Fe3Al合金与Q235钢扩散焊界面元素的扩散

对Fe3Al／Q235扩散焊界面附近元素的分布进行计算并通过电子探针进行测定。结果表明，界面附近Al、Fe元素分布计算值和实测值的扩散趋势一致。随着加热温度和保温时间的增加，Fe3Al／Q235扩散焊界面附近元素的扩散距离增大。Fe3Al／Q235扩散焊界面过渡区宽度与保温时间的关系符合抛物线生长规律，保温时间超过60min后界面过渡区宽度不再明显增加。     

Al_2O_3-TiC复合陶瓷与Q235钢扩散连接界面组织结构

采用Ti/Cu/Ti复合中间层通过液相扩散连接技术实现了Al2O3-TiC复合陶瓷与Q235低碳钢的扩散连接.采用扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射等测试手段对Al2O3-TiC/Q235扩散连接接头的显微组织、断口形貌及相组成进行了分析.结果表明,Al2O3-TiC/Q235界面结合紧密,没有显微孔洞、裂纹及未连接区域;Al2O3-TiC/Q235界面附近有各种各样的新相生成,如TiO,Ti3Al,Cu2Ti4O及Cu3Ti3O,所生成的TiO相及复杂结构氧化物Cu3Ti3O和Cu2Ti4O都具有金属特性,对于促进Al2O3-TiC/Q235的可靠连接起到重要作用;接头抗剪强度达143MPa,断口表现为脆性断裂特征,Al2O3-TiC/Q235接头断在界面附近的Al2O3-TiC内.     

镁合金与铝合金的夹层扩散焊连接

采用锌夹层在356℃温度下对镁铝异种金属进行扩散焊连接,并对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行分析.结果表明,利用镁与锌原子互扩散形成低熔点共晶液相区,能够实现镁铝材料的可靠连接.镁铝焊接接头界面区由铝锌反应层、未充分扩散锌层、锌镁反应扩散层组成.铝基体侧铝锌反应层是固溶体层,镁基体一侧锌镁反应扩散层主要是过饱和的固溶体基体及弥散析出的中间相,该区的中间相成分为Mg2Zn11及MgZn2.锌夹层的加入可有效阻止镁铝之间的互扩散.锌夹层镁铝扩散焊接头抗剪强度远超过镁铝直接真空扩散焊接头的抗剪强度.断口观察及相分析表明,接头失效发生在锌镁反应扩散层.     

Preliminary investigations on the Mg–Al–Zn/Al laminated composite fabricated by equal channel angular extrusion

In order to utilize the advantage of low density and overcome the disadvantages of poor corrosion resistance and low strength, the laminated composites of Mg alloys fabricated by different methods have attracted extensively attentions. In this paper, the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), which has been widely used to fabricate ultrafine grain bulk materials, was introduced to fabricate the Mg–3Al–1Zn/Al (AZ31/Al) laminated composites at different temperatures. After fabrication and annealing treatment at different temperatures, the microstructural evolution and phase constitution near the joining interface of AZ31/Al composites were evaluated using optical and scanning electron microscope as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that the higher annealing temperature promoted the formations of thicker bonding layers and more reaction phases near the joining interface, which mainly included Mg₂Al₃ and Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phases. The AZ31/Al laminated composite fabricated at 300 °C revealed thicker diffusion layer than that fabricated at 200 °C after anneal under the same condition, and the appropriate technological parameters of fabricating AZ31/Al laminated composites were also discussed.     

7A52铝合金-钢异种结构CMT熔钎焊接头组织及镀镍层的行为与影响

以ER4043铝硅焊丝为填充金属,研究了Q235钢螺柱与7A52铝合金板CMT焊接工艺,在焊接电流115~135 A,电弧电压14.5~16.5 V,焊接速度0.3 m/min条件下,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形连续美观.结果表明,7A52铝合金侧熔合区界面为熔焊特征,铝母材发生熔合,熔合良好;钢螺柱侧熔合区为钎焊特征,界面存在反应层,由靠近钢螺柱的Fe₂Al₅层和靠近焊缝侧的FeAl₃层组成,整体反应层厚度由根趾向焊趾方向逐渐减小.焊趾部位出现富镍区,主要由Al₃Ni的共晶组织及少量Al₃Ni₂组成.与无镀镍层焊缝比较表明,镀镍层在焊接过程的行为降低了界面反应层厚度,且通过形成富镍区,降低了接头的脆性,使接头抗剪切强度提高了15%~19%,最高达到146.9 MPa,满足了高强铝合金螺柱焊接的质量要求.     

Structure and composition of the transition zone of welded joints of Fe3Al intermetallic and low-carbon steel

The structure and phase composition of the interface of diffusion welded joints of Fe₃Al intermetallic and low-carbon steel are studied. The orientation relation between the crystals of the intermetallic and the Fe(Al) solid solution of the transition zone of a welded joint and the distribution of microhardness in the latter are determined.     

TC4钛合金与Al6061铝合金热等静压扩散连接接头的界面特征及力学性能

对TC4钛合金和Al6061铝合金的异种金属进行了热等静压扩散连接实验,研究了TC4/Al6061连接接头的界面特征、形成机制和力学性能,并通过热力学分析解释相关实验现象。结果表明,热等静压扩散连接及后续退火处理后,两侧母材元素发生了明显的互扩散,其中Si、Mg元素在化学势驱动力作用下分别富集于扩散过渡区和Al侧界面。接头界面发生冶金反应生成TiAl₃、TiAl、Ti₃Al等金属间化合物,通过有效生成热模型计算表明TiAl₃相优先生成。硬度实验表明界面生成的Ti-Al金属间化合物具有较高的硬度。拉伸实验显示接头最大抗拉伸强度达到了144 MPa。     

Microstructure of Reaction Zone Formed During Diffusion Bonding of TiAl with Ni/Al Multilayer

In this article, the characterization of the interfacial structure of diffusion bonding a TiAl alloy is presented. The joining surfaces were modified by Ni/Al reactive multilayer deposition as an alternative approach to conventional diffusion bonding. TiAl substrates were coated with alternated Ni and Al nanolayers. The nanolayers were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering with 14 nm of period (bilayer thickness). Joining experiments were performed at 900 °C for 30 and 60 min with a pressure of 5 MPa. Cross sections of the joints were prepared for characterization of their interfaces by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), high resolution TEM (HRTEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Several intermetallic compounds form at the interface, assuring the bonding of the TiAl. The interface can be divided into three distinct zones: zone 1 exhibits elongated nanograins, very small equiaxed grains are observed in zone 2, while zone 3 has larger equiaxed grains. EBSD analysis reveals that zone 1 corresponds to the intermetallic Al₂NiTi and AlNiTi, and zones 2 and 3 to NiAl.     

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of ceramic coating on carbon steel prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Ceramic coating was prepared on Q235 carbon steel by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The microstructure of the coating including phase composition, surface and cross-section morphology were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion behavior of the coating was evaluated in 3.5% NaCl solution through electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and open-circuit potential (OCP) techniques. The bonding strength between Q235 carbon steel substrate and the ceramic coating was also tested. The results indicated that PEO coating is a composite coating composed of FeAl₂O₄ and Fe₃O_4. The coating surface is porous and the thickness is about 100 μm. The bonding strength of the coating is about 19 MPa. The corrosion tests showed that the corrosion resistance of Q235 carbon steel could be greatly improved with FeAl₂O₄-Fe₃O₄ composite coating on its surface.     

High-Temperature Corrosion of Fe3Al in 1% Cl2/Ar

The high-temperature corrosion of iron aluminide (Fe₃Al) in environments containing chlorine has been investigated using the thermogravimetric method. The corrosion experiments were performed in a 1%Cl₂–Ar mixture in the temperature range of 750 to 900°C. Two distinct stages of weight change during corrosion were observed: slow linear weight loss and subsequent fast linear weight-loss stage. Considering corrosion kinetics and products, different corrosion mechanisms are proposed for each stage. The first stage is characterized by localized chlorine attack, repassivation or defect healing by alumina- forming active oxidation and diffusion of volatile aluminum chloride to the gas/scale interface through dense aluminum oxide. The depletion of aluminum in the alloy near the metal–oxide interface after the first stage and the subsequent evaporation of iron chlorides may result in rapid weight loss during the second stage. It was observed that a significant amount of porous nonprotective oxide scale was formed by active oxidation in the second stage. The segregation of sulfur at the metal–oxide interface during the second stage was also observed.     

Strong bonding of infrared brazed α2-Ti3Al and Ti–6Al–4V using Ti–Cu–Ni fillers

Infrared dissimilar brazing of α₂-Ti₃Al and Ti–6Al–4V using Ti–15Cu–25Ni and Ti–15Cu–15Ni filler metals has been performed in this study. The brazed joint consists primarily of Ti-rich and Ti₂Ni phases, and there is no interfacial phase among the braze alloy, α₂-Ti₃Al and Ti–6Al–4V substrates. The existence of the Ti₂Ni intermetallic compound is detrimental to the bonding strength of the joint. The amount of Ti₂Ni decreases with increasing brazing temperature and/or time due to the depletion of Ni content from the braze alloy into the Ti–6Al–4V substrate during brazing. The shear strength of the brazed joint free of the blocky Ti₂Ni phase is comparable with that of the α₂-Ti₃Al substrate, and strong bonding can thus be obtained.     

A study on diffusion couples of Ti and polysynthetically twinned (PST) Ti–Al: I. Microstructure characterization

The microstructural evolution in multi-phase diffusion couples of polycrystalline Ti and polysynthetically twinned (PST) Ti–49.3 at.% Al is studied, with the diffusion direction parallel to the lamellar planes. A reaction layer or reaction zone (RZ) of polycrystalline α₂-Ti₃Al phase, having a wavy interface with the PST Ti–Al crystal, forms along the PST/Ti bonding interface and exhibits a deeper penetration in the α₂ lamellae, consisting of fine α₂ and secondary γ laths, than in the primary γ lamellae. Furthermore, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations reveal that the RZ/PST interface at the fine α₂ and secondary γ lathes is microscopically flat. The lamellar thickness and the mass balance across the RZ/PST interface are believed to be the major factors that lead to these different behaviors in the penetration depth of the RZ.     

TA1/Q235钢复合板界面结构与结合特性

在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上对Q235钢与TA1进行复合试验的基础上,通过SEM、能谱分析、X射线衍射和电子万能试验机等测试方法对TA1/Q235钢轧制复合板界面元素扩散、相结构以及结合强度、各组元变形规律等进行了分析,研究结果表明,TA1/Q235钢复合材料的应力-应变曲线表现为动态再结晶型,随着总压下率的增大,Q235钢与TA1的变形程度差别减小。在高温复合时,钛与钢中的铁元素发生了互扩散,有一定的扩散层,钛元素相对于铁元素扩散更为活跃,扩散量也比较大。在一定温度和变形量下,结合界面生成了金属间化合物,生成的金属间化合物主要有TiC、FeTi、Fe2Ti。850℃时,主要生成TiC,也有少量Fe2Ti。900℃时,界面生成的化合物主要是Fe2Ti。     

Effect of Ti,Nb, and Ti + Nb Coatings on the Bond Strength-Structure Relationship in Al/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Joints

There is a growing interest in metal-ceramic bonding for wide range of applications in electronic devices and high technology industry for fabrication of metal matrix composites and bonding of ceramic components to metals. The object of the work was to study the effect of Ti, Nb, and Ti + Nb thin films deposited by PVD method on alumina substrates on structure and bond strength properties of Al/Al₂O₃ joints. The joints were fabricated using the results of a wetting experiment and the sessile drop method at a temperature of 1223 K in a vacuum of 0.2 MPa for 30 min of contact. The structure of the metal/ceramic interface was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The elemental distribution at the metal-ceramic interface was analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to investigate some aspects of the metal/ceramic interface. The bond strength properties of joints were measured using shear test. The shear strength results demonstrated significant improvement of shear strength of Al/Al₂O₃ joints due to the application of Ti + Nb thin film on alumina substrate. Microstructural investigations of the interface indicated that Al/coating/Al₂O₃ couples have diffusion transition interface which influences the strengthening of these joints. A conclusion could be drawn that the presence of thin film layers changes the character of interaction and leads to the formation of new reaction products in the bonding layer.     

Oxidation of an Fe-12% Ni alloy in oxygen at 700–1000°C

The oxidation of an Fe-12% Ni alloy has been studied at 700–1000°C using thermogravimetric, metallographic, and electron probe microanalysis techniques. At all temperatures parabolic kinetics were observed and the activation energy for the process was 48±4 kcal mole^–1. At 700°C Fe₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃ were present in the external scale and scaling was accompanied by a progressive Ni enrichment of the underlying alloy. When the Ni-enriched zone contained 50–60% Ni, this metal entered the spinel phase, eventually leading to the formation of Ni_xFe_3–xO₄ where x had a value of 0.24 close to the alloy and <0.01 close to the Fe₂O₃ phase boundary. At higher temperatures (900–1000°C) Ni entered the spinel phase very early in the oxidation process. There was a buildup in Ni concentration in the Ni_xFe_3–xO₄ phase to x values of 0.4 and at 900°C only this corresponded to a transition to a lower parabolic rate of oxidation. The internal oxide phase was identified as Ni_0.7Fe_2.3O₄. The mechanism of oxidation of the alloy is discussed in the light of present knowledge concerning the Fe-Ni-O system.     

Evaluation of intermediate phases formed on the bonding interface of hot pressed Cu/Al clad materials

The aim of the present study is to identify the properties of intermediate phases formed on the bonding interface of hot pressed Cu/Al clad materials by transmission electron microscopy and nano-indentation analyses. Cu/Al clad materials were fabricated by hot pressing under 200 MPa at 250 °C for 1 h and then heat treated at 400 °C for 1 h. Nano-indentation measurement was conducted to evaluate the nanohardness and modulus of the intermediate phases formed between the Cu/Al interfaces. A 3-tier diffusion layer was observed at the Cu/Al interfaces. Knoop microhardness values at the bonding interface were 7 to 11 times that of the Cu and Al matrix metals. The intermediate phases formed at the bonding interface were Al4Cu9, AlCu, and Al₂Cu. A mapping analysis confirmed that the Al and Cu particles moved via mutual diffusion toward the intermediate phases formed at the bonding interface. The nanohardness values of η₂-AlCu and γ1-Al₄Cu₉ were 4 to 7 times that of the Cu and Al matrix metals. Nanohardness and Knoop microhardness measurement curves exhibited similar tendencies. The rigidity values of the respective intermediate phases can be arranged in descending order as follows: γ₁-Al₄Cu₉ > η₂-AlCu > θ-Al₂Cu.     

原位钛基复合材料激光焊接过程中TiB晶须增强体的微观结构演变

本研究采用Nd:YAG激光成功地对TiB晶须和La₂O₃颗粒混杂增强的原位钛基复合材料进行了焊接。利用金相观察、X-ray衍射、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等测试方法,研究了激光焊接过程中TiB的演变行为,探讨了激光焊接头中的物相组成,TiB的分布及形貌特征,及TiB(或La₂O₃)和基体之间的界面关系。研究结果表明,TiB依然存在于焊接接头中,未发现有害物相的形成。在接头熔化区和靠近焊接热源的热影响区中,TiB尺寸显著细化,重新分布于b柱状晶晶界形成新颖的网络状结构。而在远离熔合线的热影响区中,由于受焊接热输入影响小,仅有少量TiB晶须通过B原子的强化扩散而改变了尺寸大小。而靠近母材的TiB未有变化,保持着和母材中TiB相似的形貌特征。进一步的TEM研究证明,增强体和基体之间的界面干净,仍保持良好的界面结合关系,未发现任何不良界面反应的发生,这也表明在激光焊接过程中,增强体和钛基体之间的界面结构是比较稳定的。     

搅拌摩擦加工制备石墨烯/Al复合材料的界面微观结构

以纯净石墨烯为原料,采用搅拌摩擦加工法制备石墨烯/Al复合材料,主要通过透射电镜等手段观察分析复合材料石墨烯?Al的两种界面,即石墨烯平面?Al、石墨烯边缘?Al的界面微观结构,并对界面形成机制进行了分析。结果表明:石墨烯平面?Al界面清晰,是典型的机械结合界面;而石墨烯边缘?Al界面存在过渡,且在其附近偶尔还发现Al4C3的分布,此区域主要以扩散结合并可能具有部分反应(扩散+部分反应)的界面形式存在。复合材料的界面形成机制与石墨烯不同位置的C原子活性有关,平面内C原子的大π共轭结构使其高度惰性,形成机械结合界面;而搅拌摩擦加工过程对石墨烯的破坏主要发生在边缘,由于C—C键合被破坏,石墨烯边缘活泼的C原子与Al基通过C—Al原子的相互作用而形成扩散+部分反应的过渡界面。     

SiC_p/2024与2219铝合金电子束焊接

分别采用电子束对中焊、偏束焊技术,研究了Si C颗粒增强铝基复合材料Si Cp/2024与2219铝合金的接头组织及力学性能.结果表明,对中焊时接头易出现Si C增强相的偏聚,同时发生严重的界面反应,生成大量脆性相Al4C3,接头抗拉强度最高为104 MPa.采用偏束焊工艺可以很好地抑制界面反应,通常只在焊缝上部与Si Cp/Al热影响区上部生成少量脆性相Al4C3,接头抗拉强度最高可达131 MPa.试件均断裂在母材界面反应层上,且为明显的脆性断裂.不同工艺下接头横截面硬度分布存在突变区,该区域在Si Cp/2024熔合区附近,该处脆性相Al4C3的生成导致硬度升高.     

Structure and phase composition of transition zone in titanium-stainless steel bimetal

Conclusions Different physical methods were used to investigate the structure and composition of the diffusion zone at the interface of the titanium (VT6S)—steel (Kh18N10T) bimetal in relation to the rolling conditions and subsequent heat treatment.The TiFe₃ phase was found in the transition zone by the direct secondary ion-ion emission method.Physicotechnical Institute of the Academy of Sciences UkrSSR. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 3, pp. 44–47, March, 1969.