间歇通电联合电极移动作用下电渗法加固滩涂淤泥试验研究

针对电渗法试验中出现的土体抗剪强度不足的问题,基于通电4h、断电30min为最优间歇比,依据试验时间来控制移动电极,展开了间歇通电联合电极移动作用下电渗法加固滩涂淤泥的室内试验研究,通过对比分析排水速率、电流、土样表面沉降等变化规律,研究电极移动时间对加固效果的影响。试验结果表明:间歇通电联合中期移动电极条件下的排水量最大,对于提高后期电渗排水效率是有必要的;间歇通电联合后期移动电极更有助于缓解电流衰减,土体含水率较低,土体整体抗剪强度较高,土体中部加固效果明显改善,土体表面沉降量最大,土体电渗固结效果显著;土体不同测点间的pH值和电导率变化较大。     

板土交界处裂隙发育与化学注浆时间对一维电渗固结的影响

通过一维电渗固结试验,研究了板土交界处裂缝(板土脱开)与注浆时间对软土电渗固结过程的影响。采用紧序注入CaCl_2溶液和Na_2SiO_3溶液的方式,进行注浆时间对照试验。基于沉淀或胶体和离子对电渗固结的综合效应,研究了电流、排水量、土样含水量与抗剪强度、裂缝与体缩,以及电渗能耗等随注浆时间的变化规律。结果表明:板土交界处裂隙(板土脱开)总是先于其他土体裂缝产生,板土脱开导致电流值的急剧减小是造成电渗效果下降的主要原因;一维电渗固结过程中存在板土交界处裂隙发展旺盛时间tcr,以tcr为表征指标确定最佳注浆时间,可达到最佳的电渗效益。为防止在土体中出现明显的含水量突变现象,应尽可能避免在1/3tcr时刻前注浆,在2/3tcr时刻注浆能够实现最佳电渗固结效果。     

淤泥质黏土排水固结的电化学试验研究

本文采用自制的电渗试验装置,对广州南沙区淤泥质黏土进行室内电渗试验,探讨阳极添加氯化钙溶液对电渗加固软土效果的影响。通过监测4组电渗试验过程中电流值、排水量和沉降量的变化,测试电渗后土体的抗剪强度和微观结构差异,进而评估氯化钙下不同浓度的土体电渗固结效果,得出以下结论：在阳极添加氯化钙溶液可以增强土体电导率,提高土体电渗排水量;电场作用下Ca²⁺离子与OH-离子反应生成胶结物质,从而使阴极附近土体抗剪强度显著增大;氯化钙的加入改变了土颗粒接触方式,土体微观结构更加紧密,粒间孔隙显著降低;氯化钙对土体电渗加固效果的提升存在一个限值,本次试验为12.0%左右,超过此限值后,氯化钙的存在反而不利于淤泥质黏土的电渗排水。     

混合电源输出方式下的一维电渗试验研究

利用改进的一维电渗固结试验装置对饱和软黏土进行电渗试验,通过监测电渗过程中的电流、电压、电势、排水量、电渗前后的含水率和抗剪强度,利用电渗透系数、电迁移系数、能耗系数来研究不同电源输出方式下的电渗排水状况。试验结果表明:相比于稳压输出方式,压流模式下的累积排水量更小且排水速率更慢,有效电势利用率变化幅度略小,电渗透系数和电迁移系数衰减得更快,含水率的总下降值和归一化抗剪强度略大;相比于稳流输出方式,流压模式下的累积排水量更大且排水速率更快,有效电势利用率变化幅度更小,电渗透系数和电迁移系数衰减得更慢,含水率总下降值和归一化抗剪强度更大。通过对不同电源输出方式下能耗系数递增速度的对比,得出流压模式下电渗工况更经济合理。     

电渗法加固软土地基试验研究

 在自制的电渗固结装置上,进行轴对称工况软黏土不同初始条件及通电条件下的电渗试验。通过监测电渗过程中的电流、电势、排水量、抗剪强度、含水率和沉降,对比分析不同条件下的土体电渗固结性状,并得出以下结论：(1) 电渗法对软黏土地基处理效果良好,可达到减少土体含水率、提高土体抗剪强度、减小土体工后沉降等目的;(2) 高电压及高含水率土体的电渗效果好于低电压及低含水率的土体;(3) 含水率及电压相同条件下,间歇通电时的土体电能利用率较高,且电渗后土体的整体差异性较小;(4) 电渗也会造成一定的电极腐蚀,低电压及间歇通电条件下,电极的腐蚀相对较小。     

含盐量对软黏土电渗排水影响的试验研究

为了研究土体含盐量对软黏土电渗排水的影响,在自制的试验槽里进行室内一维试验,利用试验数据从排水量、排水速率、能量消耗、含水率和电化学反应等 5 方面对电渗性状进行对比分析。试验结果表明：含盐量对软黏土电渗性状有着明显影响,并存在最佳含盐量;较高的含盐量不利于电渗排水和含水率降低,而且会导致能量消耗、阳极腐蚀量和电渗后酸碱不平衡较大;能量消耗系数、阳极腐蚀百分比和排水速率与电流强度的比值这 3 者都与土体含盐量存在一定的定量关系。试验结果能为判别电渗的工程适宜性提供一定的参考依据。     

分级真空预压联合间歇电渗法加固疏浚淤泥宏微观分析

为解决真空预压联合电渗法中的排水板淤堵及电渗能耗大的问题,提出分级真空预压联合间歇电渗法。通过4组室内模型试验,对土体加固过程中的排水量、土表沉降量进行监测,并评估试验后的土体加固效果,探究分级真空预压联合间歇电渗法对于真空预压联合电渗法在土体加固和淤堵效应方面的改进效果。此外,借助扫描电镜获得土体微观结构图片,并通过图像处理软件分析真空预压联合电渗法和分级真空预压联合间歇电渗法处理后土体孔隙特征的变化。试验结果表明:分级真空预压联合间歇电渗法中,分级施加真空压力的方式能缓解排水板淤堵;且间歇通电的方式能减小阳极腐蚀,增大土体电流来促进土体排水。与常规真空预压联合电渗法相比,分级真空预压联合间歇电渗法的排水量和十字板剪切强度分别增加13.2%和19.2%,土体含水率减小13.7%,改善效果十分显著。分级真空预压联合间歇电渗法处理后土体的表观孔隙率、孔隙数和平均孔隙面积更大,土体排水通道畅通有助于排水,且土体孔隙排列更有序,孔隙形态更复杂。     

电渗处理软基的电极转换规律试验研究

电渗处理软基过程中,为探寻电极转换周期规律,运用耐腐蚀的新型EKG电渗排水板分别进行了等时间周期、等排水量的电极转换试验。前者以单元土体为模型,通过观测电流、排水量随电极转换产生的变化以及数据分析,证明了等时间周期的电极转换不利于电渗排水;而后一组平行试验是以长方形土体为一维模型,控制等排水量以进行电极转换,记录电极转换时间以及周期并将数据进行数值拟合,揭示出一种呈指数函数的拟合曲线,并且运用铁作为电极材料也能得到理想的电极转换周期规律和相近的排水效果,但铁耐腐蚀性能较差,不可长期使用。最后将电极转换与常规电渗试验所得土体含水率和电导率分布示意图进行对比,证实了EKG电渗排水板进行等排水量的电极转换试验能获得处理均匀的土体,为EKG材料代替铁在电渗领域的运用提供可靠的试验依据。     

软土电化学加固的排水作用研究

通过室内试验研究了软土电化学加固中在阳极分别注入等量纯水和Ca Cl2盐溶液时的不同规律,从电流、排水量、排水速率、能耗、单位能耗排水率及土体承载力等方面对电渗法和电化学法进行了对比分析。结果表明:电化学加固软土时注入的化学浆液能大幅提升电流强度,且电流增幅期持续时间更长;电化学法极大地提升了土体中水的排出量,排水速率与电流大小及土体含水量有关;电化学法具有较高的单位能耗排水效率。通过试验研究,有助于认清电化学法的排水能力及其与电渗法的区别。     

EKG电极真空–电渗处理软黏土室内试验研究

针对真空–电渗法在软基处理中存在金属电极易腐蚀,试验后期排水效率低等问题,利用自主研发的装置试验了EKG电极在电渗法、真空预压法、真空–电渗法、阴极直排式真空–电渗法下的排水效果,通过监测排水量、电流、pH值、沉降和处理后的强度等指标将上述方法进行比较,结果表明:(1)真空–电渗法处理后排水量最大,沉降更明显,土体强度更大;(2)阴极直排法在前8 h,排水量高于双侧排水真空–电渗法,土体内pH值更稳定,土体表面更均匀;阴极直排法能在一定时间内改善传统真空–电渗法在阳极真空预压与电渗相互抑制的情况,如果将阴极直排法与双侧排水真空–电渗法相结合,能够为扩大真空–电渗联合法的应用范围提供新的研究思路。     

阳离子型化合物改良膨胀土试验研究

为探究不同阳离子化合物改良膨胀土工程特性的实际效果,并确定最佳复合配比,分别选用硅酸钠(Na₂SiO₃)和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)作为改良剂,对改良土样进行一系列物理力学性能研究。结果表明:随着两种改良剂的掺入,膨胀土的液塑限、胀缩率、强度均有明显改善与提高;界限含水率指标上,两种改良剂改善效果相差不大;CPAM更有效降低土的膨胀性;Na₂SiO₃在降低土的收缩性和提高抗剪强度方面效果更明显。选用0.6% CPAM与Na₂SiO₃进行复掺,随着Na₂SiO₃掺量的增加,改良土的无侧限抗压强度呈现先增长后降低的趋势,4% Na₂SiO₃和0.6% CPAM复掺效果最佳且水稳性更优,扫描电镜(SEM)显示复掺改良后膨胀土由弯曲起皱片状结构转为块状结构,提高了土体的密实性和强度。     

珠江三角洲地区竖向排水体施工扰动初探

竖向排水体施工具有挤土效应，按照平面应力问题，应用圆柱孔扩张理论分析表明，竖向排水体周围土体孔隙水压力显著增大，应力变化明显，形成瓶状塑性区。地面以下一定深度Zo范围内，塑性区半径取决于土体初始应力和不排水强度，并随深度增大；Zo以下，塑性区半径不再变化，其大小与土体初始应力、不排水强度，割线模量、排水体类型、间距、长度、导管类型等有关。施工扰动以塑性区为主，塑性区地面发生隆起，珠江三角洲地区，在饱和软粘土基中施工竖向排水体时，实测表明土体强度显著降低，最终沉降增大。计算表明扰动区半径可取塑性区半径的1.2倍，扰动区半径约为竖向排水体导管半径的9倍。     

Experimental investigation on electro-osmotic treatment combined with vacuum preloading for marine clay

An electro-osmotic consolidation (EO) combined with vacuum preloading (VP) was investigated on marine clay using laboratory tests. To improve consolidation efficiency and reduce the settlement difference, a new prefabricated device was designed to combine EO and VP for the tests. The results indicated that the vacuum preloading with intermittent electro-osmotic consolidation (VP–I-ECM) provided more water discharge with higher discharge rate and produced larger soil settlement compared to traditional vacuum preloading and electro-osmotic consolidation. For the combined method, the VP effectively removed water from the soil for the first 12 h, and its efficiency decreased with the time. After 12 h, the intermittent EO was used to further consolidate the soil and maintain a high level of drainage rate. Test results also showed that the combined method of VP-I-ECM significantly improved the shear strength and bearing capacity of the marine clay to satisfy the construction requirements with a significant reduction in the anode erosion and the energy consumption. This research study provides useful information for the design guide and practical application of the combined technique for improving marine clay.     

Resistance to acid degradation,sorptivity, and setting time of geopolymer mortars

Experimental evaluations were conducted to determine the water sorptivity, setting time, and resistance to a highly acidic environment, of mortar with alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) binder and also of combinations of fly ash and GBS binders. Binders were activated using mixtures of NaOH and Na₂SiO₃ solutions. The molarity of NaOH in the mixtures ranged from 10 mol·L⁻¹ to 16 mol·L⁻¹, and the Na₂SiO₃/NaOH ratio was varied from 1.5 to 2.5. Mortar samples were produced using three binder combinations: 1) GBS as the only binder; 2) blended binder with a slag-to-fly ash ratio of 3:1; and 3) mixed binder with 1:1 ratio of slag to fly ash. Mortar samples were mixed and cured at (22 ± 2) °C till the day of the test. The impact of activator solution alkalinity, activator ratio Na₂SiO₃/NaOH, GBS content on the rate of water absorption were evaluated. After 7, 28, and 90 d of immersion in a 10% sulfuric acid solution, the resistance of a geopolymer matrix to degradation was assessed by measuring the change in sample weight. The influence of solution alkalinity and relative fly ash content on setting times was investigated. Alkali-activated mortar with a slag-to-fly ash ratio of 3:1 had the least sorptivity compared to the two other binder combinations, at each curing age, and for mortars made with each of the NaOH alkaline activator concentrations. Mortar sorptivity decreased with age and sodium hydroxide concentrations, suggesting the production of geopolymerization products. No reduction in weight of sample occurred after immersion in the strong acid H₂SO₄ solution for three months, regardless of binder combination. This was due to the synthesis of hydration and geopolymerization products in the presence of curing water, which outweighed the degradation of the geopolymer matrix caused by sulfuric acid.     

Improving settlement and reinforcement uniformity of marine clay in electro-osmotic consolidation using microbially induced carbonate precipitation

This study explored the effect of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), a natural bio-geotechnical process, on mitigating the uneven settlement in electro-osmotic consolidation of soft soil. The real-time drainage and settlement were measured, and the control behavior of drainage to settlement was discussed. MICP solution components were also selected as the different additives to determine the control mechanism of MICP in improving settlement and reinforcement uniformity of clay. After the tests, the chemical properties and microstructure were analyzed according to pH, conductivity, and SEM. The addition of MICP solution in clay significantly even reduced the coefficient of settlement variation by 53.2%, and the upper surface profile tended to be uniform. Contrary to control, the coefficient of settlement variation of MICP-treated soil decreased gradually with drainage volume, mainly due to the filling of solid substances such as calcium carbonate, biofilm, and/or calcium hydroxide produced within soil pores. MICP significantly improved the uneven soil reinforcement generated during the electro-osmotic consolidation but resulted in the lower strength near the anode due to the less drainage. The contribution of MICP solution components to the improvement of settlement and strength uniformity obviously varies. Bacterial cells improved the settlement uniformity but had no effect on the strength improvement of soil. The co-existence of Ca²⁺ and bacterial cells maximized the modification effect, which determined the production of mineral precipitation. Microstructure observation proved the formation of calcium carbonate. The results demonstrated that MICP is an effective technique to improve the settlement and reinforcement uniformity of marine clay in electro-osmotic consolidation.

     

冲击荷载下软土的动力响应及结合水变化试验研究

通过SPAX-2000动静真三轴测试系统,研究了饱和软黏土在冲击荷载作用下的应力、应变、孔隙水压力等指标的变化特征。同时,通过差热分析法和理论计算,对比了试验前后软土中结合水含量大小。研究表明,土中结合水含量及其变化对土的物理性质和力学行为有重要影响。试验前后饱和软黏土中结合水含量变化较大,水性转化现象明显,土体固结作用显著,并且冲击荷载作用下土中水性转化、弱结合水排出与动力排水固结程度有因果联系。在一定试验条件组合下,存在饱和冲击能,此时能激发土中结合水转化为自由水量最多;伴随孔隙压力的消散和土体的固结,土的抗剪强度提高、压缩性减小,土体成为超固结土。该研究能揭示软基加固的微观机理,可为静动力排水固结法设计提供理论依据。     

Bearing and uplift capacities of under-reamed piles in soft clay underlaid by stiff clay using lower-bound finite element limit analysis

Ensuring a safe foundation design in soft clay is always a challenging task to engineers. In the present study, the effectiveness of under-reamed piles in soft clay underlaid by stiff clay is numerically studied using the lower-bound finite element limit analysis (LB FELA). The bearing and uplift capacities of under-reamed piles are estimated through non-dimensional factors N_cul and F_cul, respectively. These factors increased remarkably and marginally compared to N_cul and F_cul of the piles without bulbs when the bulb is placed in stiff and soft clay, respectively. For a given ratio of undrained cohesion of stiff to soft clay (c₂/c₁), the factors N_cul and F_cul moderately increased with the increase in the length-to-shaft-diameter ratio (L_u/D) and adhesion factors in soft clay (α_s1) and stiff clay (α_s2). The variation of radial stress along the pile–soil interface, distribution of axial force in the under-reamed piles, and state of plastic shear failure in the soil are also studied under axial compression and tension. The results of this study are expected to be useful for the estimation of the bearing and uplift capacities of under-reamed piles in uniform clay and soft clay underlaid by stiff clay.     

软黏土中某内支撑式深基坑稳定性安全系数分析

软黏土中深基坑稳定性安全系数是基坑设计的重要指标,目前基坑稳定性安全系数评估方法主要有传统经验公式法和有限元强度折减法。针对深厚软黏土中某倒塌内支撑式深基坑,采用传统经验公式法和有限元强度折减法对该基坑稳定性安全系数FS进行了计算分析,比较了不同土体强度指标计算结果的差异,结合其它学者的研究,对各计算方法及其所采用土体强度指标的合理性进行了评价。研究结果表明:无论是应用经验公式法还是有限元强度折减法,采用不排水抗剪强度指标su计算得到的基坑FS均比较接近1.0,而采用土体c,?强度指标得到基坑FS均远大于1.0。应用有限元强度折减法时,数值计算不收敛准则相对交点法得到基坑FS偏大。采用交点法与Terzaghi法得到基坑FS最接近1.0,与基坑处于极限平衡状态事实相符。     

利用弯曲元测量上海原状软黏土各向异性剪切模量的试验研究

在许多发达国家例如英国,土体的小应变特性已被广泛应用于预测地下建筑物施工引起的地表变形。尽管上海的城市地下基础、基坑与隧道开挖日益增多,但是关于上海原状软黏土小应变剪切模量的研究几近空白。利用装有霍尔局部应变传感器与弯曲元测试系统的三轴仪对上海软黏土剪切刚度的固有各向异性进行了研究。在等向应力状态下对方形原状上海软黏土试样进行了两组试验。试验结果表明：较之传统的初达波法和峰-峰法,互相关法一定程度上提高了弯曲元试验中确定剪切波速的客观性。由于土体水平向层理结构与颗粒间胶结作用的影响,上海软黏土呈现出明显的各向异性,实测最大剪切刚度的固有各向异性比（G_0(hh)/G_0(hv)）约为1.21。利用孔隙比函数F(e)=e^-1.3能够很好的描述不同平面内最大剪切模量与土体应力状态的相互关系。