The Establishment and Development of the Chinese Institute of Engineers

In 1913, Zhan Tianyou founded China’s first engineering academic group, the Chinese Assembly of Engineers. In 1915, the Chinese Assembly of Engineers changed the name to Chinese Institute of Engineers. The Institute tries to promote academic study and communication by publishing Institute newspapers and academic works. The Assembly developed quickly at the early stage and became one of the largest academic groups in China and played a groundbreaking role in attracting engineering experts from the whole country, as well as promoting the research and communication of engineering science. After 1923, the development of the Assembly came to a standstill. In 1931, the Assembly and the Chinese Engineering Society merged into Chinese Institute of Engineers.     

关于工程师学的初步思考

工程师学是以工师这个群体或特定职业作为研究对象的学科.近几十年来,有关工程师各种问题的研究越来越受到中国学术界的关注,这些研究为创建和发展工程师学提供了重要的基础.本文界定工程师学的主要研究内容,包括工程师辨识、工程师分类、工程师职能、工程师伦理、工程师素养、工程师管理和工程师培养等；阐述推进工程师学的发展所需要思考并...     

论工程在科技及经济社会发展中的创新驱动作用

从工程与科学技术辩证关系的角度,在四个方面讨论了工程在创新驱动发展中的作用和意义.从劳动与劳动工具对人类进化和发展过程中的关键作用入手,讨论了工程的本质以及科学、技术、工程三者的关系,认为三者处于“无首尾逻辑”的不断循环的融合体状态,三者互相依赖、互相推动,而工程直接联系着技术的应用和科学的基础,在这一循环中起着“扳机”和载体的作用.以中国航天经历仿制阶段、自主研制阶段、跟踪发展阶段以及开始步入创新驱动发展新时期的58 年发展历程为例,论述了以重大工程带动科技发展对我国来说是一条成功之路.提出在未来的创新驱动发展中要坚持两项原则：一是坚持通过重大工程带动科技发展和社会进步;二是要将基础科研按其本身的特点并吸纳重大工程的成功经验制定发展规划.讨论了工程成果对于科学发展的基础作用,提出工程成果不仅是现代基础科学取得重大突破的必要手段和基础,还牵引着诸多基础学科的生成,完善和推动基础学科的发展;工程设施所提供的成果,既是设计成果、验证结果,也是运营的伴行装置;既是对象的物理表现,也是模型化认识的基础科学.对工程师的使命强调了三点认识：一是要依据系统工程的原则、方法和程序指导工程实践,一项重大工程系统在其运行中,必然要包括“非拥护性评审”以及相应的机会成本权衡;二是系统工程实施的第一步是工程需求论证,而复杂工程系统的需求论证必须是全域性的,涉及技术、经济、社会的诸多方面,否则可能造成巨大的损失;三是科技进步将人类社会推到高科技时代的同时,也把我们带进了为科技进步和工程建设而付出的各种代价之中,工程师要与科学家携手,通过“科学一技术一工程”无首尾逻辑的综合运用,共同解决当代民生难点课题,这是工程师的?     

德国工程技术伦理的建制

The institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics is to efficiently implement and apply the concept and research achievements of engineering and technology ethics into engineering activities by establishing effective institutions and organizations. German engineering and technology ethics has gained valuable experience in this respect. About the theoretical demonstrations on ethical institutionalization, there're mainly: Gehlen’s anthropological demonstration on the objective of institutionalization, and Ropohl's demonstration from the view of society-technology system theory while Hubig's from the viewpoint of axiology. And in Germany, the practical applications of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics chiefly include the establishment of various institutionalized organizations at the levels from federation, state to the public, and the promulgation and implementation of ethical guidelines for Association of German Engineers. Reviewing the experiences and characteristics of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics in Germany would not only be helpful to the enrichment of our theories of engineering and technology ethics, but also be of significant reference value for the the application of engineering and technology ethics in practice.     

An Etymological Research on Chinese Terms“Engineering” and “Engineer”

Historically, both Chinese words of “engineering” and “engineer” have rich connotations. Based on a textual research on traditional literatures, this article tries to explain how the modern Chinese term “engineering” directly originated from ancient Chinese terms and inherited the basic connotation from tradition. Moreover, several traditional titles like “Gongshi” and later title “gongchengsi” were used contemporarily with the title “engineer” during the Self-improvement Movement. Nevertheless, the term “gongchegnshi” (Engineer), gradually replaced the traditional titles along with the institutionalization of modern engineering in China.     

Social Engineering Based on Embeddedness——Understanding Scott’s Seeing Like A State

Scott has given best explanations and criticism on how certain schemes to improve the human condition have been carried out and have failed in 20th century. With extreme faith in science and the rational, high-modernism-oriented social engineering tends to ignore informal process and practical knowledge. Meanwhile, informal process and practical knowledge comes to be correction and compensation for the disastrous consequence of high-modernism-oriented social engineering. Social engineering will succeed only if it is embedded into informal process and respects practical knowledge and local knowledge. Thus, a reflective dimension is involved in social engineering.     

技术科学要求创造工程技术的理论——纪念钱学森先生百年诞辰

钱学森提出的技术科学思想及其方法论,是指从工程和实践中抽象出科学问题,基于自然科学理论建立简化力学模型,通过数学手段求解,得到理论结果,再经过实际检验,从而"创造出工程技术的理论".本文概述我们对这一思想的学习和思考,并以两个实例阐述我们对此的具体实践.     

工程师短缺抑或缺少其他——一个行动者网络视角的透视

我国工程教育发展史映射了工业化进程。在我国工程教育中，存在着培养目标不清、政府政策导向不明、工科院校培养模式失衡和企业角色缺位等问题。在借用行动者网络理论分析框架对这些问题进行检讨的基础上，指出了重构我国工程教育行动者网络的必要性。我国工程教育的培养目标应定位于培养工业化发展过程中需要的工程师，政府在这一网络重构过程中发挥主导作用，引导工科院校建立多层次、多规格的人才培养体系。政府应加大投入，改善_T-科院校办学条件。利用减免税等政策工具，吸引企业积极参与网络构建；通过实施认证制度和激励手段，规范工科院校和企业的行为。     

钢铁冶金工程的演化过程与规律

Ferrous metals have been the basic material used by human beings. In 600 BC, China started to enjoy the Iron Age, so in the long-term practice, iron-smelting had come to be a skillful technique. Accompanied with the economic development of human society, iron-smelting had been transformed into handicraft iron making workshops in addition to farming and stock-raising. The Industrial Revolution boosted the increasing demand for iron and steel products in society and the technological innovation had brought the birth of steel industry and had formed the ferrous metallurgical engineering. In the course of rapid growth of economy in the 20th century, driven by technological innovations, steel industry has made tremendous development. In the 21st century, iron and steel will still be the important materials for human society, and the development of steel industry will be continuing. The history of human society, as a whole, has been an everlasting course of evolution for the survival of human being and the needs for the development of human society. Human race has endeavored to improve economic growth. The evolution of ferrous metallurgical engineering has been just one constituent in the evolution course of utilization, application and fabrication of tools for human society.     

美国交通行政管理体制的历史沿革与政府治理经验启示

在美国交通发展史上,发生过2次交通革命,分别是18世纪到19世纪的交通革命和20世纪90年代以来的新交通革命.前者完成了交通基础的硬件建设,后者实现了交通发展理念由重基础设施建设向可持续、综合协调的转变.期间,政府对交通的管理、国家对交通的管制不断演变.本文以美国交通行政管理体制的历史沿革为主线,再现其体制转变的历史背景,描述美国交通管理体制由分散向集中、政府管制由强化向放松的转变过程,分析现行体制的特点及运作效果,总结美国政府在交通管理中的价值管理、法律保障、政府与市场分工合作等主要做法和经验,以期为我国当前大部制下的交通运输发展提供经验借鉴和改革启示.     

A Review of Researches on the Self-organization Issue Concerning Complex Engineering Systems

With the development of science and technology, engineering practices have become more and more complex, which have resulted in a great deal of complex engineering systems. The elements of such systems are so numerous and jumbled, and the nonlinear interaction between the elements is so strong that traditional engineering methodology is no longer suitable to cope with such kind of engineering practices. Under such circumstances, some thoughts from complexity science, especially those of self-organization theory, have been drawn to solve the complex engineering problems. And some new ideas and methods have thus sprung out. Based on the literature review, the authors of this thesis clarify the concept of complex engineering system and its features. Besides, they also discuss the latest progress of the research on self-organization issue concerning complex engineering system from three aspects: on the self-property of complex engineering system, on the self-organizing mechanism of complex engineering system and on the relationship between self-organization and hetero-organization in complex engineering system. The effectiveness of the research from simulation still needs to be tested through the real engineering practice. The general principles and laws of constructing complex engineering system still need to be explored. The research on self-property of complex engineering system could not satisfy the need of engineering practice. And the problem of how to balance the relationship between self-organization and hetero-organization in constructive process of complex engineering system needs to be further studied. Dealing with all these problems requires not only the advancement in engineering science, but also the contribution of engineering philosophy, which is especially useful to the development of engineering methodology.     

从北京观象台造仪看“工程”的若干特征

17 世纪,欧洲耶稣会士来华,并以传播科学助力传教.他们为明清两朝的历法制订做出贡献,并将欧洲的天文仪器技术介绍到中国.为满足制订历法的需求,耶稣会士南怀仁及其中国合作者在1669-1674 年制造了赤道浑仪、黄道浑仪、地平经仪、象限仪、纪限仪和天体仪.这些仪器装备了清朝的北京观象台,完成了观象台的改造工程,满足了当时制订历法的需求.这些天文仪器的规划、设计、制造和使用表明了工程的若干特征：以需求为导向,制订系统的工程规划;追求高成功率,尽量采用可靠的技术;以有效的技术集成为工程创新奠定基础;工程团队由工程师、工匠和管理者等不同角色构成;现代工程将技术、科学与管理等知识整合并运用于人们的实践,实现更大规模的工程.     

Structure Issue in Chemical Engineering

There exists the molecular-particle-equipment-system complex multi-scale structure in chemical engineering. There also exists the multi-scale heterogeneous structure in chemical reactor and separator. The main characteristic of this structure is that there are particles, gas bubbles, particle agglomerates, liquid drops in gas or liquid continuum. And their sizes are different; their distributions in continuum are heterogeneous. This heterogeneous structure is closely related to the behaviors of flow, transfer, and reaction. However, in traditional chemical engineering the multi-scale heterogeneous structure is ignored and the averaged and pseudo homogeneous method is adopted. As a result, the predictions for transfer and reaction behaviors and scale-up lead to big deviation and fault. In recent years, scientists are paying close attention to the structure issue of chemical engineering, and have made certain progresses in studying the structure prediction theory, the relationship between structure and transfer and reaction, the structure optimal control methods, and the TFM model combined with structure model for com-putational simulation.     

19世纪末至20世纪前半期中国的军事工程

19世纪末至20世纪初,世界军事工程的样式,已开始从要塞炮台式体系为主,演变为以野战筑垒体系为主,中国军事工程体系也或先或后地进行了这种演变。其进程大致是:一、自中法战争至抗击八国联军侵华战争(1884—1949)中出现的"地营"等多种筑垒法,"精筑壕垒"法,"桤筑溝墙"法;二、北洋政府时期的"堑壕"与阵地布障法;三、国民政府时期对苏区构筑的"碉堡"工事,抗战中以沿海为主以内陆为辅的守备工事,总崩溃前的城防与江防工事;四、人民军队在1928至1949年的军事斗争中所创独具特色的军事工程。     

英法海底隧道工程：历史过程和成功经验

荚法海底隧道是世界第二大海底隧道，该工程的创意在十九世纪初由法国工程师提出，在十九世纪七十年代由英法两国开始建设，但因英国公众担心国防安全而终止。二十世纪六十年代，两国在和平时期又开始建设此隧道，但工程却又因财政问题而搁置。二十世纪八十年代，两国政府通过采用私人资本建设大型基础设施等管理创新，成功建成隧道并成功运行。英法海底隧道工程的成功经验可以为工程创新实践提供重要启示。     

The Definition, Classification and Specialty/Characteristics of Military Engineering

While the philosophy of engineering is becoming a popular topic in the academia, the philosophy of military engineering is rarely studied. The study of the definition, classification and specialty of military engineering is the basis and the logical foundation of the philosophy of military engineering. From the concept of engineering and engineer, we could tell that engineering is tightly bound to military in the very first place. The emergence of civil engineering has led to the diversity and versatility of engineering. This paper redefines the concept of military engineering by analyzing the purposes, the functions and the organizational management of military engineering constructions. By comparing military engineering with civil engineering, this paper classifies military engineering according to its functions, purposes and applications and clarifies the characteristics of military engineering.     

行动学视野中的设计

设计是人的行动与动物的活动的本质区别。行动学作为对人类所有行动进行一般性研究的哲学分支学科，自20世纪下半叶以来，从设计的本质、设计方法论、设计的根本属性以及设计的局限性等方面入手，对设计进行了系统的哲学研究。本文在阐述行动学的设计研究的成果的基础上，指出其对工程设计的哲学研究的启示。     

社会工程视域下新型城镇化刍议

工程造物正在面临一个“大工程时代 ”的来临,工程活动的成败将不仅取决于“工程职业共同体”的职业素养,也取决于“工程活动共同体”的综合素养.如果说“工程职业共同体”关注的是工程科学与技术,那么“工程活动共同体”则还要关注工程协作与社会反馈,因此,以社会为工程建构背景的社会工程视域是分析“大工程”特征、促进“大工程”发展的必然选择.新型城镇化作为典型的政府主导的“大工程”造物,其实施过程时间长、规模大、投资多、对经济社会影响深远.在社会工程的视域下,推动新型城市化按照科学发展的轨道运行,要加强对工程决策和工程建构过程中的目标设计和模式调控,同时,认识到政府决策者是理性有限的、具有可错性的“社会人”,对于避免乌托邦式的造物工程、实施渐进式工程活动、推进以人为本的新型城镇化建设具有重要意义.     

工程认知图景的探究

文森蒂在《工程师知道什么以及他们是如何知道的一基于航空历史的分析研究》一书中，运用经验与历史分析的方法，为我们展示了工程知识的来源与特征，并提出了“工程知识增长的变异一选择模型”，构建了关于人类工程活动的令人信服的认知图景。本文试图揭示文森蒂工作的哲学意涵，并进行了简要的评述。     

工程史的学科定位和学科结构初探

工程史在中国已经出现分立发展的良好势头,正在成为学科之林破土而出的一株“新苗”.技术史和包含着技术史的科学技术史,以及由工程史和技术史综合而成的工程技术史,都是与工程史有着极密切关系的亲缘学科.同样以工程活动作为研究对象的工程学、工程哲学,是工程史的并立同源学科,三者在基本内容、核心课题方面有相对明晰的区分,不能相互替代.构想中的工程史学科结构,将正在萌生和有待创建的分支学科归并为基础工程史、综合工程史、部门类别工程史、工程社会活动史、专项工程制度史、专项工程成就史等几个学科群组.