骨料粒径对混凝土劈拉性能及尺寸效应影响的细观数值研究

混凝土材料宏观力学行为的非线性及尺寸效应根源于其内部组成的非均质性。考虑材料细观结构非均质性的影响,建立由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质和界面过渡区组成的混凝土细观尺度力学模型。对尺寸为150 mm、250 mm、350 mm和450 mm的混凝土立方体模型劈裂抗拉破坏行为进行细观数值模拟,探讨骨料粒径（最大粒径分别为:10 mm、20 mm、30 mm和40 mm）的影响机制,并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:1） 混凝土材料的劈裂抗拉强度随着骨料粒径增大而略微降低,最大骨料粒径达到30 mm左右时,强度降低趋势变缓;2） 四种骨料粒径下混凝土立方体劈裂抗拉强度均存在尺寸效应现象,相比于大骨料试件,小骨料试件的破坏更具脆性,因而其尺寸效应更显著;3） 混凝土劈裂抗拉强度尺寸效应行为与 Ba?ant和Weibull提出的尺寸效应理论相吻合。     

钢纤维和碳纤维的混合效应对高性能混凝土力学性能的影响

通过在混凝土基体中加入一种纤维和混合纤维,制备了高性能混凝土试件和混合纤维高性能混凝土试件。通过劈裂抗拉强度试验和落锤冲击试验,研究了单掺钢纤维、单掺碳纤维和混合纤维对高性能混凝土试件劈裂抗拉强度和抗冲击性能的影响,分析了混合效应对试件力学性能的增强作用。劈裂抗拉强度试验结果表明,只掺入碳纤维,且碳纤维掺入量为1%时,试样劈裂抗拉强度的提升系数最多增加了50%;只掺入钢纤维时,钢纤维的掺入量越多,试样劈裂抗拉强度的提升系数越小,而且减小了基体高性能混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度;当钢纤维掺量为4.0%、碳纤维掺量为0.5%时,试样的混合效应系数最大为1.35,此时产生正混合效应,提升了高性能混凝土试样的劈裂抗拉强度。抗冲击性能试验结果表明,单掺碳纤维减弱了高性能混凝土试件的抗压强度,单掺钢纤维虽然可以加强试件的抗压强度但试件的延性比提升率不高,而混合纤维比单一纤维有优势,更能够增强高性能混凝土试件的抗冲击性能。因此,钢纤维与碳纤维的混合效应提升了试件的劈裂抗拉强度与抗冲击性能,明显提升了高性能混凝土的力学性能。     

钢筋混凝土梁受弯破坏及尺寸效应的细观模拟分析

钢筋混凝土构件破坏的尺寸效应取决于混凝土材料的非均质性以及钢筋/混凝土相互作用。该文借助混凝土细观结构特征,基于非线性弹簧单元来描述钢筋与混凝土之间的相互作用,建立了钢筋混凝土梁破坏行为模拟的三维细观数值模型。在模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好的基础上,拓展模拟了更大尺寸梁的弯曲大变形破坏行为,并分析了单调及循环加载模式对不同尺寸悬臂梁受弯破坏及名义抗弯强度影响规律。模拟结果分析表明:1)该文工况下钢筋混凝土悬臂梁的弯曲破坏存在尺寸效应,弯曲强度随梁深增大而减小; 2)循环加载下,混凝土、钢筋以及两者间的粘结性能由于低周疲劳而使得梁的弯曲破坏呈现出脆性特征; 3)相比于单调加载,循环加载条件下,悬臂梁的破坏具有更强的脆性,名义抗弯强度尺寸效应更明显。     

大坝混凝土试件三维细观力学并行计算研究

基于混凝土材料基本特性及其有关试验研究结果,给出了混凝土材料的损伤演化关系、及其抗拉强度和弹性模量的应变率强化定律,建立了既考虑细观损伤弱化又计及应变率强化效应的混凝土非线性有限元静动力学虚功方程。根据FEPG有限元语言的规则,编写了混凝土试件细观静、动力学方程的描述文件及位移、应力场的算法文件,并基于PFEPG软件平台开发了混凝土试件的三维细观数值并行计算程序。利用三维随机骨料随机参数模型对混凝土试件弯折损伤破坏过程进行了细观数值模拟。其计算结果与试验结果相吻合,显示了该算法及所编并行程序的有效性。     

混凝土劈裂拉伸测试方法及性能研究进展

混凝土作为最常见的土木工程材料,其抗拉性能对工程结构的受力性能和抗裂能力具有重要影响。相较于单轴拉伸试验和弯曲拉伸试验,劈裂拉伸试验作为一种抗拉强度间接测试方法,因其测试方法简单、便于使用,且测试结果与单轴拉伸强度更为接近,而广泛用于混凝土抗拉强度测试中,受到国内外学者的极大关注。由于混凝土材料种类较多,本文主要针对普通混凝土(Ordinary Portland concrete, OPC)、纤维增强混凝土(Fiber reinforced concrete, FRC)、高强混凝土(High strength concrete, HSC)、活性粉末混凝土(Reactive powder concrete, RPC)和超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high performance concrete, UHPC)等混凝土材料进行研究。针对混凝土劈裂拉伸性能的研究方法,本文从实验方法和数值模拟两个角度综述了其研究进展。此外,探讨了加载带宽度、试件尺寸、加载速率、缺口模式等因素对混凝土劈裂拉伸性能测试方法的影响,发现劈裂拉伸试验具有明显的尺寸效应并且加载带宽度和加载速率对劈裂拉伸强度有所影响;分别论述了不同缺口模式的实验原理和方法并对比了各缺口模式的适用情况。最后,进一步探讨了劈裂拉伸性能与抗拉、抗压力学性能的相互关系,并提出一定的适用范围,为今后混凝土的劈裂拉伸性能的研究应用提供科学指导。     

低温下混凝土劈裂拉伸破坏及尺寸效应试验研究

混凝土材料在低温环境下应用广泛，但是目前对混凝土低温力学性能的研究仍不够充分。为了探讨混凝土材料的低温抗拉性能及尺寸效应规律，设计了边长为100 mm、150 mm和300 mm的立方体混凝土试块，分别在四个温度（T=20℃、-30℃、-60℃和-90℃）下进行了劈裂抗拉强度试验，得到了相应的破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线以及劈裂抗拉强度。试验结果表明：在低温劈裂拉伸荷载作用下，混凝土中的骨料颗粒破坏比常温下更为严重；随着温度降低，混凝土材料的劈裂抗拉强度较常温下显著提高；低温下混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度随其尺寸增大而下降，存在明显的尺寸效应现象，且随着温度降低，尺寸效应行为更显著；另外，经典的Type-2尺寸效应律可以较好地描述试验得到的低温条件下混凝土劈裂抗拉强度的尺寸效应规律。     

基于细观单元等效化方法的混凝土动态破坏行为分析

混凝土材料具有明显的应变率效应,对其力学性质增强机理的认识还不统一。在细观随机骨料模型基础上,采用特征单元尺度划分试件网格,推导了考虑材料拉/压强度应变率效应的细观单元等效本构关系,建立了非均质混凝土材料的细观单元等效化数值模型。基于二维模型对Dilger等混凝土动态压缩试验进行了数值模拟,获得的数值结果与试验数据及随机骨料模型结果吻合良好,证明了细观单元等效化方法的准确性;进而对三维混凝土试件动态单轴拉伸和压缩破坏模式及宏观力学性质的加载速率效应进行了研究。数值结果表明:随着加载速率的增加,混凝土裂纹(损伤)数量增大,混凝土破坏将耗散更多的能量,是混凝土动态强度提高的主要原因。     

钢纤维增强超高性能混凝土抗压性能的细观数值模拟

利用LS-DYNA软件在细观层次上建立了三维钢纤维增强超高性能混凝土（Steel fiber reinforced ultra-high performance concrete,SF/UHPC）圆柱体试件有限元模型,对其轴心受压下的力学性能和裂缝发展进行了数值模拟。在验证细观数值模型的有效性和合理性的基础上进行参数分析,着重研究了钢纤维体积率、钢纤维长径比、形状效应和尺寸效应对超高性能钢纤维混凝土抗压强度、韧性和破坏形态的影响。最终,根据模拟结果拟合了超高性能钢纤维混凝土抗压强度计算公式。结果表明：三维超高性能钢纤维混凝土细观模型可以较好地模拟单轴受压应力条件下混凝土的静力性能和损伤破坏机制,所拟合的公式也能较好地预测超高性能钢纤维混凝土的抗压强度。     

BFRP筋混凝土深梁动态剪切破坏尺寸效应模拟EI北大核心CSCD

为研究玄武岩纤维增强聚合物(BFRP)筋混凝土深梁动态剪切破坏机制及其尺寸效应规律,考虑混凝土非均质性、混凝土/BFRP筋相互作用以及混凝土和BFRP筋在材料层面的应变率效应,建立了BFRP筋混凝土深梁细观尺度三维数值模型。利用已有的试验数据验证了该数值模拟方法的合理性和准确性,采用该方法研究了不同尺寸但几何相似的BFRP筋混凝土深梁在不同应变率下的剪切破坏模式及失效机制。分析了截面尺寸、配箍率、应变率对BFRP筋混凝土深梁剪切破坏及相应尺寸效应规律的影响。结果表明:动载下梁的破坏模式与静载时存在较大差异,但均表现出尺寸效应;增大应变率及配箍率均能有效提高梁承载力且削弱剪切尺寸效应,但应变率的作用程度明显大于配箍率。     

考虑细观组分影响的混凝土宏观力学性能理论预测模型

混凝土宏观力学性能与其内部细观结构构造密切相关。该文建立了一类能够考虑细观组分影响的混凝土宏观力学性能理论预测模型。首先,采用细观力学数值试验法对理论模型中的参数进行了标定;进而,基于该模型对混凝土断裂能和单轴抗拉强度在材料层次的尺寸效应行为进行了分析。结果表明:混凝土断裂能和单轴抗拉强度均随骨料级配（即最大骨料粒径）发生变化,且受到界面特性的影响。当界面过渡区力学性能相对薄弱时,混凝土强度较低,断裂能和单轴抗拉强度随骨料级配增大而呈现减小的趋势;当界面过渡区力学性能较强时,混凝土强度较高,断裂能和单轴抗拉强度随骨料级配增大亦呈现增大的趋势。计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了该文建立的理论预测模型的准确性和合理性。     

箍筋约束混凝土圆柱轴压强度尺寸效应律

钢筋混凝土构件的破坏模式与机制区别并远复杂于混凝土材料,采用混凝土材料层面的尺寸效应理论与公式来描述钢筋混凝土构件破坏的尺寸效应行为是值得商榷的。另外,混凝土材料尺寸效应理论公式难以反映钢筋混凝土结构构件中其他重要参数对尺寸效应的影响。以箍筋约束混凝土圆柱为研究对象来看:结合相关物理试验及数值模拟结果,凝练归纳出了影响其轴压破坏尺寸效应的主导参数——箍筋率;根据箍筋约束作用对柱轴压强度的影响机制与规律,在经典的Bažant材料层次尺寸效应律的基础上,建立了箍筋约束混凝土柱轴压强度的尺寸效应半理论-半经验公式。相关试验及模拟结果验证了该构件层次尺寸效应公式的准确性和合理性。     

FRP筋混凝土T形和矩形截面梁抗弯承载力计算方法

为建立纤维增强复合材料(fiber-reinforced polymer,FRP)筋混凝土T形和矩形截面梁抗弯承载力简化计算方法,根据平衡破坏状态下的截面分析,定义了等效FRP配筋率ρ_ef和相应的平衡配筋率ρ_{ef, b}。在此基础上,基于257根FRP筋混凝土梁试验结果的统计分析,改进了受拉破坏和受压破坏皆可能发生的过渡区范围(ρ_{ef, b} <ρ_ef≤1.5ρ_{ef, b})。编制了受拉破坏控制截面的非线性分析程序,考虑多个设计参数的影响,开展了25 344个截面的参数分析。通过对参数分析结果的多元回归分析,推导了受拉破坏控制截面的抗弯承载力简化计算公式。此外,基于截面内力平衡和协调条件,推导了受压破坏控制截面的抗弯承载力计算公式。以国内外257根梁抗弯承载力试验结果,验证了所提方法的适用性。     

Effect of specimen size on flexural compressive strength of reinforced concrete members

It is important to consider the effect of member size when estimating the ultimate strength of a concrete flexural member, because the strength always decreases with an increase of member size except for well-reinforced members. Research conducted previously in this area include axial compressive strength size effect on cylindrical specimens and flexural compressive strength size effect on C-shaped specimens, notched cylindrical specimens, and axially loaded double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. Since the most widely used flexural member type is reinforced concrete (RC) beams, it is logical to extend the study of flexural compressive strength size effect to flexural loaded RC beam members. Previously, several researchers have reported from their studies that flexural compressive strength size effect does not exist. However, the analyses show that the specimens used for the study had limited size variation and the neutral axis depth variations were too similar to show distinct size effect. Therefore, this study enforced distinct neutral axis depth variations for all of the tested specimens.In this study, the size effect of a RC beam was experimentally investigated. For this purpose, a series of beam specimens subjected to four-point loading was tested. RC beams with three different effective depths were tested to investigate the size effect. The shear-span to depth ratio and the thickness of the specimens were kept constant to eliminate the out-of-plane size effect.The test results are curve fitted using Levenberg–Marquardt’s Least Square Method (LSM) to obtain parameters for Modified Size Effect Law (MSEL) by Kim et al. The analysis results show that the flexural compression strength and ultimate strain decrease as the specimen size increases. Comparisons with existing research results considering the depth of neutral axis were also performed. They also show that the current strength criteria-based design practice should be reviewed to include member size effect.     

Variation in mechanical properties of natural and recycled aggregate concrete as related to the strength of their binding mortar

Experimental work was performed to study the effect of binding mortar strength on the mechanical properties of recycled natural aggregate concrete mixes as well as reference corresponding natural aggregate concrete mixes. The moduli of elasticity of both NAC and RAC were found to be higher than that of corresponding mortar by about 40% and 10% respectively, for all compressive strengths investigated. It was possible to reach compressive strength for RAC of 53.5 MPa. The ratios of compressive strength of NAC or RAC to that of mortar varied between (1.05–1.56) and (1.02–1.26) respectively, these ratios decreased with the increase in compressive strength. Also from the results of compressive strength, it was found that the ratios cylinder/cube compressive strengths of RAC and mortar were smaller than those of NAC. The ranges of values obtained were (0.71–0.84) and (0.69–0.75) for RAC and mortar respectively, while for NAC this ratio ranged between (0.81–0.92), these values were obtained for compressive strengths ranging between 15 to 55 MPa. It was found that it is better to relate the cylinder/cube strength ratio to the modulus of elasticity of the concrete or mortar rather than to its compressive strength. The flexural strength showed an opposite trend, the ratios of NAC and RAC to that of mortar ranged between (0.72–0.95)% and (0.61–0.80)% respectively. These ratios increased with the decrease in compressive strength of mortars. On the other hand, the splitting tensile strength of NAC was higher than that of RAC and mortar for all strength levels investigated. The ratio of NAC to mortar splitting tensile strength ranged between (1.13–1.69), while this ratio for RAC ranged between (0.87–1.36). Finally, several regressions were developed that can relate the mechanical properties of the three materials investigated.     

基于细观模拟的混凝土动态压缩强度尺寸效应研究

在混凝土静态破坏尺寸效应方面开展的研究已经较为完善,而在动态破坏尺寸效应方面的研究还远没有形成一个统一的认知。混凝土尺寸效应根源于内部组成的非均质性,从细观角度出发,考虑材料非均质及细观组分的应变率效应,将混凝土看作由骨料、砂浆及界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,建立了混凝土动态破坏行为研究的细观数值分析方法,对不同应变率（1×10-5 s-1~2×102 s-1）及不同尺寸方形混凝土试件单轴压缩破坏行为进行模拟与分析。数值结果表明:混凝土动态与静态加载下压缩强度尺寸效应规律存在明显差异,在动态压缩强度尺寸效应规律中,存在一个临界应变率（约为1 s-1）,即:低于临界应变率时,应变率增大时,压缩强度随试件尺寸增大而减小,且尺寸效应逐渐被削弱;达到临界应变率时,混凝土动态压缩强度与尺寸无关,尺寸效应被完全抑制;高于临界应变率时,应变率增大时,压缩强度随试件尺寸增大而增大,尺寸效应逐渐增强。最后对混凝土动态强度尺寸效应的产生机理进行了分析与讨论。     

聚乙烯醇纤维增强偏高岭土-水硬石灰砂浆材料性能的研究

针对偏高岭土-水硬石灰砂浆材料抗拉强度低、极限延伸率小、性脆的问题,为了提高其韧性和稳定性,增强其抗裂能力,设计并制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维掺杂偏高岭土-水硬石灰砂浆材料,开展了PVA纤维不同掺量、不同长度下偏高岭土-水硬石灰砂浆材料收缩率、波速、抗压强度、抗折强度及劈裂抗拉强度的试验研究,通过扫描电镜观察分析了PVA纤维在偏高岭土-水硬石灰砂浆材料中的微观作用机理。结果表明:PVA纤维改变了偏高岭土-水硬石灰砂浆的收缩率和内部结构。试样的抗折强度和劈裂抗拉强度随着纤维增加而增大,抗压强度会在纤维长度一定时随着掺量的增多而降低。PVA纤维对砂浆材料整体性有明显改善,受压后仍能够保持着较好的原样性,纤维和砂浆基体之间产生了机械铆合作用,具有较好黏结性。     

高强钢绞线网——聚合物砂浆加固混凝土及预应力混凝土梁的抗弯性能试验研究

该文侧重研究了采用高强钢绞线网——聚合物砂浆加固技术三面加固普通钢筋混凝土(RC)梁和预应力混凝土(PRC)梁的抗弯性能.进行了6 片RC 梁及5 片PRC 梁的抗弯静载试验,探讨了不同初始损伤程度、有效预应力大小和加载方式等对高强钢绞线网——渗透性聚合物砂浆加固梁的抗弯性能影响.结果表明:采用高强钢绞线网——聚合物砂浆加固技术加固RC/PRC梁能够有效抑制裂缝的开展,能有效地提高RC/PRC 加固梁的抗弯承载能力和抗弯刚度;重复加载会导致加固梁刚度一定程度的退化,初始损伤程度大小不会显著改变加固后RC/PRC梁的抗弯承载力;该文研究对于大量既有RC/PRC梁的抗弯加固具有一定的参考价值.     

混凝土经历三向受压荷载历史后强度劣化及超声波探伤方法的研究

本文采用混凝土立方体试件，对其施加三轴受压荷载历史作用，分别测量载前和载后的抗压强度、劈拉强度和超声波速。基于连续介质损伤力学理论，用抗压强度和抗拉强度的劣化来定义混凝土的损伤，研究了经历过三轴受压荷载历史后损伤与超声波速降低的关系。根据试验数据拟合得到损伤的演化方程，从中可以看出损伤与超声波速的降低之间具有较好的线性相关性。研究结果表明，作为混凝土非破损检测技术中的一种重要方法，超声波探伤方法所需设备简单，操作方便，可以广泛应用于混凝土结构损伤检测。     

Size effect of concrete members applied with flexural compressive stresses

In this study, two types of special experiments are carried out to understand flexural compressive strength size effect of concrete members. The first type is an ordinary cylindrical specimen (CS) with a fully penetrated and vertically standing plate type notch at the mid-height of the specimen, which is loaded in compression at the top surface (e.g., in the parallel direction to the notch length). The second type is a general double cantilever beam (DCB), which is compression loaded in axial direction (e.g., in the parallel direction of the notch). For CS, an adequate notch length is taken from the experimental results obtained from the compressive strength experiment of various initial notch lengths. The trial tests to select the effective initial notch length show that CS with an initial notch length approximately greater than four times the maximum aggregate size fails without an additional increased load and in stable manner under Mode I failure mechanism. Therefore, the initial notch length to the maximum aggregate size ratio of 4.0 is used for all size specimens. For DCB, the eccentricity of loading points with respect to the axial axis of each cantilever and the initial notch length are varied. In both specimens, the compressive loads apply flexural compressive stresses on the crack tip region of the specimens. These two types of specimens fail by Mode I crack opening mechanism. By testing 3 geometrically proportional size specimens for CS and DCB, the experimental datum for flexural compression size effect of concrete are obtained. Using the obtained flexural compressive strength size effect datum, regression analyses are performed using Levenberg-Marquardt's least square method (LSM) to suggest new parameters for the modified size effect law (MSEL). The analysis results show that size effect is apparent for flexural compressive strength of specimens with an initial notch. For CS, the effect of initial notch length on flexural compressive strength size effect is apparent. For DCB, flexural compressive size effect is dependent on the eccentricity of loading points with respect to the axial axis of the cantilever beam. In other words, if DCB specimen is applied with greater tensile stress at the crack tip, the size effect of concrete becomes more distinct. The results show that the flexural compressive strength size effect of initial notch length variation of DCB exists but directly dependent on the loading location. This is due to the fact that the sizes of fracture process zone (FPZ) of all DCB specimens are similar regardless of the differences in the specimen slenderness ratio, but the flexural compressive and tensile stress combinations resulting in stress concentration at the crack tip region has direct effect on size effect of concrete members.