废气再循环与过量空气系数联合的NO_x控制策略在天然气发动机上的应用

在一台改造的增压中冷天然气发动机上研究了废气再循环(EGR)和过量空气系数(a)对天然气发动机性能的影响。结果表明稀混合气加EGR的方法在达到相同NOx排放控制目标值时能够产生比采用纯空气稀释时更高的热效率。因而提出了EGR和a联合的NOx排放控制策略。试验确定了2800r/min、75%和50%负荷下由EGR和a表示的NOx排放控制区,该区域内在没有催化后处理器的条件下可以将NOx降低到1g/(kW·h)以下,同时可以兼顾发动机燃料经济性。     

燃煤锅炉NOx形成机理及其排量控制技术探讨

电站锅炉燃烧过程中产生的NOx严重危害大气环境,降低NOx排量对于环保有着重要意义。通过对NOx形成机理的分析,阐述燃烧过程中控制NOx生成和降低排放量的原则,提出煤粉炉分级燃烧技术低NOx燃烧技术和降低NOx排量的脱硝技术等。     

车用柴油机三种代用燃料的性能分析

柴油机排放的尾气危害较为严重,为保护环境,最大程度地减少柴油机尾气污染,对柴油机代用燃料的研究已引起了关注.在柴油机众多的代用燃料中,以二甲醚、天然气和氢气为代表,分析了其作为柴油机代用燃料在燃烧特性、排放特性、动力性和经济性等方面的独特优势.结果表明,柴油机掺烧二甲醚在保证动力性的情况下,能同时降低NOx和碳烟排放;柴油机掺烧天然气能大幅减少碳烟排放,同时燃油经济性较好;柴油机掺烧氢气后碳烟排放较低,低负荷下能有效降低NOx排放,高负荷下NOx排放上升.     

燃烧调整对炉内温度分布及NOx排放的影响

采用具有三维温度场可视化监控系统的300MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉,研究燃烧调整对炉内温度分布和NOx排放规律的影响。结果表明,总风量调整、总燃料量扰动、燃烧器摆角调整、层间燃料量调整、燃烧器不同组合以及单层燃烧器燃料调整直接影响炉内沿高度方向的温度场分布、NOx的排放量、飞灰含碳量和辐射能。NOx排放量与实时炉内温度分布密切相关,这与已逐渐成熟的NOx生成机理的研究结果一致。     

Effects of H_2/CO/CH_4 syngas composition variation on the NO_x and CO emission characteristics in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor

This paper reports the effects of variations in the fuel composition of H_2/CO/CH_4 syngas on the characteristics of NO_x and CO emissions in a partially-premixed gas turbine combustor. Combustion tests were conducted on a full range of fuel compositions by varying each component gas from 0% to 100% at heat inputs of 40 and 50 k Wth. Flame temperature, combustor liner temperature, ignition delay time, and flame structure were investigated computationally and experimentally to judge whether they are significant indicators of NO_x and CO formation. The characteristics of and reasons for NO_x and CO emissions were investigated by analyzing the emission mechanisms and relationships among fuel property, equivalence ratio, flame temperature, liner temperature, flame shape. The flame structures were investigated using the following flame visualization methods:(1) time-averaged OH* chemiluminescence and its Abel-deconvolution;(2) direct photography; and(3) instantaneous OH-PLIF. The flame structures were greatly changed by the fuel composition and heat input, and they were subjected to key affecting parameters of the temperatures of the flames and the liners. NO_x and CO emissions also largely varied according to fuel composition and heat input, showing neither linearly nor exponentially clear proportional trends toward the syngas compositions because of the singular conditions. For example, only the 100% CO flame at low load emitted lots of CO, whereas complete combustion was observed in other cases. However, the qualitative observations showed that the root causes of NO_x emission behaviors were flame temperature and flame structure, which were directly related to the residence time in the flame. Various sets of practical test results were obtained, and these results could contribute to the optimal selection of the fuel-feeding condition when fuel is changed from natural gas to syngas in order to minimize NO_x and CO emissions with stable combustion.     

混合气质量对乙醇发动机均质压燃燃烧特性的影响

在一台经改造而成的单缸均质压燃(HCCI)发动机上,以乙醇为燃料研究了不同循环供油量和废气再循环(EGR)率对HCCI燃烧的动力性、经济性和排放性的影响。结果表明:乙醇燃料HCCI燃烧有较高的指示热效率,最高可以接近60%;最高平均指示压力Pmi为0.6MPa;过量空气系数a和EGR率的合理组合可以有效控制HCCI燃烧的着火正时和NOx排放,但是EGR的加入会导致HC和CO排放增加。     

基于SVR-GA的燃煤锅炉NOx含量软测量研究

燃煤锅炉脱硝反应器入口NOx浓度是锅炉燃烧过程中的一个重要参数,针对常规NOx分析测量仪存在的精确度较低的问题,通过支持向量回归(SVR)算法建立锅炉的NOx排放预测模型,选取均方误差(MSE)作为模型的评估函数,利用遗传算法(GA)对模型参数进行优化,编制程序对NOx排放量进行预测。以某300MW燃煤机组现场数据为基础进行仿真验证,结果表明,在与SVR、BPNN等方法的对比中,GA-SVR所建立的模型在NOx排放量的预测中取得了更优的效果。     

贵州无烟煤的燃烧特性和NOx排放特性试验

为了探究氧量及温度对贵州无烟煤的燃烧特性及NOx排放特性的影响,选用粒径为58～75 μm的贵州无烟煤,利用一维沉降炉进行相关试验.研究结果发现,贵州无烟煤NOx排放量随着氧气量的增加而增加,当过量空气系数大于0.9后增幅趋缓;随着燃烧温度的上升,NOx生成量增加,在达到1 400 ℃后,由于生成大量热力型NOx,NOx排放量呈指数型大幅增长;氧量主要影响贵州无烟煤在燃烧过程的0.2 s之前以及2.0 s之后的NOx生成量,对于0.2～2.0 s的主燃烧区域的NOx生成量影响不大.研究认为氧量是影响贵州无烟煤NOx排放及燃烧的最主要因素,燃料型NOx对温度并不十分敏感.     

燃用生物质颗粒燃料锅炉的燃烧及排放特性

为得到燃用生物质颗粒燃料锅炉的燃烧和排放特性,建立了燃烧模拟实验台,进行了一次风量及二次风量不同配比、不同位置及不同料层厚度等参数对燃烧和排放性能影响的实验,为生物质颗粒燃料锅炉的设计提供了可靠的依据。样机测试和实际应用表明,此形式生物质锅炉高效节能、洁净燃烧、大气污染物排放量低,具有广阔的应用前景。     

燃料分配对燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧特性影响的研究

应用燃烧试验台完成了某重型燃气轮机DLN(Dry-low NOx)燃烧室烧天然气时,燃料分配比例对燃烧特性影响的试验研究。试验结果表明:对于预混-扩散混合燃烧燃烧室,在总余气系数不变的情况下,增加预混燃料比例有利于燃烧室出口温度场均匀性提高,特别是周向温度分布系数(OTDF)对燃料分配比例尤为敏感;仅靠增加预混燃料不能降低NOx含量,预混均匀性是决定NOx的关键因素。这一结论为燃机的设计、改进提供了可靠参考和依据。     

300MW燃煤锅炉炉内NOx生成与控制的试验研究

控制电力生产过程中NOx生成量的方法主要是分级燃烧.选择国内具有代表性的300 MW燃煤电站锅炉为对象,对锅炉不进行改造,在不同负荷条件下,利用分级燃烧原理,通过炉内优化分级燃烧试验,得出了降低炉内NOx生成的控制参数.额定负荷时,炉内NOx排放浓度在原有基础上降低了22.45%,有效地控制了NOx的排放.     

二甲醚柴油机HCCI变参数运行的数值研究

运用二甲醚HCCI简化机理,利用计算流体动力学软件对ZS1100柴油机燃用二甲醚进行了仿真研究,分析了进气温度、燃空当量比、压缩比对燃烧和排放的影响.研究表明:提高进气温度、增大燃空当量比,最高压力和温度均上升,HC和CO排放降低,NO排放增加;增大压缩比,燃烧始点、峰值压力均提前.     

Chemical looping combustion of coal in interconnected fluidized beds

Chemical looping combustion is the indirect combustion by use of oxygen carrier. It can be used for CO2 capture in power generating processes. In this paper, chemical looping combustion of coal in interconnected fluidized beds with inherent separation of CO2 is proposed. It consists of a high velocity fluidized bed as an air reactor in which oxygen carrier is oxidized, a cyclone, and a bubbling fluidized bed as a fuel reactor in which oxygen carrier is reduced by direct and indirect reactions with coal. The air reactor is connected to the fuel reactor through the cyclone. To raise the high carbon conversion efficiency and separate oxygen carrier particle from ash, coal slurry instead of coal particle is introduced into the bottom of the bubbling fluidized bed. Coal gasification and the reduction of oxygen carrier with the water gas take place simultaneously in the fuel reactor. The flue gas from the fuel reactor is CO2 and water. Almost pure CO2 could be obtained after the con- densation of water. The reduced oxygen carrier is then returned back to the air reactor, where it is oxidized with air. Thermodyanmics analysis indicates that NiO/Ni oxygen carrier is the optimal one for chemical looping combustion of coal. Simulation of the processes for chemical looping combustion of coal, including coal gasification and reduction of oxygen carrier, is carried out with Aspen Plus software. The effects of air reactor temperature, fuel reactor temperature, and ratio of water to coal on the composition of fuel gas, recirculation of oxygen carrier par- ticles, etc., are discussed. Some useful results are achieved. The suitable tem- perature of air reactor should be between 1050―1150℃and the optimal temperature of the fuel reactor be between 900―950℃.     

柴油质量对柴油机排放的影响

阐述了柴油规范要求和国内现状,利用2种柴油进行排放对比试验,研究柴油十六烷值和硫含量对柴油机排放的影响.试验结果表明:十六烷值越高,柴油的着火性能越好,着火延迟期越短,可燃混合气燃烧改善,CO排放生成机率降低,燃烧初期缸内峰值温度降低,缸内NOx生成时间相对缩短,NOx排放会降低,导致局部区域不完全燃烧,使THC排放增加;硫含量越高生成的颗粒物排放也越高.     

近后喷对高压共轨柴油机燃烧过程影响的数值计算

应用CFD模拟软件FIRE针对车用增压共轨柴油机在高负荷工况下采用近后喷策略的缸内工作过程进行了数值计算。分析了后喷量和主/后间隔角对燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明,随着后喷量和主/后间隔角度的增加,缸内燃烧压力、放热规律及缸内温度曲线的峰值降低,燃烧重心推迟,燃烧噪音和NOx生成量减少,但经济性有所恶化。同时,增大后喷量一方面可使后喷燃油的贯穿距增大,在壁面附近高温缺氧区域内形成的燃油蒸汽增多,增加了后喷燃油的Soot的生成量,另一方面增强了对缸内流场的扰动效果,使得更多的氧气进入燃烧产物区,加速了Soot的氧化,因此选取适当的后喷量可以获得较低的Soot的生成量。后喷间隔过大时,Soot排放有明显增加的趋势。     

Combustion characteristics of low concentration coal mine methane in divergent porous media burner

Low-concentration methane (LCM) has been one of the biggest difficulties in using coal mine methane. And previous studies found that premixed combustion in porous media is an effective method of low calorific gas utilization. This paper studied the combustion of LCM in a divergent porous medium burner (DPMB) by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and investigated the effect of gas initial temperature on combustion characteristic, the distribution of temperature and pollutant at different equivalence ratios in detail. Besides, the comparison of divergent and cylindrical burners was also performed in this paper. The results show that: the peak temperature in DPMB increases as the increasing of equivalence ratio, which is also suitable for the outlet NO discharge; the linear correlation is also discovered between peak temperature and equivalence ratios; NO emission at the initial temperature of 525 K is 5.64 times, larger than NO emission at the initial temperature of 300 K. Thus, it is preferable to balance the effect of thermal efficiency and environment simultaneously when determining the optimal initial temperature range. The working parameter limits of divergent burner are wider than that of cylindrical one which contributes to reducing the influence of LCM concentration and volume fluctuation on combustion.     

过贫当量比下贫预混旋流燃烧室点火燃烧特性

为确保贫预混旋流燃烧室能在过贫当量比条件下具有良好的点火性能,基于不同的点火燃料比,对贫预混旋流燃烧室在过贫当量比为0.013~0.502条件下的点火燃烧特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:在点火燃料比为10%、15%和20%条件下,贫预混旋流燃烧室能够分别在当量比区间为0.063~0.251、0.042~0.377和0.050~0.502内成功点火,并通过实验结果拟合计算出最小点火当量比分别为0.063、0.039和0.011;而燃烧室在点火燃料比为5%条件下均点火失败;随着当量比的减小,由于空气流量的增加而导致燃烧室出口温升逐渐减小,燃烧室烟气排放中CH4和CO浓度增加,燃烧效率也随之降低;虽然燃烧室在高点火燃料比时能够在更贫的当量比条件下点火成功,但由于过多的空气流量而导致燃烧室燃烧效率降低和污染物排放增多.保持一定的点火燃料流量对贫预混旋流燃烧室在过贫当量比条件下高效快速启动十分有利.     

微小圆管内正丁醇催化燃烧及动力学特性

通过实验研究在4 mm的石英管中以Pt/ZSM-5为催化剂的正丁醇催化燃烧反应,对比讨论当量比、流量对正丁醇催化效应的影响,分析转化率、产物浓度、燃烧效率等催化燃烧特性,拟合计算表观活化能.研究结果显示,保持体积空速小于19 080 h^-1,流量对丁醇在该微小圆管内的催化燃烧影响较小;气体总流量不变,减小混合气体的当量比,正丁醇的转化率大幅提高,表明氧在催化剂表面的吸附是正丁醇在Pt/ZSM-5表面反应的主导因素.当量比=1时,乙醛、二甲醚、一氧化碳等中间产物较多;当量比=0.3时,一氧化碳几乎没有被检测到.减少混合气体的流量和减小混合气体的当量比,正丁醇的燃烧效率都会提高.正丁醇在Pt/ZSM-5上反应的表观活化能为（110±20） kJ/mol,在低当量比、低流量下,正丁醇在催化剂下反应的表观活化能更小.     

CIVB flashback analysis of hydrogen flame based on azimuthal vorticity at mixing zone exit

Swirl-premixed combustion systems exhibit potential to meet future regulations on pollution emissions. However, combustion induced vortex breakdown(CIVB) flashback is frequently observed in these systems, especially for high hydrogen content fuel. In this study, a swirl-premixed burner with diverging centerbody was used to investigate CIVB flashback based on azimuthal vorticity at mixing zone exit. Through 2D axisymmetric model, it was found that there was a maximal azimuthal vorticity at mixing zone exit for each equivalence ratio. The physical meaning of these maximal azimuthal vorticity values was the minimally required azimuthal vorticity to trigger CIVB flashback. At the same time, the required azimuthal vorticity declined with the increase of equivalence ratio since turbulent burning velocity started to control flashback. Nevertheless, azimuthal vorticity offered by heat release increased with the increase of equivalence ratio, which promoted flame propagating upstream continually.     

工业级多孔介质低氮燃烧器试验研究

通过多孔介质燃烧器的燃烧试验研究低氮燃烧器的稳燃范围,探究在不同功率（50~100 kW）和当量比（0.6~1.0）下燃烧器的氮氧化物（NO_x）和一氧化碳（CO）的生成特性,探讨多孔介质直径对燃烧器燃烧产物的影响.结果表明,燃烧器稳燃上限和稳燃下限均随当量比的增大而增大,并且稳燃上限的增幅大于稳燃下限;天然气在多孔介质内燃烧时生成的氮氧化物主要为NO,其排放质量浓度随燃烧器功率和燃烧当量比的增大而增大.在试验工况范围内,氮氧化物排放质量浓度低于30 mg/m³,工业级多孔介质燃烧器具有低氮排放特性;CO排放质量浓度随当量比的增大先降低后升高,在当量比小于0.9时,CO排放质量浓度低于56 mg/m³;为了同时实现较低的NO_x和CO排放,燃烧器运行的当量比范围应控制在0.7~0.8.研究的2种多孔介质直径对燃烧器的NO_x和CO排放质量浓度没有明显影响.