火电厂WFGD中石膏旋流器节能降耗分析

脱硫系统是火电厂的能耗大户,本文针对石灰石/石膏湿法脱硫系统中,石膏旋流器内空气柱导致的耗能问题进行研究。采用Fluent软件对石膏旋流器内部流场进行了数值模拟,结果表明:空气柱内的气体具有一定的轴向速度与切向速度,空气做螺旋流动,该流动引起旋流器内能量的损耗;采用中心棒能部分或全部消除空气柱。通过实验对无中心棒以及采用中心棒后,旋流器的生产能力、底流含固量等指标参数以及单台旋流器的能耗进行了测量,实验数据表明:采用中心棒后,石膏旋流器的生产能力与底流含固量明显增大;根据4×600 MW机组的实际石膏产量,对不同结构石膏旋流器分析计算得出:生产相同石膏量的前提下,采用倒锥形中心棒可使能耗降低13.41%,并且能有效缓解底流夹细现象。     

火电厂石膏旋流器分离性能强化研究

针对火电厂石膏旋流器存在空气柱、分离效率低等问题,进行了分离性能强化研究。采用Fluent软件,应用RSM(雷诺应力湍流模型)、VOF(流体体积模型)、DPM(离散相模型)对石膏旋流器的流场特性进行数值模拟;并搭建实验台分别对无中心棒、插入圆柱形中心棒、倒锥形中心棒的石膏旋流器进行性能实验,获得生产能力、分股比、分离效率等指标参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:石膏旋流器内存在负压区,导致外界空气从两端出口倒流进入形成空气柱;空气的螺旋运动会引起能量损失;采用中心棒可有效消除空气柱,降低能耗,提高生产能力,对于石膏旋流器的分离有很好的促进作用,并具有良好的入口压力适应性。     

湿法烟气脱硫中石膏旋流器底流夹细的试验研究

针对石膏旋流器运行时存在的底流夹细问题,对排口比分别为0.500、0.625、0.667、0.714、0.750、0.833和1.000时,石膏浆液中不同粒径颗粒的分级情况进行试验研究,分析不同排口比对底流夹细的影响,以及排口比为0.625时入口压强对细颗粒分级的影响和空气柱对分级效率的影响.结果表明:选取适当的排口比以及入口压力均能有效降低底流中细颗粒的比例,同时能够保证粗颗粒具有较高的分级效率;插入中心棒取消空气柱也能在一定程度上减轻底流夹细现象,但会引起中等粒径颗粒分级效率降低.     

石灰石一石膏湿法脱硫系统石膏旋流器分级效率的研究

针对提高脱硫效率和石灰石利用率、提高产品品质和降低厂用电率等问题,从优化分级效率的角度探索提高石膏旋流器性能的方法．采用试验的方法,寻找石膏旋流器结构和工作参数对分级效率的影响规律．结果表明：较高的入口压力、适中的溢流管壁厚和内径、较大的溢流管插入深度以及选用渐缩式阿基米德螺旋线入口结构等因素对石膏旋流器的分级效率有积极效果．     

结构参数对石膏旋流器分股比的影响分析

对石膏旋流器在不同溢流管插入深度、溢流管壁厚和溢流与底流管径比k等参数条件下进行了研究,并分析了分股比的变化规律．结果表明：溢流管壁厚和溢流管插入深度均存在一个最优值,使得石膏旋流器分股比最大;入口压力对分股比的影响随着k值的增大而减小,并且k值越小,变化趋势越明显;在保持旋流器柱段内径、锥角、入口管内径以及溢流管壁厚不变,当k值一致时,分离效率随着入口压力的升高而提高,提高的趋势较平缓．     

溢流口结构对石膏旋流器分离性能的影响

通过试验研究了溢流口结构参数对石膏旋流器生产能力、分离效率及分流比等工艺指标的影响.结果表明:随着溢流管插入深度的增加,石膏旋流器的分离效率和分流比呈先升高后降低的趋势,其生产能力则呈相反的变化趋势,存在一个最优的插入深度值;随着溢流管内径的增大,石膏旋流器的分离效率和分流比均降低,而生产能力则提高;在溢流管壁厚约为18 mm时,石膏旋流器的分离效率和处理能力达到最大值.     

锥形旋流器贫熄实验点测量与外推

对低工况下燃料分配比对贫熄实验点的影响进行了研究.实验使用的燃烧器采用了燃料分配比可调的锥形旋流器头部结构.该研究提供了近贫熄时能够维持燃烧的锥形旋流器头部两部分燃料的取值范围;提供了在有限实验数据点的情况下,通过外推取得贫熄点的方法,并进行了初步实验验证,这对于处于振荡或低燃烧效率的近贫熄状态取得准确的相关数据有参考意义.本文的工作可为低工况下低排放高效稳定燃烧的相关研究提供参考.     

中心分级燃烧室旋流角变化对燃烧特性的影响

实验研究了一种中心分级燃烧室值班级旋流角变化对燃烧性能的影响。采用了单头部单管式燃烧室,值班级一级旋流器旋流数分别为0. 63、0. 72和0. 93,实验研究了采用不同旋流数时燃烧室的点火、慢车贫油熄火、污染物排放和燃烧效率等燃烧特性。实验结果表明:旋流数变化对燃烧室的点火、慢车贫油熄火、污染物排放及燃烧效率等有很大影响;旋流数及一级旋流器和二级旋流器的旋流数差值增加后燃烧室的点火和慢车贫油熄火特性得到改善。一级旋流器旋流数的增加会导致污染物排放的增加及燃烧效率的下降。     

七棒束内超临界流体流动传热的数值分析

在7棒束内超临界氟利昂流体传热试验数据的基础上,采用ω类湍流模型SST和RSO以及ε类湍流模型RNG和SSG对三组典型工况进行了数值计算.结果表明:近壁面区域采用低雷诺数模型处理的ω类模型能定性捕捉到壁面的局部传热弱化现象,而壁面函数法的处理方式不能预测到此类现象;受7棒束非对称热边界条件和强浮力的影响,棒束不同通道内流率分布存在强烈的不均匀性,中心棒和周边加热棒的传热特性存在显著差异.为了准确预测棒束内超临界流体的传热特性特别是典型传热弱化现象,应重点完善湍流模型的近壁面区域处理方式.     

WFGD水力旋流器中石灰石颗粒分级试验与数值模拟

湿法烟气脱流装置中水力旋流器分级试验表明,进口石灰石浆液的颗粒质量浓度为15%时,溢流口颗粒质量浓度达30%,溢流颗粒粒径则集中于30μm以下;随着颗粒粒径的增大,颗粒底流口回收率也在增大,当粒径达到30μm时,回收率已经接近100%。数值模拟表明,雷诺应力湍流模型、自由表面多相流动模型和斯托克斯拉格朗日模型能很好地描述水力旋流器内复杂三维运动的石灰石颗粒分级运动和规律。采用了初始边界条件不给出分流比、也不设定空气柱的模拟方法,模拟结果显示了空气柱的形成、流体的旋流流动。模拟得到的不同粒径颗粒的分级效率与高进口质量浓度条件下的试验结果吻合较好。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.