飞机环控/发动机系统多目标优化分析

一种以系统熵产最小为目标函数的优化方法,应用到飞机环控/发动机系统的综合优化计算。由于在不同飞行阶段为使系统总的熵产减小对设计变量的要求不尽相同,甚至存在冲突,引入多目标优化的思想进行优化计算。将任务剖面内不同飞行阶段系统总的熵产最小视为不同的目标函数,通过分析系统之间交联关系、选取设计变量和分析约束条件建立多目标优化计算模型。采用自适应进化多目标粒子群优化算法对模型进行优化计算,得到非劣最优解集,为方案决策提供理论依据。仿真结果证实该方法的有效性,为飞机系统综合优化提供一种新思路。     

飞机环控系统热交换器优化分析

将和中以热力学第二定律为基础的熵产分析方法应用于飞机环境控制系统的部件级优化设计,通过分析空气在环控系统中的流动过程,得出系统熵产与给定初始条件的函数关系,结合热交换器设计计算过程,得到当引气压力和座舱设计温度变化时热交换器热边流动长度、冷边流动长度和高度之间的比例关系对整个系统熵产的影响.     

线性时不变控制系统中的熵率和H∞熵

利用Bode积分定理将线性时不变控制系统中的熵率和系统零极点分析结合起来,从信息论的角度来阐述反馈控制系统的性能设计局限,讨论了"变异度守恒定律".同时,研究了系统变量互信息率和H∞熵的关系,阐述了最小熵H∞控制的信息论意义.     

飞机环境控制系统计算机仿真模型库的开发

介绍了飞机环境控制系统中发动机引气、热交换器、管道、文氏管以及阀门等部件的数学模型。在此基础上,采用分模块建模的思想,利用MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真平台开发了飞机环境控制系统计算机仿真模型库。所开发的模型库具有仿真速度快、通用性以及实时性好的特点。利用该模型库可任意构建飞机环控系统仿真模型,完整地仿真我国现行的飞机环境控制系统,并对其进行稳态及动态性能仿真计算。以某型飞机环境控制系统为例,利用该模型库构建了环控系统完整的全流量仿真模型,并给出稳态计算结果和动态响应分析。     

高性能计算在多学科大变量飞机优化设计中的应用

波音、空客等公司飞机设计中采用的先进设计手段之一是基于高性能计算的多学科、大规模设计变量优化的应用。目前我国的高性能计算在硬件方面已处于世界领先水平,但在工程应用系统方面还无法满足需求。文章介绍了以工程实际需求为导向,以高性能计算资源为辅助手段,基于飞机设计需求而开发的多学科、大变量的并行计算软件系统及计算平台,以及利用该平台实现的航空应用算例。     

飞机平尾普通肋的优化设计

在飞机平尾普通肋的轻量化设计过程中,采用桁架肋代替传统的腹板肋,并利用HyperWorks的OptiStruct模块对桁架肋进行详细的尺寸优化和形状优化.优化设计时以结构质量最小为目标函数,以肋缘条与斜支柱的截面参数为设计变量,以von Mises应力和临界屈曲因子为约束条件.优化后的桁架肋质量比原腹板肋约减少29%,表明采用该方法对飞机平尾结构进行轻量化设计可行.     

结冰风洞试验段转盘控制系统设计与应用

结冰是飞机的重大安全隐患,结冰风洞是研究飞机结冰与防除冰的地面试验设备,飞机模型安装在试验段转盘上,通过精确控制转盘带动模型旋转模拟姿态变化;研制了适用于低温、低气压、高湿度环境的转盘机械机构;设计了以317T-CPU、IM174模块和交流伺服的转盘控制系统总体方案,开发了功能完善的转盘监控软件;通过参数优化、主从偏差控制和全闭环位置控制,实现了3个试验段5套转盘机构单转盘、上/下或左/右转盘高精度同步控制;解决了特殊环境下转盘控制系统运行维护问题.转盘控制系统运行超过8年,转盘角度范围±180°,转盘角度和同步控制精度不低于0.02°,各项技术指标达到设计要求,保证了结冰风洞各项试验任务顺利完成.     

面向过程的智能混合系统优化设计

以优化过程中能量减少最多的方向为系统优化方向,以系统的能量最小而熵最大的平衡态为设计的最终目标。对机械优化中需要圆整的变量事先加以区分,对变量附加两种不同的权值以提高设计的精度。整个混合系统的优化设计以遗传算法为中心并结合模拟退火原理、神经网络技术及有限元分析方法的优点,给出智能混合系统的模型框架及工作原理。通过对Benchmark函数的优化测试表明：该智能混合优化系统具有自适性能力强、优化设计精度高等优点。     

一个基于优化的控制系统设计软件OPCAD-AP

多变量控制系统的设计可通过半无限维优化方法来完成。本文阐述了这种新的计算机辅助设计技术的思想、特点和现状,并介绍了我们在外围数组处理机的环境中建立的优化设计软件OPCAD-AP。该软件可完成多变量系统和单变量系统某些设计任务。例题说明了软件的可靠性。     

某飞机环境控制计算机仿真测试系统设计

通过研究机载环境控制系统控制功能,分析环境控制系统计算机接口和需求,设计了基于Vx-Works技术的实时仿真测试系统.该系统构建了反射内存实时网络,建立了飞机环境控制系统仿真测试模型.通过管理主控软件运行流程,实现环境控制系统计算机控制功能、性能手动测试和自动测试.     

面向分级设计优化的飞行器参数化建模方法

针对飞行器气动隐身外形综合设计优化问题,提出合适的面向分级设计优化流程,建立适应该流程的渐进分层参数化建模方法;用基于敏度分析的参数影响程度分析方法筛选复杂设计变量;采用多学科设计优化（Multidisplinary Design Optimization,MDO）理论和差分进化算法进行飞行器气动隐身外形的综合设计优化.将该方法用于某飞行器外形设计优化,结果表明：该方法合理可行,可为飞行器外形多学科设计优化提供一定参考.     

Power Density Optimization for an Irreversible Closed Brayton Cycle

In this paper, the power density, defined as the ratio of power output to the maximum specific volume in the cycle, is taken as objective for performance optimization of an irreversible closed Brayton cycle coupled to constant-temperature heat reservoirs in the viewpoint of finite time thermodynamics (FTT) or entropy generation minimization (EGM). The analytical formulas about the relations between power density and pressure ratio are derived with the heat resistance losses in the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers and the irreversible compression and expansion losses in the compressor and turbine. The maximum power density optimization is performed by searching the optimum heat conductance distribution corresponding to the optimum power density of the hot- and cold- side heat exchangers for the fixed heat exchanger inventory. The influence of some design parameters on the optimum heat conductance distribution, the maximum power density, and the optimum pressure ratio corresponding to the maximum power density are provided. The power plant design with optimization leads to a higher efficiency and smaller size including the compressor, turbine, and the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers.     

Soft computing based multi-objective optimization of Brayton cycle power plant with isothermal heat addition using evolutionary algorithm and decision making

An irreversible regenerative Brayton cycle model considering internal and external irreversibilities is developed in matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink environment and thermodynamic optimization based on finite time thermodynamic analysis along with multiple criteria is implemented. Evolutionary algorithms based on second version of non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) are employed to optimize power output and thermal efficiency simultaneously where isobaric-side heat exchanger effectiveness (ε_H), isothermal-side effectiveness (ε_H1), sink-side effectiveness (ε_L), regenerator-side effectiveness (ε_R), and working medium temperature (T₅) are taken as design variables. The optimal values of aforementioned design variables are investigated. Pareto optimal frontiers between dual objectives are obtained and the final optimal values of power output and thermal efficiency are chosen via LINMAP, fuzzy Bellman–Zadeh, Shannon’s entropy and TOPSIS decision making approaches. The obtained results are compared and the best one is preferred. An improvement in thermal efficiency from 18.29% to 21.10% is reported. In addition to this, variations of different input parameters on the power output and thermal efficiency are conferred and presented graphically. With the goal of error investigation, the maximum and average errors for the obtained results are designed at last.     

Irreversible thermodynamics of phase change heat transfer: Basic principles and applications to latent heat storage

This paper reviews some recent results concerning the irreversible thermodynamics of phase-change processes. A general scheme, of which the classical Stefan problem is a special case, is developed. The limits of validity of the Stefan formulation are established and several possible extensions are reviewed. The properties of entropy generation as an evolution characteristic of phase-change processes are studied. The Second Law analysis of latent heat storage systems for power generation applications is presented. The general formalism is applied to a typical distributed system based on a tube-and-shell heat exchanger. Optimal conditions for the operation of the system are derived.     

Cooling Load Density Optimization of an Irreversible Simple Brayton Refrigerator

The performance optimization of an irreversible simple Brayton refrigerator coupled to constant-temperature heat reservoirs is carried out by taking the cooling load density, i.e., the ratio of cooling load to the maximum specific volume in the cycle, as the optimization objective using finite-time thermodynamics (FTT) or entropy generation minimization (EGM) in this paper. The analytical formulae about the relations between cooling load density and pressure ratio, as well as between coefficient of performance (COP) and pressure ratio are derived with the heat resistance losses in the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers, and the irreversible compression and expansion losses in the compressor and expander. The influences of the effectiveness of the heat exchangers, the temperature ratio of the reservoirs, and the efficiencies of the compressor and expander on the cooling load density versus COP are provided by numerical examples. The cooling load density optimization is performed by searching the optimum pressure ratio of the compressor, and searching the optimum distribution of heat conductance of the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers for the fixed total heat exchanger inventory. The influences of some design parameters, including the effectiveness of the heat exchangers between the working fluid and heat reservoirs, the efficiencies of compressor and expander, the temperature ratio of heat reservoirs, on the maximum cooling load density, the optimum heat conductance distribution and the optimum pressure ratio are provided by numerical examples. The refrigeration plant design with optimization leads to a smaller size including the compressor, expander, and the hot- and cold-side heat exchangers.     

基于Solid Edge的飞机雷达热交换机设计

介绍了雷达热交换机的机械设计方案,阐述了Solid Edge的功用以及采用Solid Edge设计雷达热交换机机械零部件机构的过程,以及利用装配环境进行零部件装配和二维工程图设计环境进行二维工程图输出的过程。     

基于Visio的化工换热网络优化系统开发

换热网络的改造是很多化工企业提高能源回收利用率,降低生产成本的重要手段.夹点技术在对换热网络的优化改造方面,应用最为广泛.在利用夹点技术对换热网络进行改造的过程中,伴随着大量的数学计算.为了简化换热网络改造过程,以Visio作为平台开发了一套用于换热网络改造的化工换热网络优化系统.     

Aircraft morphing wing design by using partial topology optimization

A morphing wing concept has been investigated over the last decade because it can effectively enhance aircraft aerodynamic performance over a wider range of flight conditions through structural flexibility. The internal structural layouts and component sizes of a morphing aircraft wing have an impact on aircraft performance i.e. aeroelastic characteristics, mechanical behaviors, and mass. In this paper, a novel design approach is proposed for synthesizing the internal structural layout of a morphing wing. The new internal structures are achieved by using two new design strategies. The first design strategy applies design variables for simultaneous partial topology and sizing optimization while the second design strategy includes nodal positions as design variables. Both strategies are based on a ground structure approach. A multiobjective optimization problem is assigned to optimize the percentage of change in lift effectiveness, buckling factor, and mass of a structure subject to design constraints including divergence and flutter speeds, buckling factors, and stresses. The design problem is solved by using multiobjective population-based incremental learning (MOPBIL). The Pareto optimum results of both strategies lead to different unconventional wing structures which are superior to their conventional counterparts. From the results, the design strategy that uses simultaneous partial topology, sizing, and shape optimization is superior to the others based on a hypervolume indicator. The aeroelastic parameters of the obtained morphing wing subject to external actuating torques are analyzed and it is shown that it is practicable to apply the unconventional wing structures for an aircraft.     

Topology optimization for fluid–thermal interaction problems under constant input power

This paper deals with density-based topology optimization considering fluid and thermal interactions, in which the Navier–Stokes and heat transport equations are coupled. We particularly focus on designing heat exchangers. In the engineering context, heat exchangers are designed while considering a certain amount of input power. Therefore it is important to maximize the performance of a heat exchanger under a constant input power. In this paper we propose a way to control the input power by introducing an extra integral equation. To be more precise, in the fluid analysis, the inlet pressure is determined by solving the extra integral equation together with the Navier–Stokes equation. By doing this we can keep the inlet power constant even when the flow channels are changed in the optimization process. Consequently, the system of equations of the fluid field takes an integrodifferential form. On the other hand, in the heat transport analysis, a single governing equation is defined for simultaneously modeling both the solid and fluid parts. The design variable is a fluid fraction whose distribution represents the topology of the solid and fluid domains. When designing heat exchangers, two different heat conditions are considered in the formulation of the optimization problems, namely temperature-dependent and temperature-independent heat sources. Through the numerical examples for designing flow channels in a heat exchanger, it is shown that distinct topologies can be obtained according to the input power and the heat source conditions.