苯甲酸蒸馏塔内结构件腐蚀失效的原因及改进措施

苯甲酸蒸馏塔内结构件腐蚀失效严重,过去对其机理、相关环境影响及选材方面的研究报道较少.通过化学、电化学、金相、电镜、能谱分析等手段,考察了苯甲酸蒸馏塔内结构件的腐蚀失效状况,对使用国产316不锈钢制造的结构件的失效原因进行了宏观、微观分析.结果表明,其腐蚀类型为晶界腐蚀和晶间型应力腐蚀,腐蚀的起因是由于碳化物和磷、硅等元素在晶界的偏析所致;另外,塔内高温、应力和混合有机酸的复合作用也加速了材料阳极的溶解过程,导致塔内结构件快速腐蚀失效.针对上述结果提出了苯甲酸生产过程中设备的选材和防腐蚀方法,以减轻乃至避免腐蚀的发生,为今后设备国产化提供科学依据.     

井下油井单根连接刺漏失效分析

采用常规理化测试手段和高温高压釜模拟试验研究了井下油井单根连接油管和接箍的刺漏失效原因。结果表明:油管和接箍的失效是由于管内介质中含有CO2和O2,导致其发生了CO2腐蚀和氧腐蚀;另外由于油管和接箍螺纹连接处存在应力集中以及井底高温和流体介质的冲刷作用,进一步加速了油管和接箍的腐蚀进程,使其管壁产生缺损,最终发生刺漏失效。     

塔里木油田某联合站L245钢生产汇管腐蚀穿孔的原因分析

塔里木油田某联合站L245钢生产汇管在焊缝和弯管等部位频繁出现腐蚀穿孔现象。通过对穿孔管样壁厚测量、形貌观察、化学成分及金相组织结构、力学性能和物相等的分析,并结合现场运行工况,考察了其失效原因。结果显示:涂层失效露出金属本体后发生了CO_2腐蚀,在温度60℃高含氯离子情况下,加剧了腐蚀速率,是导致管线频繁穿孔的主要原因,并根据失效原因给出了针对性的建议措施。     

延迟焦化炉辐射管失效分析

通过宏观和金相分析以及力学性能测试，分析了延迟焦化炉辐射管出现不同失效形式的原因，结果表明，严重短时超温服役是造成渗铝炉管发生高温蠕变失效的直接原因，而未渗铝炉管的实际服役温度比渗铝管低，但已远超过该钢抗氧化、腐蚀的最高温度，因而仅因严重氧化和腐蚀已足以导致管壁显著减薄而失效。     

S135级钢钻杆断裂分析

通过对钻杆的现场资料收集,对断裂钻杆断口的宏观、微观分析以及能谱分析,对钻杆材料进行化学成分、力学性能和金相试验,将其与钻杆的现场服役环境相结合,最终找出了导致本钻杆发生早期断裂失效的原因是由于该钻杆在服役过程中发生了应力腐蚀破坏,提出了一些防止应力腐蚀失效的措施.     

某注水井P110油管外腐蚀穿孔原因分析

通过对注水井腐蚀穿孔油管进行宏观形貌、材质性能及腐蚀产物成分的分析,结合服役工况调研和油管中性点计算,对注水井P110油管外腐蚀穿孔原因进行了探讨.研究结果表明:全井深油管仅腐蚀穿孔P110油管出现明显局部腐蚀,且失效油管腐蚀形貌呈"溃疡状",同时该失效油管位于中性点以下,处于正弦屈曲状态;穿孔油管材质性能符合标准API SPEC 5CT-2011对P110钢的要求,油管外壁腐蚀产物主要为FeOOH和CaCO3.因此,P110油管在屈曲状态下与套管接触形成缝隙,而后发生缝隙腐蚀失效.腐蚀类型为吸氧腐蚀,腐蚀主控因素为缝隙效应和溶解氧含量,腐蚀机理为闭塞电池的酸化自催化效应.     

某油井油管短节断裂原因分析

某油井生产11个月后发生油管短节断裂失效事故。通过对失效油管短节的宏观和微观形貌观察、显微组织分析、力学性能测试、化学成分分析,查明了其断裂失效原因。结果表明:该油管短节断裂主要是由于在油井生产工况下,油管内壁发生了多裂纹源的应力腐蚀开裂,然后在腐蚀和机械载荷的共同作用下,裂纹不断扩展并相互连接,当裂纹穿透管壁后表现为腐蚀疲劳开裂,最终导致油管短节断裂失效;油管短节加工工艺不当,提高了其断裂失效的概率。     

20/316L双金属管的腐蚀失效原因分析

随着20/316L双金属管在油气生产中的推广应用,关于内衬316L不锈钢的腐蚀失效问题日益突出,尤其是条件苛刻的酸性集输环境下,目前相关研究不多.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等测试手段对20/316L双金属管在含H2S-Cl-的酸性集输环境中出现的腐蚀失效问题进行了系统分析,探讨了腐蚀失效的原因.结果表明:20/316L双金属管腐蚀类型为局部腐蚀,主要分布于内衬管316L的底部.腐蚀失效的主要原因是腐蚀介质中存在高浓度的H2S与Cl-,共同促进了钝化膜的破裂与点蚀的发展.当存在较高浓度的H2S与Cl-时,钝化膜薄弱处与电位较低的非金属夹杂物处易发生钝化膜的破裂与金属基体的快速溶解而成为点蚀源,形成点蚀.     

某车体6005A铝合金边梁的腐蚀失效行为研究

某列车车体吊挂牵引变流器一侧6005A铝合金边梁在检修过程中发现腐蚀严重,为探究其腐蚀原因,采用宏微观形貌观察、EDS能谱分析、金相组织分析、化学成分分析等分析手段并结合现场实际运行情况对边梁进行失效分析。结果表明：6005A铝合金边梁发生了晶间腐蚀,裂纹萌生于表面并沿晶界向内部扩展,由于边梁处于排污口附近的腐蚀环境中,在边梁局部区域表面形成了晶间腐蚀裂纹,材料局部表面基体脱落,从而使边梁腐蚀失效。     

炼油厂制氢装置奥氏体不锈钢变径管的应力腐蚀破坏

对炼油厂制氢装置低温段奥氏体不锈钢的变径管所出现的破裂失效原因进行了分析.结果表明变径管失效是应力腐蚀引起的.应力腐蚀裂纹起源于变径管焊缝内表面热影响区,变径管加工过程中所形成的不均匀粗大组织是促进应力腐蚀的主要原因.     

燃料气换热器管束鼓包开裂分析

某燃料气换热器在运行过程中发现其换热管束出现多处鼓包开裂现象,为查明鼓包开裂原因,对换热管束进行了宏观和微观检验、化学成分分析、金相检验和扫描电镜分析。结果表明:换热管内存在压力波动、换热管壁厚不均匀、壳程介质H2S含量较高以及换热管材料中存在,夹杂物都是导致其鼓包开裂的原因;换热管壁厚较薄处容易形成应力集中,使该处硫化氢腐蚀严重,壁厚进一步减薄,当壁厚减薄达到一定值时,在管内压力波动作用下形成鼓包,随着腐蚀的加剧和压力波动的继续作用,最终导致换热管于鼓包处产生裂纹,进而发生泄漏。     

高压换热器U形管管口开裂分析

对高压换热器U型管泄漏进行了化学成分分析、力学性能测试、显微组织和断口的宏微观分析。检验结果显示，换热管材料的化学成分和力学性能符合相关标准的要求，显微组织正常；换热器管口开裂为连多硫酸应力腐蚀开裂。     

换热器管焊接开裂分析

换热器管子在焊接过程中产生开裂。对开裂管的化学成分、力学性能、断口及金相组织进行了检验与分析。结果表明，换热器管开裂是由管子存在原始裂纹所引起的。     

乙烯装置急冷换热器垢样的成因分析

采用粉末X射线衍射分析,结合扫描电镜-能谱分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析和碳氢元素分析等方法对某乙烯装置急冷换热器的垢样形成原因进行了分析。结果表明：该垢样是烃类裂解气中的二氧化碳与裂解物料中的微量钙离子反应生成的方解石、铁电化学腐蚀产生的磁赤铁矿、磁铁矿和赤铁矿晶体以及烃类裂解反应的缩合产物非晶碳等在急冷换热器上缓慢结垢形成的;可见粉未X射线衍射法辅以人工智能可以快速、准确地鉴定出乙烯装置急冷换热器垢样中的晶体物相。     

Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking in heat exchanger tubes during start-up operation

The cracking failure of a new heat exchanger during first start-up operation has been analyzed. Through the investigation of the operating history of the equipment, analysis of the chemical compositions of tube material and corrosion products, metallographic test of specimens with cracks, the cracking mode can be described as the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steel. This kind of cracking was induced by the chloride in high temperature steam and tensile stress. The residual tensile stress due to seal expansion has been proved by numerical calculation. The pre-heating steam which was polluted by the catalyst with chloride is the main reason for the tube cracking in this case.     

压力设备腐蚀失效案例统计分析

收集整理近年来有关压力容器管道的腐蚀失效案例,并对其进行了归纳与分析.从整体的腐蚀情况来看,应力腐蚀及其它应力作用下的腐蚀失效形式是压力容器管道比较突出的腐蚀失效问题,同时奥氏体不锈钢、碳钢及低合金钢三种材料的腐蚀失效较严重.     

Corrosion analysis of a heat‐exchanger in epichlorophydrin production process

The failure of E230 heat‐exchanger in the production of epichlorophydrin (ECH) form dichloropropanol (DCP) was analyzed and material solutions are recommended. The analysis indicates that the combined effect of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and dissolution of HCl and HClO in the DCP mixture solution in the E230 heat‐exchanger chamber to the tube surface and chamber wall contributes to the failure of heat‐exchanger tubes and the perforation of E230 heat‐exchanger chamber. It is recommended to reduce the content of Cl^– in the DCP mixture solution and to increase its pH. Titanium, Type 316L stainless steel (SS), and electroless Ni‐P coating can be considered as the candidate materials. Also, the process can be divided into two series step with one step heating the temperature from 30°C to 60°C, and the other step heating the temperature from 60°C to 90°C. For the lower temperature step, the Type 316L SS or electroless Ni‐P coating can be used. For the higher temperature step, Titanium can be applied. Periodic cleaning of the tube surface and chamber inner surface deposit is necessary. Intensifying the in‐service inspection and monitoring is also required.     

筒型翅片管换热器空气侧换热模型分析与实验

本文对筒型翅片管换热器的空气侧流动特点进行了理论分析,基于现有换热模型提出了一种能够反映筒型翅片管换热器结构特点的集中参数形式的换热因子关联式。通过实验对比了筒型和普通型的换热因子,对理论分析进行验证,结果表明:现有换热模型对筒型翅片管换热器的预测误差较大,平均相对误差达到81.16%;对传统换热器预测较准,平均误差为7.53%;使用本文实验数据拟合后的新关联式对筒型换热器平均相对误差仅为8.86%,对传统换热器平均误差为8.80%,且误差分布均匀,大幅提高了关联式对筒型翅片管换热器的预测精度,也保持了对传统换热器的预测精度。     

Experimental assessment of thermal grain boundary embrittlement after tubeplate failure in a petrochemical heat exchanger

The analysis of multiple cracks in a heat exchanger tubeplate at a petrochemical plant led to experimental replication of in-service damage. High lifting stresses created a first leak that was repaired. Extended branched intergranular cracking developed from the tubeplate surface around the repair weld after few weeks of renewed operation. Chemical analyses failed to detect Na on crack surfaces, while operative conditions also allowed discarding a typical SCC cracking mechanism. Lack of radial interference between tubes and plate, lack of penetration and lack of fusion at tube to tubeplate weld roots were also thought as contributors to cracking. Microstructural analyses revealed martensite clusters in welds and HAZ, and austenite grain boundary precipitates in the tubeplate base material. Thermal cycles were applied to ex-service samples to replicate the conditions for these brittle micro constituents, which were found to be unstable at operating temperatures. Mechanical testing also replicated grain boundary weakness. This inadequate structure was related to welding without proper thermal cycles and heat treatments.     

Failure of hydrocracker heat exchanger tubes in an oil refinery by polythionic acid-stress corrosion cracking

Heat exchanger tubes of a hydrocracker unit in an oil refinery developed cracks at the bent sections after about 48 h of operation at 400 °C following a period of downtime. The tubes were fabricated from 321 stainless steel. Detailed analysis by various electron-optical techniques and X-ray diffraction showed that the tubes were cracked by stress corrosion cracking induced by polythionic acid. Due to the presence of H₂S in the environment, the inner surface of the tubes was converted into sulfur-bearing scale during operation. This could promote the formation of polythionic acid by aqueous condensates during downtime leading to cracking in the presence of residual internal stresses.