高海拔对煤粉燃烧特性的影响研究

为掌握高海拔低气压环境下煤粉燃烧特性,指导高海拔地区大型燃煤锅炉设计,在试验台上模拟高海拔低气压环境,利用一维火焰炉、着火炉研究了煤粉在不同海拔高度下的着火、燃烬及NO_x排放特性。结果显示随着海拔的升高,煤粉的着火温度升高,燃烬性能有一定下降,而NO_x生成量变化不大。与低海拔地区类似,试验煤样煤粉变粗会使着火温度升高,但对燃烬率影响较小,氧含量对燃烬率和NO_x影响较大。综合考虑,高海拔地区锅炉设计应采用较细的煤粉细度、适当提高燃烬空间。     

基于燃烧特性研究的回转窑混煤配比优化

本文利用数值模拟热重分析(TGA)-差示扫描量热分析(DSC)联合方法,研究了中材湘潭水泥有限责任公司水泥回转窑燃煤中不同烟煤掺混量下混煤的燃烧特性.结果表明:燃烧全无烟煤时燃烬率约为67.6％,燃烧效率低下.随着烟煤掺混量增大,混煤活性提高,着火温度降低;回转窑内高温区变短,黑火头缩短;烟煤的比例增至80％时,混煤燃烬率大幅度提高,此后再增大烟煤比例,燃烬率并无明显变化;混煤燃烧烈度Ⅰ降低,燃烧趋于平缓,无爆燃现象出现;平均放热强度Z增大,煤粉燃烧效率提高.综合分析燃烧烈度Ⅰ、平均放热强度Z、燃烧特性指数S对燃烧特性和水泥煅烧的影响,确定混煤中烟煤与无烟煤的比例为4∶1最优.     

CFB锅炉煤着火特性试验研究

将5种不同试验煤样的热重分析实验结果和在1MWth循环流化床燃烧试验台上试验得到的着火特性参数进行比较,得到不同煤种的着火温度,并分析各煤种燃烧的难易程度。同时分析了煤的着火温度与其挥发分的关系。研究结果可用于指导大型CFB电站锅炉及燃烧装置的设计和运行。     

用于燃烧的富氧工艺

利用热天平研究了煤在不同的氧气浓度条件下的燃烧行为,利用中空纤维膜组件进行了氧气富集试验,研究了操作工况对富氧空气通量和氧气浓度的影响。结果表明随着氧气浓度的增加,煤的着火温度及燃烬温度提前,燃烧速度增大,富氧空气的体积分数为30%左右较为合适。用于燃烧的富氧工艺的温度为20 ℃,压力为0.9 MPa,回收率应控制在90%左右。     

几种金属化合物对劣质无烟煤燃烧特性的影响

针对水泥生产特点,选择BaCO3,Fe2O3,CaO3和CaO为催化剂,采用热重法对煤粉中掺入催化剂的燃烧特性进行了实验研究,讨论了不同催化剂和催化剂含量对煤粉燃烧特性的影响,实验结果表明,以添加剂质量计,BaCO3的添加量为1%时,催化效果最为明显,试样的着火温度相比原煤降低了22℃,燃烬温度提前了27℃;Fe2O3的添加量为10%时,催化效果最佳,试样的着火温度比原煤降低了17℃,燃烬温度提前了32℃;CaO3和CaO对煤粉燃烧性能的改善作用不显著,且随着添加量的增加,试样的燃烬性变差.     

煤拔头半焦燃烧特性

利用喷动载流床模拟煤拔头工艺,在550, 650, 750和850℃温度下对大同烟煤进行热解得到拔头半焦,采用非等温热分析方法对原煤及拔头半焦的燃烧特性进行了研究. 由热分析实验数据归纳提出了表征煤和半焦着火、燃烧及燃烬性能的无量纲综合燃烧指数Z. Z值越大,煤样综合燃烧性能越佳. 结果显示,大同烟煤在2℃/min升温速率下Z值为0.41;4个热解温度(由低到高)下所得拔头半焦的Z值分别为0.39, 0.35, 0.31, 0.21,且拔头半焦的燃烧性能均低于原煤,但高于阳泉无烟煤,且随热解温度升高Z值降低,燃烧反应性降低. Z值与着火温度及表观燃烧活化能表现出的反应性一致.     

助燃剂对3种煤样燃烧特性及动力学影响分析

采用热重分析法,研究2种烟煤(YM1、YM2)和1种褐煤(HM)添加助燃剂前后的燃烧特性及动力学,用KAS法求取3种煤样添加助燃剂前后的燃烧活化能,并考察升温速率对添加助燃剂的中灰烟煤YM2燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,3种煤样燃烧的TG和DTG曲线形状类似,YM1的着火温度和燃尽温度最高,HM的着火温度和燃尽温度最低。添加质量分数10%的助燃剂后,各煤样的着火温度、燃尽温度降低,综合燃烧特性指数增大;添加助燃剂后,升温速率对YM2燃烧特性影响较大;添加助燃剂后,YM1、YM2和HM燃烧的平均活化能分别降低6.54 kJ/mol、4.55 kJ/mol和4.19 kJ/mol。     

碳酸盐对高灰分煤粉燃烧的动力学研究

采用非等温热重分析技术对比研究了Na2CO3，BaCO3和CaCO3对高灰分煤粉（灰分〉44％）燃烧反应动力学参数的影响。非等温热重分析以20℃／min的升温速率从室温升到1000℃，动力学参数采用Coats—Redfern方程进行计算．结果表明：与空白煤样对比，掺有碳酸盐的煤样着火温度均有不同程度的降低，而煤样的最大燃烧速率增大且燃烧最大速率出现的温度前移；当煤粉样品中分别掺有3％的Na2CO3，BaCO3和CaCO3时，煤粉燃烧的活化能比纯煤粉分别降低了15．63％，12．39％和14.23％，且指前因子与活化能之间存在着线形关系，其关系为In（А）=0．2783E-12．882。     

双锥燃烧室燃用半焦的试验研究

为实现半焦在煤粉工业锅炉中的高效燃烧利用,根据半焦燃烧特性分析和CFD(计算流体动力学)数值模拟结果,提出针对高效煤粉工业锅炉常规双锥燃烧室的燃用半焦技术改造措施,分别采用常规和半焦燃烧室进行半焦粉燃烧试验。结果表明:半焦相比神府煤着火温度高、燃烬温度高,燃烧特性指数值均偏低;与常规燃烧室相比,半焦在半焦燃烧室燃烧时,着火更迅速,预热时间和伴燃时间均缩短1 min。起始着火位置前移,空气过量系数范围拓宽,炉膛轴向最高温度下降、温度分布更均匀,残炭率由57.54%降低为6.89%,实现了半焦在高效煤粉工业锅炉中的高效稳定燃烧。     

煤粉工业锅炉燃烧兰炭试验研究

为提高兰炭在煤粉工业锅炉上的燃烧效率,以陕西煤业化工集团生产的兰炭为原料,进行煤粉工业锅炉燃烧试验,分析了兰炭着火、稳燃、燃烬情况;针对兰炭燃烧过程中存在的问题提出解决方案。结果表明:高效煤粉工业锅炉双锥燃烧器的独特结构和浓相燃烧的方式,为兰炭的着火和稳燃提供了良好条件。在过量空气系数1.2,一、二、三次风比例分别为0.11、0.47、0.42,预热时间3 min,伴燃时间4 min的条件下,实现了兰炭粉的着火和自维持稳定燃烧,燃烧期间后部温度保持在550℃,炉膛中部温度大于800℃。针对兰炭燃烧存在燃烧器内燃点靠后、着火区域温度低和兰炭燃烧不完全等问题,提出可通过调整燃烧室的结构和尺寸,使燃烧器蓄热能力增强,延长煤粉预热时间,产生更多高温回流烟气,使兰炭在燃烧器中快速着火并稳定传播到炉膛,降低兰炭灰残炭率,提高燃烧效率。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。