从"四人小组"看钱学森对航天工程人才的培养

Qian Xuesen has always paid close attention to the cultivation of talents. As the founder of China’s aerospace engineering, he drew up the blueprint for establishing scientific and technological teams in the field of aerospace engineering. In his research works in aerospace engineering he himself trained the talents who can take the leadership and undertake the important tasks. This paper discusses Qian Xuesen’s ways of training talented persons in aerospace engineering by introducing his graduate students team—“the group of four” and also makes further reflections on his approaches. The growing process of “the group of four” indicates that the cultivation of talented persons not only requires the school education but more importantly depends on the practical engineering experiences and the knowledge and teaching from their supervisors.     

从水坝工程看我国公众理解工程的问题与对策

At present, the study of “public understanding of engineering” in China has just started, and it can be said that there is adequate research space. Making the public understanding of dams in China as a starting point, this paper analyzes the importance and the present situation of “public understanding of engineering”, and makes some analysis and recommendations on how to promote and facilitate the public understanding of engineering.     

Wisdom City Management System Based on Internet-of-Things Technology

The city management model of China was extensive administrative management model from the beginning. From the end of the 20th century to the first decade of 21st century, China began the systematic construction and through software system, realizes digital and automatic city management system construction. At present, with the perfection and wide applying of internet-of-things technology, it is possible to build the wisdom city management system based on internet-of-things technology. Wisdom city management system is the upgrading city management system of the digital city and the automatic city. This paper, from the basic concept and basic application of internet-of-things technology, discusses the overall structure, application and value, significance and risk of the wisdom city management system. From the perspective of the work mechanism of city management enforcement department, and based on the internet-of-things technology, this paper probes into the wisdom city management system with the “cover to the surface, monitoring to the line, and control to the point” information acquisition, scheduling and decision-making. It also expounds the function and content in detail from the percep-tion layer, the transport layer, support layer and application layer of the wisdom city management system. It pro-vides the actual maneuverability reference of the construction of wisdom city management system based on the internet-of-things technology.     

Study on Methods of Urban Spatial Renewal Based on Eco-logical Compensation

Based on the influence of urban development and construction on natural environment, this paper proposes the idea of “ecological compensation” from the perspective of the functions of ecosystem services. It also discusses the impacts of urban spatial construction on ecosystem services from the changes of overall spatial landscape pattern, changes in habitats, and destruction of the ecosystem cycle. This paper believes that “ecological compensation” should be reflected in the course of urban spatial renewal. Besides, “ecological compensation” should be realized from the adjustment of landscape pattern, improvement of urban habitats and ecosystem cycle so as to improve the ecosystem services of different elements of urban spaces.     

钱学森与中国航天工程的开创——以探空火箭工程和东方红一号卫星工程为例

This paper investigates about the initiation of China’s astronautic engineering. Qian Xuesen contributes greatly to Chinese astronautic engineering, but this paper only focuses on the development of sounding rocket engineering and Dongfanghong-1 satellite engineering, and attaches great importance to the development of T-7M and T-7 sounding rocket and Changzheng-1 launch vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the historic contribution and influence of Qian Xuesen and his astronautic teams to the initiation of China’s astronautic engineering. It also provides the readers with the detail documents about Chinese sounding rocket and Changzheng-1 launch vehicle. Lastly, several enlightenments are given in this paper.     

The Establishment and Development of the Chinese Institute of Engineers

In 1913, Zhan Tianyou founded China’s first engineering academic group, the Chinese Assembly of Engineers. In 1915, the Chinese Assembly of Engineers changed the name to Chinese Institute of Engineers. The Institute tries to promote academic study and communication by publishing Institute newspapers and academic works. The Assembly developed quickly at the early stage and became one of the largest academic groups in China and played a groundbreaking role in attracting engineering experts from the whole country, as well as promoting the research and communication of engineering science. After 1923, the development of the Assembly came to a standstill. In 1931, the Assembly and the Chinese Engineering Society merged into Chinese Institute of Engineers.     

Application and Development of Pyrolysis Technology in Low-Carbon Economy

The efficient, clean and low carbon utilization is the leading direction of research and development of coal utilization technology. In China, the low rank coal, represented by lignite and subbituminous coal, is dominating in coal resources, accounting for more than 55%. Low rank coal is characterized with lower coalification degree, higher volatile matter and moisture content, which lead to low efficiency in direct combustion and gasification process. Therefore, a staged conversion technology based on coal pyrolysis, and the pyrolysis technology with the features of mild conditions, simple process, wider applicability of coal, higher energy efficiency, lower water consumption, especially pyrolysis bridged hybrid power generation technology is proposed as a promising trend in research field. The process takes full advantage of coal composition characteristic to extract gas, liquid fuel, chemicals, and combined hybrid power generation. This technology can realize the improvements in energy efficiency, coal-fired efficiency, power generation efficiency, and the reduction of coal consumption, by upgrading processing, clean coal-fired of industrial boilers, integrating highly efficient steam–gas turbine combined cycle power generation technology. It aims to enhance coal comprehensive utilization efficiency, decrease pollutant and CO₂ emission, and in the end promote the development of science and technology of high efficient low-carbon utilization of low rank coal.     

西藏羊八井宇宙线国家科学观测研究站:历程、成就及建议

This paper reviews the establishment of National Cosmic Ray Observatory in Yangbajing Tibet, Asγ experiment (Sino-Japanese Cooperation) with increasing density of detector year by year, and the development history and scientific achievement of ARGO experiment (Sino-Italian Cooperation)which has developed the traditional sampling observation to a full coverage array. This paper introduces the idea of upgrading the present facilities, introducing a veriety of new detectors and building the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO) for interdisciplinary study in the near future. The paper also summarizes the meaning and experience of the observatory from the aspects of the choice of the researching goal, international collaboration, interdisciplinary, professional dedication and the significance of engineering to research. And at last, the paper puts forward some problems and suggestions for the observatory.     

Low Carbon Life: Revolution of Living Style

Low carbon development is the key approach for the international community to address the global climate change. To practice low carbon life can effectively help achieve the long-term goals to address climate change. As a new style of living, low carbon life could be a revolution for human being’s living style. This revolution includes many aspects: values of low carbon, consumption concept of low carbon, cultural view of low carbon, etc. However, there are still three main barriers in practicing low carbon life: the lack of relevant policies, the recognition derivation of low carbon, and the shortage of relevant materials. Thus, in order to practice the low carbon life, the constructions of ‘hard’ environment and ‘soft’ culture should be strengthened: we should intensify the construction of low carbon policy and legal system, increase the publicity of low carbon life concept, accelerate the development of low carbon technology and low carbon economy etc.     

An Empirical Study on the Public’s Perception of Technology Risk: A Survey Analysis of Beijing Public’s Perception of Risk to Waste Incineration Plant

In recent years, with the emergence of new technologies, incidents caused by technology occur frequently, and it causes a high degree of public concern. The consequences brought by the application of new technologies cause extreme public panic and worry, mistrust of government, experts, businesses, research institutions and other serious impact on mutual exchange and communication. How to balance the relationship between the interests groups, eliminate the public concern on engineering and technical risk, and improve the level of public’s perception of risk, become the most urgent problem. Taking Liulitun incineration plant as an example, this paper surveys and analyzes the public’s understanding on relevant technical and engineering construction, and studies the factors that influence public’s perceptions of risk. It also explores ways of strengthening the communication channel beteween relevant department and the public so as to improve public’s overall perception of risk fundamentally.     

转基因技术的伦理问题

Transgenic technology will bring health and environmental risks, which require people's assessment. The assessment includes two factors: ethics and values. From the perspectives ethics theory and consequences theory, this paper summarizes and analyzes the ethical principles and values involved in transgenic technology and argues that the policy-making concerning transgenic technology must base on deliberative democracy and be guided by precautionary principle. The relatively high costs of democratic policy-making, compared with that of experts policy-making, is the "price" modern people in the risky society have to pay.     

An Etymological Research on Chinese Terms“Engineering” and “Engineer”

Historically, both Chinese words of “engineering” and “engineer” have rich connotations. Based on a textual research on traditional literatures, this article tries to explain how the modern Chinese term “engineering” directly originated from ancient Chinese terms and inherited the basic connotation from tradition. Moreover, several traditional titles like “Gongshi” and later title “gongchengsi” were used contemporarily with the title “engineer” during the Self-improvement Movement. Nevertheless, the term “gongchegnshi” (Engineer), gradually replaced the traditional titles along with the institutionalization of modern engineering in China.     

AIChE and Its Role in the Early Shaping of Chemical Engineering

In the 20 years from the late 19th century to early 20th century, industry developed rapidly in Europe and the U.S. During this period new branches of engineering science came into being. In order to have deep understanding of engineering science, the author chooses American Institute of Chemical Engineers as her case study target. On the basis of important sources and literatures, the paper made a study on the history of the formulation of chemical engineering as a new discipline from the perspectives of historiography and sociology of science. The paper shows that in the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the U.S, chemical engineers has become a new profession, and chemical engineering as a discipline is gradually shaped by the interaction and intersection of chemistry and mechanical engineering. In 1888, Boston Institute of Technology (the predecessor of MIT) started to design chemical engineering courses and to train engineers needed in chemical industry. Chemical engineers paid more attention to the connection of their work with pure chemistry and mechanical engineering. They tried to find out their own professional and knowledge boundaries in industry. The chemical industry grew along with the formation of chemical engineer groups and institutionalization of chemical engineering education. In such a context, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers was established in 1908. The AIChE was a distinguished mark of the institutionalization of chemical engineering. It played an important role in the shaping and promoting of the new discipline: defining the professional identity of the chemical engineer; constructing a platform of academic communication; clarifying the boundary of chemical engineering and the relationship among chemical engineering, chemistry, mechanical engineering and other disciplines; reforming the education of chemical engineering at American universities, standardizing the curriculum of chemical engineering; promoting the connection among academic institutions, universities and enterprises.     

医学工程化的人文困惑及其消解

The improvement in medical technology and the development of medical engineering is decreasing the humanistic care that medical field deserves. The using of too many medical equipments leads to the materialization of medical science and the puzzlement of the doctors, patients and administrative staffs. The humanistic puzzlement further causes the descending of medical ethics, the difficulty of getting medical treatment and social inequity. This paper clarifies that humanistic puzzlement is caused by overusing of medical engineering, which strengthens biomedical model, stimulates irrational need for health and aggravates the benefit-oriented behaviors in medical treatment. It is proposed that to tackle the problem we must change the medical model, regulate irrational health needs and return to humanistic medical treatment.     

从胶济铁路的修建看近代对华技术转移中的冲突与适应

1897年德国以武力占领胶州湾,1899年德国辛迪加成立山东铁路公司,负责胶济铁路的修筑和运营。筑路初期,德国人野蛮粗暴的行为方式导致与当地民众的多次暴力冲突。1900年袁世凯与山东铁路公司签订的《胶济铁路章程》有利于规范铁路公司的行为。义和团运动期间,筑路冲突达到顶峰。分析可知,引起筑路冲突的原因主要可归为文化因素（风水和坟墓文化）和利益因素（土地产权和农田排水）。山东铁路公司通过与山东官府和士绅合作,解决上述问题,并在一些重要城镇修建了通往火车站的公路。胶济铁路建设中的冲突与适应是殖民地与境下技术转移双方相互作用的表现和结果。     

A Review of Researches on the Self-organization Issue Concerning Complex Engineering Systems

With the development of science and technology, engineering practices have become more and more complex, which have resulted in a great deal of complex engineering systems. The elements of such systems are so numerous and jumbled, and the nonlinear interaction between the elements is so strong that traditional engineering methodology is no longer suitable to cope with such kind of engineering practices. Under such circumstances, some thoughts from complexity science, especially those of self-organization theory, have been drawn to solve the complex engineering problems. And some new ideas and methods have thus sprung out. Based on the literature review, the authors of this thesis clarify the concept of complex engineering system and its features. Besides, they also discuss the latest progress of the research on self-organization issue concerning complex engineering system from three aspects: on the self-property of complex engineering system, on the self-organizing mechanism of complex engineering system and on the relationship between self-organization and hetero-organization in complex engineering system. The effectiveness of the research from simulation still needs to be tested through the real engineering practice. The general principles and laws of constructing complex engineering system still need to be explored. The research on self-property of complex engineering system could not satisfy the need of engineering practice. And the problem of how to balance the relationship between self-organization and hetero-organization in constructive process of complex engineering system needs to be further studied. Dealing with all these problems requires not only the advancement in engineering science, but also the contribution of engineering philosophy, which is especially useful to the development of engineering methodology.     

论工程在科技及经济社会发展中的创新驱动作用

从工程与科学技术辩证关系的角度,在四个方面讨论了工程在创新驱动发展中的作用和意义.从劳动与劳动工具对人类进化和发展过程中的关键作用入手,讨论了工程的本质以及科学、技术、工程三者的关系,认为三者处于“无首尾逻辑”的不断循环的融合体状态,三者互相依赖、互相推动,而工程直接联系着技术的应用和科学的基础,在这一循环中起着“扳机”和载体的作用.以中国航天经历仿制阶段、自主研制阶段、跟踪发展阶段以及开始步入创新驱动发展新时期的58 年发展历程为例,论述了以重大工程带动科技发展对我国来说是一条成功之路.提出在未来的创新驱动发展中要坚持两项原则：一是坚持通过重大工程带动科技发展和社会进步;二是要将基础科研按其本身的特点并吸纳重大工程的成功经验制定发展规划.讨论了工程成果对于科学发展的基础作用,提出工程成果不仅是现代基础科学取得重大突破的必要手段和基础,还牵引着诸多基础学科的生成,完善和推动基础学科的发展;工程设施所提供的成果,既是设计成果、验证结果,也是运营的伴行装置;既是对象的物理表现,也是模型化认识的基础科学.对工程师的使命强调了三点认识：一是要依据系统工程的原则、方法和程序指导工程实践,一项重大工程系统在其运行中,必然要包括“非拥护性评审”以及相应的机会成本权衡;二是系统工程实施的第一步是工程需求论证,而复杂工程系统的需求论证必须是全域性的,涉及技术、经济、社会的诸多方面,否则可能造成巨大的损失;三是科技进步将人类社会推到高科技时代的同时,也把我们带进了为科技进步和工程建设而付出的各种代价之中,工程师要与科学家携手,通过“科学一技术一工程”无首尾逻辑的综合运用,共同解决当代民生难点课题,这是工程师的?     

我国城市交通管理工程技术应用的若干思考

通过梳理国外城市交通管理工程技术的发展历程,探讨了国外在交通基础设施完善、智能交通技术发展和交通工程咨询发展上值得借鉴的经验,对比我国的应用现状,分析了我国交通管理工程技术粗放式应用、管控系统功能整合不够、智能交通发展缺少应用基础等问题,反思了在发展规划、资源利用、系统功能、技术支撑、咨询行业等五个方面问题存在的根源,提出ITS技术的发展必须建立在交通管理工程技术得到充分应用基础上。在借鉴国外实践经验的基础上,结合我国城市交通发展现状和实际需求,在交通管理工程技术走向、ITS技术发展、交通管控科技手段、工程技术咨询行业、技术创新联盟等五个方面提出了发展思路和建议,以期对我国今后的城市交通政策调整、交通管理工程技术发展、智能交通系统建设起到一定的积极作用。     

工程史的学科定位和学科结构初探

工程史在中国已经出现分立发展的良好势头,正在成为学科之林破土而出的一株“新苗”.技术史和包含着技术史的科学技术史,以及由工程史和技术史综合而成的工程技术史,都是与工程史有着极密切关系的亲缘学科.同样以工程活动作为研究对象的工程学、工程哲学,是工程史的并立同源学科,三者在基本内容、核心课题方面有相对明晰的区分,不能相互替代.构想中的工程史学科结构,将正在萌生和有待创建的分支学科归并为基础工程史、综合工程史、部门类别工程史、工程社会活动史、专项工程制度史、专项工程成就史等几个学科群组.     

德国交通管理体制变迁及特点

从德国交通管理体制变迁及其现状、特点的角度系统研究了其交通运输的发展问题.结合德国关键的历史时间节点,回顾了自德意志帝国至现今的德意志联邦共和国期间,其交通管理体制的变迁历程;重点分析了德国现行交通管理体制的运作情况,在对德国联邦层级和地方层级的交通运输管理机构进行简要阐述的基础上,着重论述了德国联邦层级的交通运输管理机构——联邦交通、建设与城市发展部的组织形式和主要职责等;总结了德国交通管理体制的成效;并结合我国国情,探讨了德国交通管理体制对我国的启示,力求在新的交通运输大部制的背景下,对我国综合交通运输的发展提供借鉴.