined to accommodate the large variation in range resolution with target orientation. Target recognition based on target shape can distinguish airplane targets with a variable structure, though the database may not contain a matched sample target signature to the observed one. A distributed ground clutter model has been analyzed to obtain ground clutter variations with azimuth and elevation angles. In addition, the peak magnitude of clutter-to-signal ratio has been determined for a clutter area with a varying number of point scatterers. The analysis and target recognition of a radar receiver consisting of a sliding correlator to suppress noise followed by a three-pulse canceller to eliminate clutter has been carried out in terms of input target signatures     

FM—CW SAR系统及其发展概况

FM-CW SAR是一种新近被提出来的成像雷达体制，它结合连续波与合成孔径成像技术，具有体积小、重量轻、成本低、分辨率高等一系列优点。文章概述了FM-CW SAR系统及其信号处理特点，讨论了FM-CW SAR系统实现的难题所在；归纳了目前FM-CW SAR的几种应用背景及其主要参数；根据FM-CW SAR发展概况，讨论了FM-CW SAR进一步的发展趋势。     

雷达地面运动目标的频谱研究

动目标检测雷达的检测性能，很大程度上取了以决于多普勒滤波器的频谱特性是否与真实运动目标频谱相匹配。     

FM-CW SAR距离徙动算法研究

FM-CW SAR是一种新近被提出来的雷达成像体制,它结合连续波与合成孔径成像技术,具有结构简单、体积小、重量轻和分辨率高等一系列优点。文中结合调频连续波特性与合成孔径雷达工作特点,对调频连续波合成孔径雷达波数域成像算法进行了研究。推导了调频连续波信号的波数域模型,研究了调频周期内平台连续运动对调频连续波合成孔径雷达波数域模型的影响,进而提出了一种适用于调频连续波合成孔径雷达的改进距离徙动算法,并通过仿真验证了改进算法的有效性。     

三孔径天线DPCA实现星载SAR动目标检测的方法

地杂波抑制是实现星栽合成孔径雷达地面运动目标检测的一个关键问题。本文给出了对DPCA条件下的三孔径天线回波数据，利用类似动目标显示(MTI)雷达中三脉冲对消滤波器的原理来抑制地杂波，从而实现星栽合成孔径雷达(SAR)动目标检测的方法。首先介绍了三脉冲对消器的原理及其频率响应特性，然后在建立星载SAR沿航迹向三孔径天线空间几何模型和机理分析的基础上，推导了对三孔径天线回波用三脉冲对消实现被地面背景杂波淹没的运动目标的检测方法。最后，用计算机仿真结果验证了其有效性。     

DS数据融合算法在近地防撞目标识别中的应用

针对近地防撞系统被测目标的不确定性问题,根据DS证据理论,在分析数据融合过程的基础上,建立数据融合模型,结合模糊控制方法,得出红外和雷达两种探测器对各被测目标的信度函数分配以及融合后的信度函数分配,从而确定被测目标。单探测器与融合结果比较说明多传感器融合算法具有较高的准确性。该面向目标的数据融合算法,为实现飞机地面防撞系统的目标探测提供了理论基础。     

An analytical model for studies of soil modification effects onground penetrating radar

Due to the similar dielectric constants of buried nonmetallic targets and dry soils, it is often difficult to detect and identify nonmetallic targets with ground penetrating radar. The addition of properly chosen chemical agents to modify soil properties can potentially provide improved detection. Previous studies using waveguide experiments have shown that the addition of water improves dielectric contrasts but also increases loss so that target detectability is not necessarily improved. The addition of liquid nitrogen to wet soils can reduce background medium loss and restore target visibility, and waveguide studies of target detection through controlled depth of nitrogen penetration have shown that scattering can be significantly enhanced if an optimal amount of nitrogen is added. A simple physical optics (PO) model for scattering from a three-dimensional target buried below a half space is presented, and it is shown that the radar cross section of the target depends on the dielectric contrast with and attenuation in the background medium. The model is validated through comparison with a method of moments code and found to yield accurate predictions for near normal incidence geometries. Analytical studies of target detection with two concepts of soil modification are then described: obtaining an “optimal” homogeneous soil water content and the addition of a large quantity of water along with an optimal amount of liquid nitrogen. Finally, initial tests of these soil modification techniques with a dielectric rod antenna ground penetrating radar are performed and demonstrate that the addition of liquid nitrogen to excessively wet soils can reduce loss and enhance target visibility     

New methods of radar performances analysis

Original methods for radar detection performance analysis are derived for a fluctuating or non-fluctuating target embedded in additive and a priori unknown noise. This kind of noise can be, for example, the sea or ground clutter encountered in surface-based radar for the detection of low grazing angle targets and/or in high-resolution radar. In these cases, the spiky clutter tends to have a statistic which strongly differs from the Gaussian assumption. Therefore, the detection theory is no longer appropriate since the nature of statistics has to be known. The new methods proposed here are based on the parametric modelling of the moment generating function of the noise envelope by Padé approximation, and lead to a powerful estimation of its probability density function. They allow to evaluate the radar detection performances of targets embedded in arbitrary noise without knowledge of the closed form of its statistic and in the same way to take into account any possible fluctuation of the target. These methods have been tested successfully on synthetic signals and used on experimental signals such as ground clutter.     

基于封闭式鲁棒中国余数定理的两目标距离估计算法

工作在高脉冲重复频率（Pulsed Repetition Frequency, PRF）模式下的脉冲多普勒（Pulse Doppler, PD）雷达具有复杂气象杂波和强地杂波背景下检测运动目标的能力,但是远距离目标检测存在距离模糊问题。传统的解距离模糊算法大都采用参差重频模式下的中国余数定理（Chinese Remainder Theorem, CRT）,但是由于多目标的视在距离与目标的对应关系事先未知,对基于中国余数定理算法进行距离估计带来困难。该文提出一种基于封闭式鲁棒中国余数定理的两个目标距离估计的方法,该方法无需考虑视在距离与目标的对应关系,在视在距离存在误差的情况下,利用封闭式的简单解析方法快速准确地重构出两个目标的真实距离。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该文所提方法可以高效地实现高PRF雷达两个远距离目标的距离估计。      

Capabilities of Dual-Frequency Millimeter Wave SAR With Monopulse Processing for Ground Moving Target Indication

Ground moving target indication (GMTI) for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides information on nonstatic objects in radar imagery of a static ground scene. An efficient approach for GMTI is the use of multichannel SAR systems for a space- and time-variant analysis of moving targets. This allows the indication, correction of position displacement, and estimation of radial velocity components of moving targets in a SAR image. All three steps are possible due to a determinable Doppler frequency shift in the radar signal caused by radial target movement. This paper focuses on the millimeter wave (mmW) SAR system MEMPHIS with multichannel amplitude-comparison monopulse data acquisition and the ability to use carrier frequencies of 35 and 94 GHz simultaneously, making it a dual-frequency SAR. This paper includes mmW-specific SAR GMTI considerations, an adaptive algorithm to collect velocity and position information on moving targets with mmW monopulse radar, and a discussion on GMTI blind speed elimination and target velocity ambiguity resolving by dual-frequency SAR. To determine the capabilities of both, system and algorithm, three large-scale experiments with MEMPHIS in different environments are presented     

Range Compression and Waveform Optimization for MIMO Radar: A CramÉr–Rao Bound Based Study

A multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar system, unlike standard phased-array radar, can transmit via its antennas multiple probing signals that may be correlated or uncorrelated with each other. This waveform diversity offered by MIMO radar enables superior capabilities compared with a standard phased-array radar. One of the common practices in radar has been range compression. We first address the question of ldquoto compress or not to compressrdquo by considering both the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) and the sufficient statistic for parameter estimation. Next, we consider MIMO radar waveform optimization for parameter estimation for the general case of multiple targets in the presence of spatially colored interference and noise. We optimize the probing signal vector of a MIMO radar system by considering several design criteria, including minimizing the trace, determinant, and the largest eigenvalue of the CRB matrix. We also consider waveform optimization by minimizing the CRB of one of the target angles only or one of the target amplitudes only. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approaches we consider herein.     

一种多通道探地雷达数据实时融合方法

针对不同工程实例的需求,采用新的处理方法,使多通道探地雷达能在一个视图中实时输出所有通道信息。该方法以数据融合技术为基础,具体实现分为三步:首先,进行带通滤波、时空校准和坐标转换等预处理;然后,采取信息熵这一度量参数和加权平均的融合准则进行实时计算;最后,利用自动增益对融合数据补偿、增强。多通道探地雷达数据实时融合结果能同时显示所有通道检测到的目标或异常,根据各通道信息熵的大小,能在发现目标的同时进行快速定位。该方法使多通道探地雷达的数据显示突破了传统方式的局限性,改善了滞后性,满足了工程应用对目标快速定位的要求。     

Calibration of a polarimetric radar using a rotatable dihedralcorner reflector

Based on the existing mathematical formalisms of radar polarimetry, it is necessary to perform accurate and diversified polarimetric measurements in the real world to thoroughly investigate signature definition, identification, and classification of radar targets. For this study the Delft Atmospheric Research Radar (DARR) is used. This ground-based polarimetric FM-CW radar operates in the S-band. The purpose of the present paper is the polarimetric calibration of the DARR. Among the passive reflectors, a rotatable dihedral corner reflector is a suitable calibration object. It enables one to measure different scattering matrices with only one reflector. One alignment must be performed and the scattering matrices are measured at the same range. By measuring several scattering matrices, the accuracy of the calibration result can be estimated. A measurement campaign with a rotatable dihedral corner reflector was therefore performed. The experimental results and the calibration procedure are presented in this paper     

一种高精度机载GMTI雷达数据滤波方法

针对机载GMTI雷达地面机动慢速多目标跟踪难题,提出了一种新颖的高精度机载GMTI雷达数据滤波跟踪方法。针对机载GMTI相控阵雷达的特点,引入一种新的机载GMTI雷达量测模型,采用Doppler伪量测形式减弱Doppler量测与目标状态之间的强非线性关系,并进行了量测误差转换;通过论述发现,采用运算速度较快的UKF滤波器进行非线性滤波估计,可以有效地降低由机体坐标系到地面站惯性坐标系的复杂变换引起的估计误差放大。实验证明,该方法可以有效地提高地面机动多目标的跟踪精度,满足实际雷达跟踪系统要求。     

一种有效的机载火控雷达地面动目标检测方法

研究机载火控雷达检测地面慢速目标的方法。由于机载火控雷达采用前向阵,脉冲重复频率低,使得杂波多普勒频率多重模糊。分析了机载火控雷达检测地面慢速目标的特点,提出了一种非自适应的干涉对消法与自适应的AMTI方法相结合的检测方法。分析结果表明,这种方法对雷达平台运动参数的估计精度要求较低,工程上易于实现。     

粗糙地面上复杂目标的正向散射中心参数化建模研究

为了研究复杂目标与粗糙地面的复合电磁散射,提出了一种粗糙地面上复杂目标散射中心参数化建模的方法.首先对复杂目标进行高精度三维几何建模,同时对地面的三维几何模型进行数值模拟.然后直接从模型出发,采用射线分裂追踪技术对空间射线进行标记与归类,将复杂环境和目标的强散射源进行分离及定量表征.最后基于属性散射中心模型形式,正向确定散射中心模型的参数,构建粗糙地面上复杂目标散射中心参数化模型.文章给出了裸土上坦克的散射中心参数化模型,并将重构的合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）图像与可信的高频算法仿真SAR图像进行对比分析,重构结果与仿真结构具有较好的一致性,验证了对该类目标进行参数化建模的有效性,拓展了正向参数化建模目标适用范围.     

Information theory and radar waveform design

The use of information theory to design waveforms for the measurement of extended radar targets exhibiting resonance phenomena is investigated. The target impulse response is introduced to model target scattering behavior. Two radar waveform design problems with constraints on waveform energy and duration are then solved. In the first, a deterministic target impulse response is used to design waveform/receiver-filter pairs for the optimal detection of extended targets in additive noise. In the second, a random target impulse response is used to design waveforms that maximize the mutual information between a target ensemble and the received signal in additive Gaussian noise. The two solutions are contrasted to show the difference between the characteristics of waveforms for extended target detection and information extraction. The optimal target detection solution places as much energy as possible in the largest target scattering mode under the imposed constraints on waveform duration and energy. The optimal information extraction solution distributes the energy among the target scattering modes in order to maximize the mutual information between the target ensemble and the received radar waveform