Design and experimental research on a self-magnetic pinch diode under MV

A self-magnetic pinch diode(SMPD) integrating an anode foil-reinforced electron beam pinch focus and a small high-dose x-ray spot output was designed and optimized. An x-ray focal spot measuring system was developed in accordance with the principle of pinhole imaging. The designed SMPD and the corresponding measuring system were tested under ~MV, with 1.75?×?2 mm~2 oval x-ray spots(AWE defined) and forward directed dose 1.6 rad at 1 m. Results confirmed that the anode foil can significantly strengthen the electron beam pinch focus, and the focal spot measuring system can collect clear focal spot images. This finding indicated that the principle and method are feasible.     

电子能量损失谱仪用中高能电子枪的研制

研制了一台电子能量损失谱仪用的中高能电子枪。其产生的电子与原子、分子发生碰撞,通过谱仪收集、分析散射电子的动量和能量,可以获得靶的电子结构和碰撞动力学信息。该电子枪结构简单,由热阴极、栅极、阳极、聚焦极和偏转板组成;电子能量可调范围大(1-3 keV),操作简单。为了获得最优的束流条件,利用SIMION电子光学软件模拟了电子发射源大小和初始发散角对靶点处的束斑大小和束流发散角的影响。在电子能量为1.5 keV条件下,实验检验给出在离电子枪出口27 mm处可获得束径约为0.95 mm、束流发散角约0.93°和束流强度6.27mA的电子束,满足电子能量损失谱仪的使用要求。     

小型静态CT用多焦点X射线源电子束偏转系统研究

第5代全静态电子束CT（EBCT）能在被检测物体、射线源和探测器均处于静止状态下完成CT扫描成像。这种EBCT成像方式既可应用于粉体材料、生物活体样品等易形变物体的CT检测，又可应用于物流包裹、在役管线等的快速CT检测。高精度的电子束偏转系统是静态CT成像多焦点射线源的关键技术之一。本文基于麦克斯韦电磁场相互作用理论，探讨了电子束在均匀磁场、小偏转角、近轴区域内的散焦、畸变及灵敏度特性，研究了影响电子束扫描系统焦点位置重复精度的物理参数及电子束在靶平面上的扫描偏转量与偏转线圈电流的线性关系。并设计、加工制作了一种小型高精度多焦点X射线的电子束偏转扫描系统，实验采用直径0.1 mm标准针规电子束扫描DR投影图像序列，验证了电子束偏转系统有良好的偏转线性，偏转量正比于O点的磁场强度，而与电子束的位置等初始条件无关。实验通过电子束偏转系统控制电子束偏转扫描，获得了熔断式保险管（Ø100 μm）的250个 X 射线视角投影，完成了第5代全静态三维CT重建图像。     

Ultra fast electron beam X-ray computed tomography for two-phase flow measurement

Electron beam X-ray CT is a new technique for a fast measurement of multiphase flows with frame rates of 1000 images per second and more. It gives, in principle, quantitatively accurate images of the flow at high spatial resolution and it is non-intrusive since moderately radiation absorbing vessel walls can be penetrated by X-rays. However, on the road to a technical realisation of such a technique within a computed tomography system many problems have to be solved. As a first prototype for scientific flow measurement studies, we devised and built a fast scanned electron beam X-ray tomography scanner. The scanner consists of an electron beam unit that can be operated at up to 150 kV acceleration voltage and up to 65 mA electron beam current, with the required electron optics for beam adjustment, beam focusing and beam deflection unit and a fast circular CZT detector comprising 240 elements of 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm active pixel area. X-ray radiation is produced on a circular water cooled tungsten target. The CT system achieves up to 7000 frames per second with a spatial resolution of 1 mm. First two-phase flow experiments have been carried out on gas-water flows in bubble columns. Further, a vertical test section made of titanium alloy has been installed at the TOPFLOW facility and will be used in future to study the evolution of two-phase gas-water pipe flow at high pressures and temperatures.     

双阳极电子枪测量系统研制与实验

为测量双阳极电子枪的输出束流品质,设计了一套完善的测量系统。使用该测量系统对双阳极电子枪进行测量。实验结果表明,增加中间电极可提高电子枪输出束流流强并改善横向聚焦。     

大束流场发射阴极X射线管的阳极设计

采用蒙特卡罗软件和有限元分析软件分析了固定阳极X射线管中电子轰击阳极靶的能量沉积和热量传输过程,固定阳极由铜棒和钨片组成。研究了在不同形状、尺寸和占空比的电子束脉冲轰击下,阳极靶面不同厚度的钨片和相邻铜棒的温度上升过程。结果表明,钨片厚度存在最优值,但最优值与具体使用条件相关;在脉冲成像方式下,固定阳极靶能承受更强束流强度的轰击。因此,采用固定阳极靶方案,研制140 kV高压、10 mA以上电流、直径1 mm以下有效焦点的场发射阴极X射线管是可行的。     

The Use of an Electron Microchannel as a Self-Extracting and Focusing Plasma Cathode Electron Gun

A new and simple type of electron gun is presented.Unlike conventional electron guns,which require a heated filament or extractor,accelerator and focusing electrodes,this gun uses the collimated electron microchannels of an inertial electrostatic confinement(IEC) discharge to achieve the same outcome.A cylindrical cathode is placed coaxially within a cylindrical anode to create the discharge.Collimated beams of electrons and fast neutrals emerge along the axis of the cylindrical cathode.This geometry isolates one of the microchannels that emerge in a negatively biased IEC grid.The internal operating pressure range of the gun is 35-190 m Torr.A small aperture separates the gun from the main vacuum chamber in order to achieve a pressure differential.The chamber was operated at pressures of 4-12 m Torr.The measured current produced by the gun was 0.1-3 m A(0.2-14 m A corrected measurement) for discharge currents of 1-45 m A and discharge voltages of 0.5-12 k V.The collimated electron beam emerges from the aperture into the vacuum chamber.The performance of the gun is unaffected by the pressure differential between the vacuum chamber and the gun.This allows the aperture to be removed and the chamber pressure to be equal to the gun pressure if required.     

Modeling and Simulation of Deflected Anode Erosion in Vacuum Arcs

In vacuum switch devices, the connection bus bar out of the vacuum interrupter will generate a transverse magnetic field in the arc column region, and under the influence of this magnetic field, the whole arc column will deflect from the electrode center, thus leading to deflected anode erosion. In this paper, a two-dimensional deflected anode erosion model is established, anode erosions under different deflection distance are simulated and analyzed, and results of anode surface temperature, anode melting and surface evaporation flux are obtained. The simulation results show that the deflected heat flux density will lead to deflected distribution of anode temperature, saturated vapor pressure and vapor flux correspondingly, and the morphology of the anode melting pool has also the same deflection. Moreover, the anode center temperature and its gradient along the y direction decrease with the increase of deflection distance. On the contrary, the temperature of the anode side surface, toward which the heat flux density deflects, increases with increasing deflection distance. Related experiments also verify the correctness of the model and simulation results.     

Development of a new X-ray source using backscattered X-ray with the use of a cold cathode

The development of an intense X-ray source using backscattered X-ray produced using an advanced electrode configuration is described. The electrodes were composed of field emitters deposited on a wire mounted on a perforated plate as the cathode and a copper plate as the anode. Electrons from these emitters collided with the copper plate and X-ray was generated at collision points. The backscattered X-ray in the direction normal to the electron trajectory through a hole in the anode escaped from the vacuum chamber through a beryllium window. Continuous and characteristic X-rays were detected at an applied voltage lower than that of a conventional X-ray source from 3.0 to 9.4 kV, respectively. Moreover, the X-ray dosage measured with a survey meter reached 0.95 mSv/h at 5.0 kV of applied voltage. The transmission images of three types of material used as an X-ray source for the X-ray imaging system indicate three advantages; low power consumption, focal point controllable by adjusting applied voltage, and photographable motion picture of X-ray transmission.     

磁偏转电子枪研制核靶

文章叙述了磁偏转电子枪的原理和结构以及用ＥＱＤ－３型电子枪研制各种核靶的工艺过程。     

On neutron phase contrast imaging

Improving the spatial resolution conditions in a neutron imaging experiment enables the detection of phase-based contrast in addition to attenuation contrast. Addressing not only the amplitude but also the phase of radiation in an imaging experiment allows for obtaining additional information about the sample. The so-called neutron phase contrast method improves imaging results mainly by edge enhancement which increases the visibility of sub-resolution structures and of low attenuation contrast materials. These effects have been found at high intensity synchrotron X-ray sources before and have been applied to neutron imaging recently. However, the excellent coherence conditions and spatial resolution of imaging instruments at state-of-the-art synchrotron sources can hardly be compared to neutron imaging. Nevertheless, edge enhancement has been found for increased resolution (coherence) conditions in neutron experiments as well. As for X-ray instruments the effects have been explained by diffraction, although typical interference fringes have never been recorded. In contrast this article will explain the effects measured with neutron radiation by refraction and total reflection. Both of these do not require high spatial coherence. Therefore improved resolution and not increased coherence will be considered as precondition to obtain the reported signals and to understand the results. Considerations concerning relaxed collimation requirements for improved detector resolutions will be presented as a consequence.     

在电子驻波直线加速器上获得小束斑电子束

近年来高效率探测器阵列数字辐射照相技术已经用于无损探伤实时在线图象处理检测。厚在则重的关键部位的微小缺陷，需要用加速器产生的高能电子束作为焦点打靶产生Ｘ射线进行无损探伤检测。     

The micro-imaging station of the TopoTomo beamline at the ANKA synchrotron light source

The TopoTomo bending magnet beamline at the ANKA synchrotron facility in Karlsruhe (Germany) operates in the hard X-ray regime (above 6 keV). Recently, an X-ray micro-imaging station has been installed at TopoTomo. For typical imaging applications, a filtered white beam or from 2009 on a double-multilayer monochromator is used. In order to optimize the field of view and the resolution of the available indirect pixel detectors, different optical systems have been installed, adapted, respectively, to a large field of view (macroscope) and to high spatial resolution (microscope). They can be combined with different camera systems, ranging from 14-bit dynamic range CCDs to fast CMOS cameras. The spatial resolution can be brought substantially beyond the micrometer limit by using a Bragg magnifier. Due to the moderate flux of the beamline compared to insertion-device beamlines on third generation light sources, special emphasis has been put on the efficiency of the detectors via a dedicated scintillator concept. The layout of the beamline optics makes optimal use of the coherence properties. Thus, absorption contrast, phase-contrast and analyzer-based imaging can be applied. Additionally, white beam synchrotron topography is performed, using digital indirect X-ray pixel detectors as well as X-ray film.     

Tomography of nuclear fuel experiments with an electronic line scan camera

A line scan camera has been developed, which may be applied for tomography in the non-destructive examination of nuclear fuel experiments. The camera has been tested with different radiation sources like 400 kV X-ray tubes, an 18 mV betatron and a thermal neutron beam. The camera uses silicon photo-diode-arrays with an integrated shielding suppressing most of the radiation coming from elsewhere than from the source. Tomograms of preirradiated fuel pins were generated showing the fuel debris distribution after an over-power test. Various phantoms have been tomographed, which demonstrate the feasibility of imaging cross sections of fuel bundles nondestructively. The system is able to measure density distributions in a 0.3 mm thick cross section with about 0.3 mm spatial resolution. The camera itself is small and the control computer of standard industry type. Thus the tomography system is transportable and may be integrated in existing nondestructive facilities.     

Design of Electron Gun for 1.5 MW, 140 GHz Gyrotron

This paper presents the design of the triode type electron gun for a 140 GHz, 1.5 MW gyrotron with the transverse to the axial velocity ratio of the beam 1.4 and the transverse velocity spread 1.28%. The operating mode of the gyrotron is TE_24,8 and it is operated in the fundamental harmonic. The analytic trade-off equations for the electron gun design have been used to estimate the initial gun parameters. The electron trajectory tracing program has been used to optimize the electron gun design. The parametric dependences of modulating anode voltage, beam voltage and cathode magnetic field on the beam quality has also been studied.     

数字化线阵CCD扫描X射线成像系统

介绍了一种数字化线阵CCD扫描X射线成像系统的原理性样机,其主要特点是用窄束X射线成像,从系统结构上抑制了散射对成像的影响,在满足图像质量的情况下降低了成像所需的X射线剂量.介绍了系统设计的理论基础,讨论了系统的软、硬件组成,并测量了系统的成像性能.     

高能电子成像研究进展

本文通过蒙特卡罗程序EGS模拟研究了电子束与靶的相互作用，对成像束流光学进行了设计，并对束流匹配对空间分辨的影响、超快分束技术和产生横向均匀束技术等进行了模拟研究。实验验证了高能电子成像能达到μm量级的空间分辨，并可实现厚度、密度分辨及明-暗场成像等特点。同时给出了后续实验及研究计划，希望进一步提高高能电子成像性能并拓宽其应用领域。     

120 cm cyclotron

The basic data on a cyclotron with a pole-piece diameter of 120 cm are given. The arrangement of the principal parts of the system, the design features of the individual units, the radio frequency (rf) installation, the method of measuring and correcting the magnetic field, the features of the deflection system, and the method of focusing the beam on a remote target are all described. Deuterons are accelerated to an energy of 13.7 Mev in this machine. The use of a deflection system with focusing properties makes it possible to use magnetic quadruple lenses with small apertures which bring practically the entire deflected beam to a remote target. The parameters of the machine are such, that it will be possible to increase significantly theenergyof the accelerated ions in the future.The authors wish to thank E. G. Komar for valuable advice, F. K. Arkhangel'skii for great help in tests of the first cyclotron and D. G. Alkhazov for discussion of a number of problems connected with the design of the cyclotron.     

High energy X-ray computed tomography for industrial applications

A high energy X-ray computed tomography (CT) system with an electron linear accelerator was developed to image cross-sections of large-scale and high-density materials. An electron linear accelerator is used as the X-ray source. The maximum X-ray energy is 12 MeV, and the average energy is around 4 MeV. The intensity of the X-ray fan beam passing through the test object is measured by a 15-channel detector array. CWO (CdWO₄) scintillators and photodiodes are used as the X-ray detectors. The crosstalk noise due to scattering of X-ray photons by adjacent detectors is reduced to less than 1.6% by installing tungsten shields between the scintillators. Extra channels are used to compensate for base line shift of the circuits. These techniques allowed attainment of a dynamic range of more than 85 dB and a noise level comparable to the signal amplitude of X-rays transmitted in a 420-mm thick iron block. A spatial resolution of 0.8 mm was confirmed with an iron test piece 200 mm in diameter     

RESIDUAL GAS IONIZATION BEAM PROFILE MONITOR ON 40MeV H~－ BEAM TRANSPORT LINE

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