生活中的化学

生活中的化学知识要点？ 一：关于物质燃烧 1.点燃两支高度不同的蜡烛，用一个烧杯罩住，高的蜡烛先熄灭，原因是生成的二氧化碳气体温度较高，上升，然后由上至下充满整个瓶内，因此当窜内发生火灾时应用湿毛巾堵住口鼻弯腰逃离火灾区，在森林火灾逃生的办法是：用湿毛巾堵往口鼻逆风而逃。     

蛋糕上的蜡烛熔化后滴到了上面能不能吃？

每次有人过生日的时候。点燃蜡烛。唱完生日快乐歌,就会看到蜡烛熔化后滴到蛋糕的奶油上,滴得到处都是。要一个个挑出来也不容易。有时候也会被人误食进去。那么,这些蜡烛熔化后的物质到底能不能吃呢？     

CI与工艺品蜡烛包装设计

C I是现代企业市场竞争的生存战略和经营战略,讨论C I与产品包装的密切联系,介绍用C I指导产品包装设计开发的途径,分析C I指导下的千诗碧可工艺品蜡烛包装设计的定位、构思以及蜡烛的标签设计和中包装设计。     

轻松学管理 快速练营销

春秋时期，楚王请了很多臣子们来喝酒吃饭，席间歌舞妙曼，美酒佳肴，烛光摇曳。同时，楚王还命令两位他最宠爱的美人许姬和麦姬轮流向各位敬酒：忽然一阵狂风刮来，吹灭了所有的蜡烛，漆黑一片，席上一位官员乘机揩油，摸了许姬的玉手。许姬一甩手，扯了他的帽带，匆匆回到座位上并在楚王耳     

舰载武器系统研制方案多目标生成与评价方法

舰载武器系统研制方案的生成、评价与优选问题是武器装备研制论证中的重要内容．在分析目前舰载武器系统研制方案论证方法的基础上，构建了舰载武器系统多目标优化模型，提出了舰载武器系统研制方案的多目标生成方法，并建立了不完全偏好信息的舰载武器系统研制方案的多目标评价与优选模型．实例分析说明，该模型与方法是有效的，可为武器装备研制论证问题提供辅助决策方法和智力支持．     

十五～十三五期间气象标准研制贡献大数据分析

本文引入气象标准研制贡献度和贡献指数这一大数据和量化分析手段，针对气象行业特点设计了科学和有针对性的指标，将标准研制数量和在标准研制中所起作用进行综合考虑，从总体情况、地区分布、单位类型、发挥作用等多个维度对研究对象进行分析，研究以上要素在现状和发展趋势方面存在的特点，并给出了现行气象标准研制贡献排行榜。     

退役自动柜员机拆解处理技术标准研究

为研制《退役自动柜员机拆解处理技术规范》标准，本文梳理了废旧电器电子产品回收处理现状，提出退役自动柜员机的拆解流程和目标。调研了拆解、循环利用、环境污染等关联标准现状，研究了退役自动柜员机及拆解处理基本概念及关键技术问题，提出了所研制标准的主要内容。标准的研制将进一步完善我国废弃电器电子产品回收处理标准体系。     

大型飞机数字化研制项目管理技术探索

随着我国航空工业的发展，大型飞机数字化研制已经全面展开，本文简要介绍了大型飞机数字化研制的过程，着重就研制过程中的项目管理方法及理论进行了探索。     

某测试系统检查仪频率信号发生电路设计

根据研制某检查仪的任务需求，对某航空发动机转速频率信号、振动频率信号进行分析，设计了模拟相应频率信号的发生电路，用于检查仪的研制。     

关于高等院校对GJB 9001C-2017质量管理体系的建设

为加快推动军民融合深度发展，提高武器装备研制质量，增加我国在国际中的科技竞争力，本文以地方高校为例，运用过程方法、PDCA循环、基于风险的思维，结合GJB 9001C-2017质量管理体系要求，建立了覆盖管理过程、产品实现过程和支持过程的质量管理体系，有利于实现软件工程化研制过程中的质量管理，提升机构的项目管理能力和经济效益，以期为高校软件研制机构的GJB 9001C-2017质量管理体系建设提供参考。     

CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系黑色装饰微晶玻璃的研究

为了研究制备黑色装饰微晶玻璃,使用Fe2O3、Ni2O3、Co2O3等着色剂,研究了其对微晶玻璃装饰板材的颜色、烧结和晶化性能的影响规律,确定合理的着色剂种类、含量以及热处理制度,并利用XRD与SEM等技术研究了黑色装饰微晶玻璃的结构.研究表明:以Fe2O3、Co2O3组合和Fe2O3、Co2O3、Ni2O3的组合都可制得黑色系列玻璃与花纹清晰的黑色微晶玻璃;100g玻璃配合料中,较合理的着色剂用量为:Fe2O33～5g,Co2O30.15～0.25 g,Ni2O30.2～0.4 g.     

Developing a custom colour target for artwork imaging

Abstract

When characterising digital camera for capturing art paintings, the standard targets are often used, resulting in unacceptable differences in reproducing some special colours, so additional time must be spent for visual editing and colour adjusting in various software applications. To avoid the need for excessive colour editing, and to improve workflow efficiency and colour accuracy, the special colour reference target for digital camera characterisation was developed, applied and tested in these research. The object of digitalisation was paintings made with gouache paint, so two custom gouache reference targets with different numbers of colour samples (named CGRT24 and CGRT96) were created for digital camera colour characterisation. The main criteria for construction of targets were defined, as the optimal studio conditions for digital image capture of art paintings. By analysing the results gained with profiles testing, it was established that the errors in colour reproduction, which appear when using the standard targets (GretagMacbeth ColorChecker and ColorChecker DC) was decreased when using the developed CGRT targets for digital camera characterisation. Also, it was found out that the larger number of colour samples on target does not guarantee the more accurate camera profile. The results show that the colorimetric properties of colour samples are more important than the number of samples and proves that there is a benefit of developing the custom target tailored to the specific need.     

A novel colour model for colour detection

Colour detection plays an important role for many computer vision-based applications. However, most existing colour detection methods tend to be environment dependent since slight changes of environmental factors such as illumination or shadowing effects could greatly reduce their performances. In this paper, a new colour model is introduced to allow enhanced colour detection from images, even with significantly different lighting conditions and image qualities. The proposed colour model is called the HPBr colour model. It is converted from the RGB colour model and it consists of three colour components, namely, hue (H), purity (P) and brightness (Br). This colour model can be represented in three different geometric shapes: diamond, sphere and cylinder. To assess the effectiveness of the model, two different colour detection methods have been applied onto benchmark images. Experimental results from both methods confirmed that the proposed colour model produced the best colour detection results among existing models.     

Image processing-based method for glass tiles colour matching

Abstract

Furniture glass tiles are increasingly used for covering walls and facades or for conferring fashionable aesthetical properties to buildings. Companies that produce furniture glass tiles of a desired colour are devoted to performing a colour comparison between the manufactured glass tiles and the ones desired by a customer, or provided by a catalogue. Still today, such a comparison, known as ‘colour matching’, is mainly performed by company experts by means of a visual inspection, thus leading to a subjective and qualitative colour assessment. A number of methods for colour matching have been afforded in the literature in several industrial fields such as textile, plastics or food; unfortunately, to the best of author’s knowledge, no practical method for glass tiles colour matching has been devised until today. The present work provides an image processing-based method capable of carrying out non-patterned glass tiles colour matching. The method is devised using an appositely developed hardware so as to extract a series of statistical data from scanned images of 10 mm sized glass tiles and, on the basis of the definition of two novel colour distance formulas, endows with colour matching. The achieved colour matching performance agrees in 91% of tests with expert-performed colour classification. The provided formulas are meant to be of general usage for assessing glass tiles colour matching.     

色彩设计在商品展示陈列中的应用

商品的展示陈列是商品营销的重要手段，商品的置放与排列、商品色彩与展示陈列中的环境色彩的相互配置，既要合理性、艺术性，又要突出商品的形象和特征，其中色彩设计起着极其重要的作用。     

纺织品颜色的在线测量

本文介绍了纺织品颜色测量的基本原理，颜色在线测量的特点，测量系统的组成。分析了影响测量精度的因素，提出了一些修正误差的方法，给出了实际测量结果。     

Mechanism of variable structural colour in the neon tetra: quantitative evaluation of the Venetian blind model

The structural colour of the neon tetra is distinguishable from those of, e.g., butterfly wings and bird feathers, because it can change in response to the light intensity of the surrounding environment. This fact clearly indicates the variability of the colour-producing microstructures. It has been known that an iridophore of the neon tetra contains a few stacks of periodically arranged light-reflecting platelets, which can cause multilayer optical interference phenomena. As a mechanism of the colour variability, the Venetian blind model has been proposed, in which the light-reflecting platelets are assumed to be tilted during colour change, resulting in a variation in the spacing between the platelets. In order to quantitatively evaluate the validity of this model, we have performed a detailed optical study of a single stack of platelets inside an iridophore. In particular, we have prepared a new optical system that can simultaneously measure both the spectrum and direction of the reflected light, which are expected to be closely related to each other in the Venetian blind model. The experimental results and detailed analysis are found to quantitatively verify the model.     

机床工具产品色彩造型初探

本文针对我国机床工具产品色彩设计的现状,结合具体实例,对色彩造型的实质做了初步的探讨。分析了色彩造型和色彩装饰两种设计观和实践效果;以色彩与形状关系及作用的论证为引,论述色彩造型的三大功能作用。并提出可供机床工具产品色彩设计参考的具体设计方法和手段。     

Analysing photonic structures in plants

The outer layers of a range of plant tissues, including flower petals, leaves and fruits, exhibit an intriguing variation of microscopic structures. Some of these structures include ordered periodic multilayers and diffraction gratings that give rise to interesting optical appearances. The colour arising from such structures is generally brighter than pigment-based colour. Here, we describe the main types of photonic structures found in plants and discuss the experimental approaches that can be used to analyse them. These experimental approaches allow identification of the physical mechanisms producing structural colours with a high degree of confidence.     

Influence of Colour Couplers on the Adsorption of Spectral Sensitizing Agents

The spectral sensitivity of a spectrally sensitized emulsion is in many cases altered by the addition of colour couplers. This alteration is mainly due to a partial desorption of the sensitizing agent. Two possible cases of interaction between the colour coupler and the sensitizer hare been studied.

1. The colour coupler itself is not adsorbed on the surface of the silver halide but forms micelles in the gelatin phase. These micelles act as dissolving agents and desorb the sensitizing agent from the surface of the silver halide crystals. The isotherm, giving the amount of sensitizer solubilised by the colour coupler as a function of the amount still adsorbed on the silver halide crystals, has two different saturation levels.

2. The colour coupler is adsorbed In this case the colour coupler and the sensitizing agent scarcely disturb the adsorption of each other A multilayer adsorption is believed to take place