聚乙二醇修饰重组人干扰素α1b的制备及其性质

目的制备聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰的重组人干扰素α1b(rhIFNα1b),并分析其部分性质。方法采用PEG修饰rhIFNα1b,通过离子交换层析分离纯化修饰混合物,单点修饰产物经超滤浓缩后,经Lowry法检测蛋白的浓度,SDS-PAGE和RP-HPLC检测蛋白的纯度,等电聚焦电泳检测蛋白的等电点,质谱法检测蛋白的相对分子质量,细胞病变抑制法检测蛋白的体外活性,ELISA法检测蛋白的抗原性。结果单点修饰产物的蛋白得率为33%;SDS-PAGE分析纯度为96.1%,RP-HPLC分析纯度为98.1%;等电点为6.22;相对分子质量为39946;比活为1.28×106IU/mg,活性保留率为14.4%;抗原性至少降至原来的1/625。结论制备的单点修饰rhIFNα1b药学性质获得改善,有望开发为安全、长效的新型干扰素。     

重组人源化抗程序性死亡受体-1单克隆抗体关键质控方法的建立

目的建立重组人源化抗程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)单克隆抗体关键质量指标的质控方法。方法经胰蛋白酶切后采用反相高效液相色谱(reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography,RP-HPLC)肽图法对3批重组人源化抗PD-1单克隆抗体进行鉴别,同时采用还原/非还原型十二烷基磺酸钠毛细管凝胶电泳(capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfonate,CE-SDS)法、分子排阻高效液相色谱(size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography,SEC-HPLC)法、毛细管等电聚焦电泳(capillary isoelectric focusing,cIEF)法、阳离子交换高效液相色谱(cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography,CEX-HPLC)法及混合淋巴细胞反应与竞争ELISA相结合的方法分别检测3批重组人源化抗PD-1单克隆抗体的纯度、单体和聚体含量、等电点、不同电荷异构体的含量及生物学活性。结果 3批重组人源化抗PD-1单克隆抗体(批号为batch1、batch2、batch3)的肽图图谱与参考品一致;还原型CE-SDS的纯度分别为97.8%、98.1%和97.9%,非还原型CE-SDS纯度分别为95.7%、95.4%和95.5%;单体含量分别为99.3%、99.1%和99.4%,聚体含量为0.5%、0.6%和0.4%;主峰等电点均为7.4;酸性区含量分别为21.8%、21.4%和21.6%,主峰含量分别为58.4%、58.6%和58.7%,碱性区含量分别为19.8%、20.0%和19.7%;相对生物学活性分别为112%、98%和102%。结论本实验建立的重组人源化抗PD-1单克隆抗体关键质量指标的质控方法可用于该制品的常规质量控制。     

rhGH-Fc工程细胞的构建及筛选

目的研制具有较长半衰期的长效重组人生长激素(recombinant human growth hormone,rhGH),构建并筛选出高表达rhGH-Fc免疫融合蛋白的细胞株。方法将hGH基因与特异位点突变后的人抗体IgG4Fc段用柔性linker连接,克隆至GS双表达载体上,构建重组表达质粒,经两次双酶切鉴定及测序分析后,将构建正确的质粒稳定转染CHO-k1细胞。通过逐渐提高蛋氨酸磺酰胺(methionine sulphoximine,MSX)浓度,ELISA法筛选高表达的细胞株;利用亲和层析初步纯化目的蛋白,并进行SDS-PAGE、HPLC、等电聚焦电泳分析;通过大鼠去垂体法测定长效rhGH的生物学活性,比较本课题研制的长效GH与其他普通GH的半衰期。结果重组质粒phGH-Fc-1经两次双酶切及测序鉴定,证明构建正确;成功筛选出高表达rhGH-Fc融合蛋白的细胞株,表达量可达1g/L;纯化的目的蛋白相对分子质量大小及等电点均与理论值一致,纯度可达95%以上;经大鼠去垂体体内活性测定,其比活为1.1IU/mg,依大鼠体重增长情况判断,其生物半衰期高于普通rhGH。结论成功构建并筛选出高表达长效rhGH的工程株,为后续长效rhGH的研制奠定了基础。     

重组人促红素等电点异构体分子体内活性强度分析

目的分析重组人促红素(recombinant human erythropoietin,rhEPO)各等电点异构体分子体内活性强度(单位时间单位摩尔量下产生体内活性量),找出最适作用分子。方法根据rhEPO等电点异构体体内比活性数据变化,构建等电点异构体分子与其体内活性之间关系的数学模型,并进行解析。结果得到rhEPO等电点异构体分子体内活性与唾液酸数量关系:S_i=0. 628·e~((i-10))·(|i-10|+1)~(-2)+0. 492,R~2 0. 988 0(i为正整数且16 i 8,表示rhEPO分子上唾液酸数量;Si表示某等电点异构体体内比活性,体内比活性单位10~5 IU/mg),在此基础上,进而提出rhEPO与其受体相互作用模型假说(电荷识别-分子内氢键重排-构象变化-排斥解离假说)。结论通过对rhEPO等电点异质性与体内比活性关系的进一步分析,阐述了rhEPO与其受体相互作用存在最适作用分子,并依据上述实验和数据分析提出了rhEPO与其受体相互作用的模型假说,为rhEPO体内和体外活性的研究提供了思路。     

重组人生长激素的分离纯化及其结构确证

目的对重组人生长激素(recombinant human growth hormone,rh GH)进行分离纯化,并进行结构确证。方法取rh GH工程菌菌体,进行初步纯化(低渗抽提法、盐析法)及层析纯化(Sephadex G-25分子排阻层析、DEAESephadex.F.F离子交换层析、Phenyl-Sepharose.F.F疏水层析、Phenyl S-100HR分子排阻层析),收集纯化产物,进行15%SDS-PAGE分析、相关蛋白含量检测、高分子蛋白含量检测,并进行分子量检测、氨基酸组成分析、N-末端氨基酸序列分析、C-末端氨基酸序列分析和等电聚焦电泳。结果纯化产物的相对分子质量22 125,纯度可达99.5%以上,rh GH蛋白总收率为13.36%,相关蛋白含量为1.55%,高分子蛋白含量低于0.1%;相对分子质量、氨基酸组成、N-末端氨基酸序列、C-末端氨基酸序列及等电点等均与rh GH国际标准品一致。结论纯化后获得了高纯度的rh GH蛋白,该纯化工艺简单、高效,为本产品的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

重组人促红细胞生成素聚乙二醇修饰及纯化研究

目的　研究重组人促红细胞生成素 (rhEPO)聚乙二醇修饰条件及纯化方法。方法　用SDS PAGE分析不同反应条件对产物成分的影响 ;用红细胞压积法测定各组分的体内生物学活性 ;用分子筛柱层析进行纯化。结果　rhEPO的修饰度随蛋白浓度、蛋白与PEG2 NHS活性酯质量比的增加而提高 ,体内生物学活性随修饰度增加而降低 ,分子筛柱层析纯化效果好。结论　确立了rhEPO聚乙二醇化的影响因素及纯化方法     

聚乙二醇化重组人Cu,Zn-SOD改构体制备工艺的优化及其半衰期测定

目的优化聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)化重组人铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(hCu,Zn-SOD)改构体(rmhCu,Zn-SOD)的制备工艺,以期延长其在体内的半衰期。方法以相对分子质量5 000的甲氧基聚乙二醇乙酸-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(mPEG-SPA)作为修饰剂,对rmhCu,Zn-SOD蛋白进行化学修饰,并对mPEG-SPA与rmhCu,Zn-SOD的摩尔比、反应缓冲液、反应温度、反应方式及反应时间进行优化;利用硫酸铵沉淀、凝胶过滤色谱法对PEG化rmhCu,Zn-SOD进行分离纯化,并检测其在小鼠体内的半衰期。结果 PEG化rmhCu,Zn-SOD的最佳制备工艺为mPEG-SPA与rmhCu,Zn-SOD的摩尔比1.5∶1,缓冲液为pH 8.5的磷酸盐缓冲液,反应液混匀后4℃静置反应1 h;纯化的修饰产物的纯度约为90%,残余酶活力为(84.3±2.3)%,蛋白修饰率为(65.4±1.9)%;与未修饰的rmhCu,Zn-SOD相比,PEG化rmhCu,Zn-SOD的半衰期延长了约7倍。结论优化了PEG化rmhCu,Zn-SOD的制备工艺;PEG化修饰有效延长了该改构体蛋白在体内的半衰期。     

人源化抗CD20单克隆抗体的理化性质及结晶条件的筛选

目的分析人源化抗CD20单克隆抗体的理化性质,并初步筛选其结晶条件。方法分别采用还原、非还原SDS-PAGE及高效液相体积排阻色谱(size exclusive chromatography-HPLC,SEC-HPLC)法检测抗体纯度;还原SDSPAGE测定抗体轻重链相对分子质量;毛细管电泳测定抗体等电点;高效液相阳离子交换色谱(ion exchange chromatographyHPLC,IEC-HPLC)法检测抗体电荷异质体含量;悬滴气相扩散法初步筛选抗体的结晶条件。结果人源化抗CD20单克隆抗体的非还原SDS-PAGE纯度为100%,还原SDS-PAGE纯度(轻链+重链)为100%,重链、轻链相对分子质量分别为58 000和27 000,SFC-HPLC纯度为99.2%;等电点为9.2;抗体表面电荷分布较均一;得到的蛋白晶体为孪晶,分辨率约为8埃。结论该抗体的纯度达到结晶要求,以其理化性质为基础,初步筛选出了结晶条件,为其结构和功能的研究奠定了基础。     

聚乙二醇修饰重组人干扰素-α1b条件的优化

目的对聚乙二醇(PEG)衍生物化学修饰重组人干扰素-α1b(rhIFN-α1b)的条件进行优化。方法以3种不同的第2代PEG衍生物对rhIFN-α1b进行修饰,SDS-PAGE分析PEG及修饰产物的表观相对分子质量。对反应pH值、温度、时间、修饰剂用量等修饰条件进行优化,并对修饰产物进行初步分离纯化和活性检测。结果PEG的电泳表观相对分子质量大于其理论值;PEG20000的修饰率(92.1%)高于PEG5000和PEG10000;修饰剂用量和pH值是主要影响因素,最佳pH为9.0,rhIFN-αlb与PEG20000的最佳摩尔比为1∶10,时间和温度影响甚微。单点修饰产物保留了14.4%的体外活性,多点修饰产物无活性。结论选择了合适的PEG衍生物并优化了修饰条件,为进一步深入研究奠定了基础。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1的聚乙二醇定点修饰

采用分子量为5 kDa的单甲氧基聚乙二醇琥珀酰亚胺碳酸酯(mPEG-SC)修饰胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1),建立了GLP-1的定点修饰反应及分离纯化工艺,考察了修饰反应各因素对单修饰产物得率及体外活性的影响,得到优化修饰条件为：pH 7.5, 50 mmol/L Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲液,GLP-1浓度1 mg/mL, PEG/GLP-1摩尔比2:1, 4℃下反应1 h. 在此条件下,单修饰PEG-GLP-1得率达50%. 反相高效液相色谱分离纯化所得单修饰产品纯度达98%,体外活性保留为未修饰GLP-1的86%,其在Sprague-Dawley远交群大鼠体内的循环半衰期为60 min,比原肽提高了20倍.     

重组分泌型人生长激素的纯化

rh GH工程菌 W310 0发酵培养后 ,经低渗裂解、阴离子交换柱层析、疏水层析、分子筛层析 ,得到纯化的人生长激素 ,纯度为 97%以上 ,比活大于 2 .5 IU / mg     

重组人干扰素β1a的纯化及其理化性质

目的纯化重组人干扰素β1a(recombinant human interferonβ1a,rhIFNβ1a),并分析其理化性质。方法应用15 L生物反应器悬浮微载体培养表达rhIFNβ1a的重组CHO细胞,细胞培养收获液经超滤浓缩、蓝胶亲和层析、脱盐和CM离子交换层析纯化后,采用水泡性口炎病毒抑制法测定rhIFNβ1a的效价;Lowry法测定蛋白含量;等电聚焦电泳法测定其等电点;SDS-PAGE和高效液相色谱法测定其纯度;Western blot法分析其免疫活性;SDS-PAGE和质谱仪测定其相对分子质量;圆二色谱法分析其二级结构。结果共纯化了3批样品,纯化的rhIFNβ1a平均蛋白浓度为0.284 0 mg/ml,平均比活可达1.06×108IU/mg,纯度达95%以上,蛋白质平均回收率为58.36%,蛋白质相对分子质量为20 445.0,等电点约为6.6,免疫活性良好,二级结构与国家标准品基本一致。结论成功纯化了rhIFNβ1a,并检测了其理化性质,为建立大规模制备rhIFNβ1a的生产工艺和制造检定规程,实现产业化奠定了基础。     

Peptide Architecture: Adding an α‐Helix to the PYY Lysine Side Chain Provides Nanomolar Binding and Body‐Weight‐Lowering Effects

The gut hormone PYY3‐36 influences food intake and body weight via interaction with hypothalamic presynaptic Y2 receptors (Y2R). Novel Y2R‐selective analogues of PYY3‐36 are therefore potential drug candidates for the treatment of obesity. It has been hypothesized that PYY3‐36 and possibly also the related PP‐fold peptides, NPY and PP, bind to the membrane via their amphipathic α‐helix prior to receptor interaction. The PYY3‐36 amphipathic α‐helix causes the peptide to associate with the membrane, making it essential for Y receptor potency as it potentially guides the C‐terminal pentapeptide into the correct conformation for receptor activation. Based on this hypothesis, the importance of the amphipathic nature of PYY3‐36, as well as the ability of amphipathic α‐helices to interact in solution to form di‐ and tetramers, we redesigned the peptide architecture by addition of an amphipathic α‐helix via the Lys 4 side chain of PYY3‐36. Two different amphipathic sequences were introduced; first, PYY17‐31, the native α‐helix of PYY, and secondly, its retro counterpart, PYY31‐17, which is also predicted to form an α‐helix. Moreover, several different turn motifs between the branching point and the additional α‐helix were tested. Several novel peptides with nanomolar Y2R binding affinities, as well as increased Y receptor selectivity, were identified. CD experiments showed the modifications to be well accepted, and an increase in mean ellipticity (ME) signifying an increased degree of α‐helicity was observed. Receptor binding experiments indicated that the direction of the additional α‐helix is less important, in contrast to the turn motifs, which greatly affect the Y1R binding and thus determine the Y1R activity. Conversely, the structure–activity relationships from in vivo data showed that the peptide containing the retro‐sequence was inactive, even though the binding data demonstrated high affinity and selectivity. This demonstrates that radical redesign of peptide architecture can provide nanomolar binding with improved subtype selectivity and with in vivo efficacy.     

人源化叶酸受体α抗体质控方法的建立

目的建立人源化叶酸受体α抗体的质控方法。方法应用基于表面等离子体共振(Surface plasmon resonance,SPR)技术的BIAcore3000系统测定人源化叶酸受体α单抗与重组人叶酸受体α的亲和力,从而反映该抗体的功能;采用ELISA法测定其抗原结合力;SDS-PAGE和SEC-HPLC测定其纯度;紫外分光光度法测定其蛋白含量;毛细管等电聚焦电泳法测定等电点;其他各项指标检测按《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求进行。结果人源化叶酸受体α单抗成品的平均相对百分效价为105%,RSD为6.0%。单抗成品及参考品与叶酸受体的结合力均存在量效关系,且符合四参数方程式:Y=(A-D)/[1+(X/C)B]+D,其曲线相关系数在0.98以上,成品经3次测定,相对抗原结合力平均值为97%,RSD为25%。还原SDS-PAGE分析显示,单抗成品的IgG重链和轻链百分比为98.2%;非还原SDS-PAGE分析显示,完整IgG百分比为96.7%;SEC-HPLC分析显示,单抗成品单体为99.1%,聚合体为0.9%。其他各项指标均符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求。结论已初步建立了人源化叶酸受体α抗体的质控方法,为该制品的质量控制奠定了基础。     

Facile purification and characterization of recombinant human antithrombin III from transgenic goat milk

BACKGROUND: Antithrombin III (AT III) is a serine protease inhibitor that inhibits thrombin and the activated forms of factors X, VII, IX, XI and XII. Transgenic expression of therapeutic proteins in animal systems has gradually matured from laboratory scale to industrial practice, demanding efficient and scalable purification processes. The purification and characterization of recombinant human antithrombin III (rhAT III) from transgenic goat milk are described here. RESULTS: The rhAT III was purified by isoelectric precipitation, heparin affinity chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography, resulting in a 90.6% yield and > 99% purity. The goat β‐casein secretion peptide introduced to the rhAT III was cut off using enterokinase and removed by size exclusion chromatography using a Superdex 75 column. The primary structure, disulfide linkages, glycosylation sites, secondary structure and tertiary structure of the rhAT III were measured and found to be the same as those of the plasma‐derived AT III (phAT III). CONCLUSION: A facile process is introduced for the purification of rhAT III from transgenic goat milk. The rhAT III with high purity was achieved after an initial isoelectric precipitation step in which most of the bulk protein impurities are removed, followed by affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. The rhAT III was demonstrated to have the same structure as phAT III. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Targeting G Protein‐Coupled Receptors by Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study with Sertindole

Unbiased chemoproteomic profiling of small‐molecule interactions with endogenous proteins is important for drug discovery. For meaningful results, all protein classes have to be tractable, including G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are hardly tractable by affinity pulldown from lysates. We report a capture compound (CC)‐based strategy to target and identify GPCRs directly from living cells. We synthesized CCs with sertindole attached to the CC scaffold in different orientations to target the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) heterologously expressed in HEK 293 cells. The structure–activity relationship of sertindole for DRD2 binding was reflected in the activities of the sertindole CCs in radioligand displacement, cell‐based assays, and capture compound mass spectrometry (CCMS). The activity pattern was rationalized by molecular modelling. The most‐active CC showed activities very similar to that of unmodified sertindole. A concentration of DRD2 in living cells well below 100 fmol used as an experimental input was sufficient for unambiguous identification of captured DRD2 by mass spectrometry. Our new CCMS workflow broadens the arsenal of chemoproteomic technologies to close a critical gap for the comprehensive characterization of drug–protein interactions.     

An Attenuated Targeted-TNF Localizes to Tumors In Vivo and Regains Activity at the Site of Disease

Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines) are gaining importance for cancer therapy, but those products are often limited by systemic toxicity related to the activity of the cytokine payload in circulation and in secondary lymphoid organs. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is used as a pro-inflammatory payload to trigger haemorrhagic necrosis and boost anti-cancer immunity at the tumor site. Here we describe a depotentiated version of TNF (carrying the single point mutation I97A), which displayed reduced binding affinity to its cognate receptor tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1) and lower biocidal activity. The fusion of the TNF(I97A) mutant to the L19 antibody promoted restoration of anti-tumor activity upon accumulation on the cognate antigen, the alternatively spliced EDB domain of fibronectin. In vivo administration of high doses (375 μg/Kg) of the fusion protein showed a potent anti-tumor effect without apparent toxicity compared with the wild type protein. L19-TNF^I97A holds promise for the targeted delivery of TNF activity to neoplastic lesions, helping spare normal tissues.     

PEG-proteins: Reaction engineering and separation issues

Poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated (or PEGylated) proteins are an increasingly important class of therapeutic proteins that offer improved in vivo circulation half lives over their corresponding native forms. Their production involves covalent attachment of one or more poly(ethylene glycol) molecules to a native protein, followed by purification. Because of the extremely high costs involved in producing native therapeutic proteins it is important that subsequent PEGylation processes are as efficient as possible. In this paper, reaction engineering and purification issues for PEGylated proteins are reviewed. Paramount considerations for PEGylation reactions are specificity with respect to the conjugation site and overall yield. Batch PEGylation reaction methods are discussed, along with innovative methods using packed bed or “on-column” approaches to improve specificity and yield. Purification methods are currently dominated by ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Other methods in common use for protein separations, including hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography and membrane separations, are rarely used in PEGylated protein purification schemes. A better understanding of the effects of PEGylation on the physicochemical properties of proteins (isoelectric point, surface charge density and distribution, molecular size and relative hydrophobicity) and interactions between PEGylated proteins and surfaces is needed for the future development of optimal purification processes and media.     

The Cell Surface Receptor CD44: NMR‐Based Characterization of Putative Ligands

The cell surface receptor CD44 is a glycoprotein belonging to the hyaluronan‐binding proteins, termed hyaladherins. CD44 is expressed in a wide variety of isoforms in many cells and, in particular, is present on the surface of malignant cells where it is involved in the onset and progression of cancer. In a first attempt to identify novel CD44‐binding agents, we first characterized, with NMR spectroscopic techniques, several agents that were reported to bind to human CD44 (hCD44). To our surprise, however, none of these putative CD44‐binding agents, including a peptide that is in phase 2 clinical trials (A6 peptide) and a recently reported fragment hit, were found to interact significantly with recombinant hCD44(21–178). Nonetheless, we further report that a fragment‐screening campaign, with solution NMR spectroscopy as the detection method, identified a viable fragment hit that bound in a potentially functional pocket on the surface of CD44, opposite to the hyaluronic acid binding site. We hypothesize that this pocket could be indirectly associated with the cellular and in vivo activity of the A6 peptide, which would provide a novel framework for the possible development of therapeutically viable CD44 antagonists.     

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Based Overexpression Screening and Characterization of AgrC,a Receptor Protein of Quorum Sensing in Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus AgrC is an important component of the agr quorum-sensing system. AgrC is a membrane-embedded histidine kinase that is thought to act as a sensor for the recognition of environmental signals and the transduction of signals into the cytoplasm. However, the difficulty of expressing and purifying functional membrane proteins has drastically hindered in-depth understanding of the molecular structures and physiological functions of these proteins. Here, we describe the high-yield expression and purification of AgrC, and analyze its kinase activity. A C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion to AgrC served as a reporter for monitoring protein expression levels in real time. Protein expression levels were analyzed by the microscopic assessment of the whole-cell fluorescence. The expressed AgrC-GFP protein with a C-terminal His-tagged was purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) at yields of ≥10 mg/L, following optimization. We also assessed the effects of different detergents on membrane solubilization and AgrC kinase activity, and polyoxyethylene-(23)-lauryl-ether (Brij-35) was identified as the most suitable detergent. Furthermore, the secondary structural stability of purified AgrC was analyzed using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. This study may serve as a general guide for improving the yields of other membrane protein preparations and selecting the appropriate detergent to stabilize membrane proteins for biophysical and biochemical analyses.