纳米无定型MnO2/炭黑复合电极的电容特性研究

以聚乙二醇和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为分散剂,加入高比表面积、高导电性的纳米级炭黑,采取化学共沉淀法制备MnO2／炭黑复合电极材料。借助SEM和XRD分析手段对样品结构及性能进行表征。研究结果表明复合材料为无定型、纳米级粉体。以不同的扫描速度、在不同的电位窗口范围内对MnO2／炭黑纳米复合电极作循环伏安测试和以不同的电流进行恒流充放电测试。结果表明：纳米级MnO2／炭黑复合电极在1mol／L的Na2SO4电解质溶液中具有理想的超级电容器特性。复合电极在电位窗口对应于饱和甘汞电极(saturated calomel electrode,SCE)电压为-0．2～ 0．8V范围内,具有良好的电容特性、电化学可逆性和良好的功率特性。复合电极的平均比电容达142．02F／g。     

超级电容器电极材料制备与性能研究

用恒电位沉积法在不锈钢电极上制备了MnO2薄膜,测试了循环伏安曲线及充放电性能。测试结果表明,充放电电压随时间呈线性变化,循环伏安曲线无明显的氧化还原峰,说明制备的MnO2具有良好的电容特性。     

碳纳米管/纳米TiO2-聚苯胺复合膜电极的制备及电容性能研究

用循环伏安法，在含有0．2mol／L苯胺的0．5mol／L硫酸溶液中，以50mv／s的扫描速度，在-0．1-0．9V的范围内实现了苯胺在Ti基碳纳米管／纳米TiO2电极上的电化学聚合，并用循环伏安（CV）法和电化学交流阻抗谱（EIS）对制备的碳纳米管／纳米TiO2-聚苯胺（CNT／nanoTiO2-PAn）复合膜电极的电化学性质进行了表征，同时进一步对该电极的充放电性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，此条件下得到的PAn膜电极具有良好的导电性，同时具有疏松、多孔的网络结构；充放电测试研究表明，基于CNT／TiO2基体上的PAn膜的面积比电容在放电电流密度为2．5mA／cm^2时达到了833mF／cm^2,说明有很好的电容性能，可以作为超级电容器的电极材料。     

低温熔盐法制备MnO2及其电容性能研究

采用低温熔盐法在150 ℃的KCl-AlCl3体系中制备了MnO2,并对其结构和形貌进行表征,XRD结果表明所制样品主相为α-MnO2,SEM结果表明样品为微米级片状结构.以所制备的MnO2作为电极活性物质,在2 mol/L的(NH4)2SO4电解液中对其电化学性质进行测试和研究.循环伏安结果表明该材料具有良好的电容性能,用恒流充放电测得在1 mA条件下,放电比电容可达290.72 F·g-1.经5 mA恒电流循环100次后电极性能趋于稳定,充放电效率接近100%,表现出优异的循环性能.     

纳米聚苯胺的微乳液法制备及电容性能研究

用微乳液法制备了纳米聚苯胺,并将其与活性炭混合制备聚苯胺／活性炭电极。用透射电镜对聚苯胺的形貌进行了表征,用循环伏安法及恒流充放电法对所制电极的电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明：纳米球形聚苯胺的粒径在30～40nm之间,所制得的电极比容为610．3F·g-1（0．5mol／LH2SO4）,显著高于纯活性炭电极的比容171．2F·g-1;在5mA·cm-2的充放电电流密度下,充放电1000次后比容为首次放电比容的71．3％;这表明纳米聚苯胺的加入能显著提高电极的电化学性能。用此组装的非对称型超级电容器的性能也优于用纯活性炭组装的对称型超级电容器,表明纳米聚苯胺是一种性能优异的超级电容器电极材料。     

熔盐法合成MnO2粉体及其超级电容性能

采用熔盐法在不同温度下制备了MnO2粉体.X射线衍射仪分析表明:粉体样品为α-MnO2和γ-MnO2晶混合物,反应温度越高样品的结晶程度越好.将MnO2粉体与石墨、乙炔黑、聚四氟乙烯、羧甲基纤维素按质量比为75:10:10:2:3进行混合,在10 MPa压力下压制成电极.在2 mol/L (NH4)2SO4溶液中,用三电极体系对MnO2电极样品进行电化学性能测试.结果表明:制备粉体的反应温度是影响MnO2粉体制备的电极的电化学性能的重要因素,反应温度为450 ℃的粉体制备的电极样品电容性能最好.循环伏安测试表明该样品在0～1.0 V电位窗口范围内具有较好的矩形特征;交流阻抗测试结果显示样品具有典型的电容阻抗特性,其等效串联电阻和电极反应电阻分别为0.064 Ω和2.825 Ω.在电流密度为2 mA/cm2,恒流充放电时测得其放电比容量可达246.46 F/g.     

熔盐法制备λ-MnO_2及其超级电容性能

在600℃的m(NaC l)∶m(L iC l)=1∶3的熔盐体系中,将KMnO4反应5 h制备了MnO2。X射线衍射分析其结构表明,所制样品为λ-MnO2;扫描电镜对其形貌研究表明,样品为微米级片状结构。按m(MnO2)∶m(石墨)∶m(乙炔黑)∶m(羧甲基纤维素)∶m(聚四氟乙烯)=75∶10∶10∶3∶2制备电极材料,在电解液为c〔(NH4)2SO4〕=2mol/L的三电极体系中,通过循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒流充放电对其超级电容性能进行了考察。不同扫速循环伏安曲线表明,该材料具有典型的超级电容特性;交流阻抗测试结果表明,溶液电阻RL为0.69Ω,电极电阻RE为2.5Ω;用恒流充放电测得在1 mA恒流充放电条件下,放电比容量可达306.92 F.g-1。经5 mA恒电流循环100次,充放电效率接近100%。     

纳米碳材料的超级电容器性能测试

通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和拉曼对纳米碳材料进行表征。测试结果表明,样品纳米碳具有较高的纯度。循环伏安、充放电及循环等电化学性能测试表明,纳米碳电极的比电容较高,循环稳定性较好,且具有良好的电化学性能。     

二次颗粒结构聚苯胺的制备及其超级电容性能

采用化学氧化法以甲苯-4-磺酸钠掺杂制备了电化学电容器用聚苯胺电极材料,对产物进行了表征,研究了其电化学电容性能.结果表明制备的掺杂态聚苯胺具有特殊的多层次颗粒结构,循环伏安曲线接近于理想的矩形,在充放电整个电位范围内,电位和时间都保持较好的线形关系,单电极比电容可达283.7 F/g.     

活性炭/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的合成及超级电容性能

以商业活性炭为载体,通过硝酸表面改性活性炭,引入含氧官能团,为棒状二氧化锰(MnO2)和活性炭的结合提供桥梁。采用化学沉淀法在炭表面反应生成纳米结构的棒状二氧化锰,制备二氧化锰/改性活性炭(MnO2/OAC)复合电极材料。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对其结构进行表征;采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电对其电化学性能进行研究。结果表明,生成的MnO2均匀地负载在碳的表面,颗粒的直径在20~50nm;在1mol/L的Na2SO4电解液中,MnO2/OAC6复合电极材料体现了极佳的比电容,达到369.7F/g。材料优异的电化学性能归功于活性炭发达的孔隙结构和MnO2提供的法拉第电容。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.