硅脂环境下硅橡胶的吸收特性及其关键电气性能研究

电缆附件在长期运行过程中,其界面硅脂与绝缘硅橡胶直接接触使其逐渐被硅橡胶吸收,导致硅橡胶性能下降,甚至引发电缆附件界面问题。文中以附件绝缘硅橡胶吸收硅脂的增重试验为基础,研究不同温度下硅脂/硅油在硅橡胶中的扩散规律并获得相应的扩散参数;研究硅脂对硅橡胶体积电阻率、相对介电常数、介质损耗角正切值和工频击穿场强等电气性能的影响规律。结果表明,不同温度下硅脂/硅油在硅橡胶中的扩散规律服从Langmuir扩散模型;硅橡胶对硅脂/硅油的吸收能力随温度升高而增强,且硅橡胶内硅油分子的脱附过程更强;随着硅橡胶对硅脂吸收量的增加,硅橡胶的体积电阻率逐渐降低,相对介电常数和介质损耗角正切值逐渐增加,但其工频击穿场强呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

硅橡胶/三元乙丙橡胶界面上空间电荷的形成

电缆的终端或护套绝缘与电缆绝缘构成的复合绝缘中，不同介质的分界面以及电极与介质的分界面一般为绝缘的薄弱点，而这主要是由于其附近积聚的空间电荷引起的局部电场强度过高所造成的。文中采用电声脉冲法，在不同的直流电场作用下，测量了硅橡胶/三元乙丙橡胶构成的双层介质中空间电荷的分布，并比较了涂硅脂前后的双层介质分界面处的空间电荷分布情况。研究发现，2层介质界面处的空间电荷形成与介质中载流子迁移方向、电极材料和介质材料均有关，而且2层介质界面处涂的硅脂可有效地降低分界面处的电场强度。     

基于斜面法试验研究SiO_2质量分数对RTV硅橡胶涂料性能的影响

针对室温硫化(roomtemperature vulcanization,RTV)硅橡胶涂料应用中存在的黏附力不强、涂层易划破的问题,提出通过添加二氧化硅来提高硅橡胶的机械强度,改善材料的耐电痕化和耐电蚀损性。为此,结合热导率的概念,通过斜面法试验讨论了二氧化硅对RTV硅橡胶性能的影响,试验中采用西安交通大学电力电子专用设备研究所研制的高精度交流漏电起痕试验装置配合自行研发的多路泄漏电流实时监测采集装置,对制备的3种RTV硅橡胶涂料试片(只添加二氧化硅,且二氧化硅质量分数为20%、30%、50%)按照GB/T6553—2003《评定在严酷环境条件下使用的电气绝缘材料耐电痕化和蚀损的试验方法》进行试验。结论为:二氧化硅质量分数越高的硅橡胶热导率越大,热量越容易传导,耐电痕化和耐电弧烧蚀性越强;二氧化硅含量高、热导率大的硅橡胶试片到达过流保护动作的临界状态时,其烧蚀区域面积和烧蚀深度都较低二氧化硅含量的试片大;二氧化硅填料的增加使硅橡胶电蚀损后憎水性恢复过程减慢。     

一起220 kV电缆预制式中间接头击穿故障及其原因分析

通过一起发生在220 kV电缆线路上的电缆预制式中间接头击穿故障和在故障抢修过程中,同批同规格的中间接头备品在正常预扩张中开裂情况,进行了检查、试验和原因分析,根据故障中间接头的三元乙丙橡胶绝缘件开裂的外表现象和解剖后的放电痕迹分析,该中间接头在运行过程中绝缘件突然开裂是引起放电击穿的主要原因;同时提出备用的中间接头在正常扩径后开裂的三元乙丙橡胶绝缘件,其绝缘老化试验前后的断裂伸长率较低,直接降低了中间接头机械强度,引起备品接头整体绝缘件发生开裂。     

Aging of polymeric and composite insulating materials. Aspects of interfacial performance in aging

Aging of polymeric and composite materials is reviewed mainly from the standpoint of their interfacial performance. Insulating materials can be divided into simple polymers and composites. Polymers for power cables, transformers, insulators and rotating machines consist of thermoplastics such as PE, PET and PPS, elastomers such as silicone, EPR and EPDM, and thermosets such as epoxy. Composites for GIS, rotating machines and insulators comprise epoxy/glass, epoxy/silica/alumina, and epoxy/mica systems. Aging processes are complicated in general, and take place under simultaneous multiple stresses such as electrical, thermal, mechanical and environmental stresses. Some of the phenomena covered in this paper are associated with the degradation by tracking and erosion and the loss of hydrophobicity in case of surface properties, and with PD, electrical treeing, water treeing and combined phenomena. The quality of cable insulation such as XLPE has been improved extensively from the standpoint of design electric strength. Interfacial problems will emerge for modification of cable joints. It is expected that polymers for outdoor use and filled epoxy resin systems should be improved from their environmental stability and from their design stress enhancement, respectively.     

Silicone rubber dielectrics modified by inorganic fillers for outdoor high voltage insulation applications

The paper discusses the mechanisms by which inorganic fillers in silicone rubber dielectrics enhance the properties of thermal conductivity, relative permittivity, and electrical conductivity making them useful in outdoor high voltage insulation applications. The addition of alumina trihydrate or silica fillers to silicone elastomers, forming binary composites with enhanced thermal conductivity, is discussed in relation to filler type, particle size, shape, and concentration, and its use as a housing material for non-ceramic insulators to minimize material erosion at dry band arcing sites by lowering hot spot temperature. Also discussed is the enhanced relative permittivity of silicone dielectrics that is obtained through the addition of barium titanate powder which can be further increased with the addition of aluminium powder forming a tertiary composite, resulting in a significant grading of the surface electric field when applied as a housing material to high voltage bushings. Controlled electrical conductivity of silicone dielectrics is discussed through the use of antimony-doped tin oxide filler binary composites and when applied as a housing material to outdoor bushings, the pollution performance is greatly enhanced.     

UV-A辐射对外绝缘用液态硅橡胶和高温硫化硅橡胶的影响及其机理

在强紫外环境下,外绝缘用硅橡胶材料(高温硫化(HTV)硅橡胶和液态硅橡胶(LSR))的老化将会威胁输电线路的安全运行。为研究UV-A紫外辐射对二者的影响,该文对UV-A辐射老化后的HTV硅橡胶和LSR进行X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等微观结构,以及耐热特性、机电特性和交联密度等宏观性能的测试。研究发现,1000h UV-A老化后,HTV硅橡胶表面碳元素含量减少13.4%,氧元素含量增加10.0%,甲基含量、热稳定性和力学强度下降。但是,LSR表面碳元素含量增加5.8%,氧元素含量下降7.6%,Si(—O)4结构减少,甲基含量增加65.7%,热稳定性增加。分析结果表明,UV-A老化中二者的差异主要是由交联结构、ATH含量,以及含氢硅油造成。最后,基于提出的LSR在UV-A老化过程中发生的提氢反应,建议通过减少含氢硅油的含量和增加生胶的分子量提高LSR的耐UV-A老化性能。该文可为理解外绝缘用硅橡胶材料的紫外老化特性提供支撑,也可用于指导高海拔地区的外绝缘材料选型。     

混合编程法及其在绝缘子电场和电位分析中的应用

室温硫化硅橡胶防污闪涂料在电力系统外绝缘中有着广泛的应用,有必要分析它对电场和电位分布的影响。分析不同厚度情况下硅橡胶涂层的电阻率和相对介电常数对绝缘子附近最大强场、沿面电场和电位的影响。采用Matlab与ANSYS混合编程的方法实现了绝缘子的自动建模,采用C++Builder(BCB)与ANSYS混合编程的方法实现了自动导出lis文件,节省了工作量和后续处理时间,同时使用Matlab对lis文件处理获得沿面的场强和电位。研究结果表明:瓷支柱绝缘子喷涂硅橡胶后无论是最大场强还是局部细节场强均未见明显变化;随涂层厚度、相对介电常数增加最大场强略有减少,但变化程度非常小,沿面平均场强略有增加;随电阻率的变化最大场强和沿面平均场强基本不变。电阻率、介电常数和厚度正常的取值范围内时硅橡胶涂层对绝缘子及附近电场畸变造成的影响可以忽略。     

带电清洗剂对绝缘子用硅橡胶的溶胀效应及其影响研究

复合支柱绝缘绝缘子由于具有优异的防污性能,在直流换流站得到了广泛应用,但其在空间电荷和静电效应下积污严重而存在大面积污闪风险。为了评估复合支柱绝缘子带电绝缘清洗的可行性,对硅橡胶在新型绝缘清洗下的溶胀特性及其对硅橡胶的电气性能、力学性能以及憎水性的影响开展了试验分析。研究结果表明:硅橡胶溶胀随着溶胀时间的增加溶胀指数和直径增长率持续增大,浸泡时间20 min时圆形硅橡胶试样的直径增长率为4.7%、溶胀指数为6.8%。硅橡胶的复介电常数、复电容、介质损耗因素随着频率、溶胀指数增大而减小;在10-2~103Hz频域范围内硅橡胶溶胀不会造成介电性能下降。硅橡胶溶胀对憎水性和憎水迁移性无明显影响,干燥洁净硅橡胶溶胀前后接触角θ平均值在92°~98°范围内浮动,人工积污并经过憎水迁移后θ平均值在119°~128°范围内浮动。硅橡胶在发生溶胀后其力学性能小幅度下降,溶胀20 min的其断裂拉伸强度下降2%。试验结果表明硅橡胶在清洗剂中溶胀度受浸润时间影响较大,溶胀效应对憎水性、电气和力学性能影响较小,可通过采用易挥发配方或强对流措施控制清洗剂残留对硅橡胶的影响。     

Electrical and environmental stress and the hydrophobic stabilityof SIR, EVA and their blends

This paper treats the effects of electrical and environmental stresses on the hydrophobicity of polymers intended for use in nonceramic insulators. We investigated the effect of UV radiation, corona discharges, dry-band arcing, acid rain and water absorption on hydrophobic transfers in, and the aging of, room temperature vulcanized (RTV)-silicone rubber (SIR), high temperature vulcanized (HTV)-silicone rubber (SIR), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) rubber and the blends made from HTV-SIR and EVA. Acid rain had little influence on hydrophobicity in any of the samples. EVA and the blends with low silicone ratios to EVA allowed much larger reduction in hydrophobicity after or while subjected to the above stresses (except for acid rain) than did the silicone rubbers and a blend with a high silicone ratio to EVA. Salt-fog tests were conducted to correlate the hydrophobic stabilities of materials with leakage current levels thereon. The hydrophobic stability of the silicone rubbers was attributed to low-molecular-weight silicone components that were able to migrate and finally cover the aged surface layers. Because EVA possessed less fluid components and less chemical stability under electrical and environmental stresses, its hydrophobicity was readily reduced and hardly recovered, which led to higher current leakage and early material aging. For each material, the critical hydrophobic level permitting leakage current to develop was determined by adding a non-ionic wetting agent to saline water     

Erosion resistance and mechanical properties of silicone nanocomposite insulation

The results of erosion resistance, tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, and thermal stability measurements are presented for silicone nanocomposites prepared using various nano and micro silica and alumina fillers in a two-part silicone rubber (SiR) matrix. The fillers are used to improve the erosion resistance of SiR, which is necessary for outdoor insulation housing applications. Good dispersion of the fillers is achieved using Triton/sup TM/, a common surfactant. An optimal surfactant concentration imparts good erosion resistance to the nanocomposites in laser heating tests without adverse effects, but excess surfactant has a negative impact on the mechanical properties of the silicone. Thermal gravimetric analysis demonstrated that nano fumed silica imparts better heat resistance to silicone than natural nano silica or nano alumina fillers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the nanofillers indicated a significantly higher concentration of silanol groups in the nano fumed silica filler than in micro silica. The influence of the increased number of silanol groups on the erosion resistance of the nanocomposites and their mechanical properties is discussed.     

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料的改性研究

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料是一种新型防污、憎水、长效涂料,目前已在我国许多地区投入使用。但从目前推广的室温硫化硅橡胶涂料性能来看,涂料与资件的粘附力不够强,影响了涂料的使用效果,而且耐电弧能力也较差。章研究了改进温室硫化硅橡胶涂料机械性能和耐电弧能力的方法,尤其是其防污闪的主要特性－憎水迁移特性没有明显减弱。中还研究了室温硫化硅橡胶涂料的憎水迁移特性。     

新型可加工陶瓷真空中冲击闪络特性的研究

为了克服氧化铝陶瓷存在加工难度及脆性大等缺点,研制成功了一种新型低熔点可加工微晶玻璃陶瓷,它具有良好的力学、热学和可加工性能,但需进一步了解其电气性能。因此,测量了这种新型陶瓷的介电特性;考察了其在真空中脉冲电压下的沿面耐电特性;对比分析了氧化铝陶瓷和可加工陶瓷的表面耐电性能及不同添加剂成分与不同比例的添加剂对可加工陶瓷表面耐电性能的影响。结果发现,这种可加工陶瓷符合电工陶瓷的标准,其表面耐电性能优于氧化铝陶瓷,可替代现有的陶瓷材料,并获得了较好的配方设计。     

Impact of corona on the long-term performance of nonceramic insulators

A majority of nonceramic insulator (NCI) application is under relatively clean conditions where leakage current may be nonexistent. Occurrence of corona for long periods of time on NCI operating under relatively clean conditions is possible due to localized high electric field (E-field) brought about by design and manufacturing deficiencies. Therefore, resistance to corona-induced degradation of NCI housing materials is an important factor that impacts NCI long-term reliability, and is the focal point of this paper. Two sources of corona have been investigated: corona from a metal electrode, and corona from water droplets. Field inspections were performed on 230 and 500 kV insulators to demonstrate the existence of corona even under relatively clean and dry conditions. Three commonly used NCI housing materials, namely high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber (SIR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and a blend of EPDM and silicone polymer were evaluated in the laboratory. In addition, housing materials from several insulators removed from the field were analyzed. Data gathered from electrical and physicochemical analyses show that corona induced degradation is dominantly due to a combination of electro-chemical reactions rather than thermal effects.     

Effects of added silicone oils on the surface characteristics of silicone rubber

This paper reports on the effects of silicone fluids, used as processing agents, on the loss and recovery of hydrophobicity. The recovery of hydrophobicity was evaluated by the measuring the contact angle, the surface electrical resistance and the leakage current on a silicone rubber (SIR) surface. Two types of silicone fluids (A and B) having different chemical structures were selected from consideration of hydrophobicity and processability. SIR specimens were exposed to corona discharges in air and were analyzed using contact angle and surface resistance measurements. It was observed that the contact angle and the surface resistance increased gradually with increasing test time. The recovery of the hydrophobicity expressed as the contact angle and the surface resistance increased with increasing ratio of fluids A/B. The tracking and erosion resistances of SIR were investigated using the rotating wheel dip test. The leakage current of SIR decreased with increasing ratio of fluids A/B.     

核电站电缆用耐辐照无卤低烟阻燃绝缘材料的研制

在合理选用基体材料、阻燃剂、活性剂、防老剂等配合材料的基础上,采用正交试验的方法研究了苯基硅橡胶和三元乙丙橡胶（PVMQ—EPDM）掺混比、氢氧化镁用量和白炭黑用量对材料力学性能、阻燃性能、电绝缘性能和耐辐照性能的影响规律,确定了耐辐照无卤阻燃苯基硅橡胶．三元乙丙橡胶共混绝缘材料的配方。该绝缘材料具有高阻燃性能、抗辐照性能,同时具有良好的机械性能,可适用于核电站电缆绝缘材料等要求耐辐照和无卤阻燃的场合。     

On the breakdown strength of silicone rubber

Polymeric materials are an alternative to porcelain and glass regarding outdoor HV insulators. Silicone rubber appears to be one of the main candidates to replace porcelain and glass. Although much work has already been done regarding the behavior of complete polymeric insulators in the laboratory and in the field, relatively little is known with respect to the breakdown strength of silicone rubber. In this paper the breakdown strength of silicone rubber with respect to gap spacing and the electrical behavior of built-in interfaces inside the silicone rubber are investigated     

Thermal conductivity of filled silicone rubber and its relationship to erosion resistance in the inclined plane test

Silicone rubber samples having various concentrations and mean particle sizes of either alumina tri-hydrate or silica filters, prepared by room temperature and heat cured under pressure (hot pressed), are tested for erosion resistance in the ASTM D2303 inclined plane tracking and erosion test. Their corresponding thermal conductivities are determined using a transient temperature technique in which an infrared laser is employed as the heat source and a thermal imaging camera as a temperature detection device. Scanning electron microscope observations show greater filler bonding to the silicone matrix in the hot pressed samples than in the room temperature vulcanized samples leading higher thermal conductivity and increased resistance to erosion, for both ATH and silica filled samples. The correlation study shows a strong relationship between the erosion resistance and the thermal conductivity of the tested samples, highlighting the importance of an outdoor insulating material to have high thermal conductivity in order to withstand dry band arcing. The results can be used to provide guidance on filler selection for silicone rubber compounding for outdoor insulation applications.     

新型太阳电池阵用硅橡胶的研究

介绍了一种新型太阳电池阵用硅橡胶,与传统硅橡胶相比,它的特点在于具有较低的挥发份和较短的固化周期,同时具备足够的粘接强度,以及优良的电绝缘、耐湿老化、耐高低温、耐空间辐照性能,是一种综合性能优良的空间级硅橡胶。     

Degradation Dynamics of Polymeric Housing Materials Used for HV Line and Station Apparatus

A combination of laser irradiation and thermogravimetric analysis has been utilized to understand the degradation dynamics of polymeric materials used for housings of outdoor high voltage (HV) line and apparatus insulators, namely, silicone rubber, ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber and cycloaliphatic epoxy. The induced temperature rise was calculated using laser photo-thermal models and the results were found to be in good agreement with experimental findings. It has been shown that there are significant differences in the degradation dynamics of silicone rubber when compared with ethylene propylene diene monomer and epoxy. It has also been shown that the laser irradiation technique can be used as an efficient method to rank polymers materials for arc tracking and erosion resistance, especially for present day materials that will easily pass the screening tests prescribed in the ASTM and IEC standards.