用于受控热核聚变的兆瓦级同轴腔回旋振荡器的注-波互作用分析

相对于高阶工作模式的单腔回旋管,同轴腔回旋管具有缓解模式竞争,提高单模工作的稳定性,以及增大功率容量的优点,宜用于受控热核聚变中的电子回旋共振加热和电子回旋电流驱动而受关注.详细地研究了工作频率为170 GHz,TE_(34,11),模同轴腔回旋管的结构参数、电子束参数及腔壁损耗对注-波互作用的影响.首先对170 GHz兆瓦级功率模式选择进行分析,给出了工作模式.再次,基于时域自洽非线性理论,编写了时域单模稳态注-波互作用程序,分析了电流、磁场强度和腔壁欧姆损耗对互作用的影响,并对工作参数进行了优化.模拟结果表明:当电子束电流为68 A,工作电压为65 kV,引导磁场强度为6.58 T时,可获得2.18 MW的输出功率,49.23%的效率,外腔壁上的欧姆损耗密度峰值为1.94 kW/cm~2,内导体表面的小于0.15 W/cm~2;互作用效率随速度零散增大而降低,输出频率向下偏移;电子注厚度对互作用也有相似的影响.     

A W-band Third Harmonic Gyrotron with an Iris Cavity

The design and experimental results of a W-band gyrotron operating at the third cyclotron harmonic are presented. The gyrotron is designed to operate at the TE₆₁ mode, which is significantly distinct from competing modes. An iris cavity is employed for the purpose of trapping the third harmonic mode more effectively and lowering its start current. In the experiment, the gyrotron is drived by a triode magnetron injection gun (MIG) which can produce a 45 kV, 3 A electron beam. When maximum axial magnetic field is 1.22 T, a single mode third harmonic gyrotron radiation is observed with the frequency of 94.86 GHz. The maximum output power is 5.5 kW, corresponding to an efficiency of 4%. Another third harmonic mode TE₀₂ is also detected at 88.8 GHz, with maximum output power of 1.5 kW.     

Experimental investigation of a 140 GHz gyrotron-backward wave oscillator

We report the experimental operation of a voltage tunable gyrotron backward wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) in the frequency range near 140 GHz. Voltage tunability is an important feature of the gyro-BWO for application as a fast tuning source for driving high power free electron lasers or cyclotron autoresonance maser amplifiers. The gyro-BWO operated in an overmoded cylindrical waveguide structure in the TE_1,2 mode. The electron beam source was a Pierce-wiggler gun producing an 80 kV, 6.2 A beam. Frequency tuning with voltage between 134 and 147 GHz was achieved in the TE_1,2 mode with constant magnetic field. However, this tuning was found to be discontinuous. Output powers of up to 2 kW and 2% efficiency were found, significantly below theoretical predictions for a cold beam. The theoretical beam velocity spread was modeled by a 3D beam transport code. The code results show that space charge forces, coupled with the wiggler-induced helical motion and the short cyclotron wavelength of the beam, produce large increases in velocity spread in the magnetic compression region. A beam with smaller velocity spread would be needed to make the gyro-BWO operate at the desired efficiency.     

Influence of Reflections on Frequency Tunability and Mode Competition in the Second-Harmonic THz Gyrotron

Effect of delayed reflection on operation of a second-harmonic terahertz (THz)-band gyrotron is studied. Theoretical analyses, numerical calculations, and experimental observations for the 0.394-THz Fukui University (FU) and continuous wave (CW) IIB gyrotron are presented. The reflections decrease starting current and expand frequency tunability range owing to excitation of high-order axial modes. They also increase frequency stability, i.e., reduce frequency change due to variation of the magnetic field. In addition, the reflections strongly affect mode competition causing suppress of the second-harmonic mode by the fundamental one and vice versa or, in the case of cooperative mode interaction, mutual power increase.     

Gyrotron travelling wave amplifier: II. Effects of velocity spread and wall resistivity

The small signal gain and bandwidth of the gyrotron travelling-wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) operating at the fundamental cyclotron harmonic are examined. The analytical and numerical studies focus on the effects of velocity spread in the electron beam and of a distributed wall resistivity in the waveguide. It is found that wall resistivity reduces the forward gain of the amplifier only by an amount approximately equal to 1/3 of the corresponding cold tube loss. Significant increase in bandwidth may result, under certain conditions, from the presence of wall resistivity. A moderate amount (5–10%) of velocity spread does not reduce the peak gain significantly in general, but may reduce the bandwidth by an amount depending on the applied magnetic field. Based on considerations of such factors as power, stability, gain, bandwidth, and efficiency, operating parameters for the gyro-TWA are suggested.     

W波段三次谐波回旋振荡管的模拟与设计

研究了影响毫米波谐波回旋管互作用效率的多个因素,通过采用三次谐波工作,94 GHz回旋管的工作磁场降低到了1.185 T,使采用永磁体取代超导磁体成为可能.利用自洽非线性计算和粒子模拟研究了回旋振荡管的注-波互作用过程,发现了腔体品质因数与互作用效率的内在联系,研究了工作电压和电子注横纵速率比对耦合强度的影响,考虑了磁场渐变及电子注速度离散对互作用效率的影响,通过选择合理的工作模式和系统参数,当工作电压为40 kV、工作电流为12 A、电子注横向速度离散为3%时获得了95 kW的输出功率及19.7%的效率.当采用单级降压收集极后,效率可以进一步提高到39.2%.     

Temporal Dynamics of Mode Interaction in Submillimeter-Wave Second-Harmonic Gyrotron

Competition of the operating modes at the second cyclotron harmonic with spurious modes at fundamental is studied numerically for the cases of gyrotron and traveling opposite spurious modes in the gyrotron FU II. This competition limits significantly the output power at the second harmonic. The results are in good agreement with experiments.     

Integrated Design of Undepressed Collector for Low Power Gyrotron

A 42 GHz, 200 kW continuous wave (CW) gyrotron, operating at TE₀₃ mode is under development for the electron cyclotron resonance plasma heating of the Indian TOKAMAK system. The gyrotron is made up of an undepressed collector. The undepressed collector is simple to design and cost effective. In this paper, a detailed design study of the undepressed collector for the 42 GHz gyrotron is presented. The EGUN code is used to analyze the spent electron beam trajectory for the maximum spread to reduce the power loading on the collector surface. To achieve wall loading ≤1 kW/cm², a collector with a length of 800 mm and a radius of 42.5 mm is designed. The design also includes the three magnet systems around the collector for maximum and uniform beam spread. The thermal and the structural analyses are done using the ANSYS code to optimize the collector structure and dimensions with tolerance.     

Theory and Numerical Simulation of a TE/sub 111/ Gyroresonant Accelerator

The production of spiral relativistic electron beams in a TE/sub 111/ gyroresonant accelerator cavity for injection into a compact high-harmonic gyrotron is studied. Parametric studies are performed to determine the effects of variations in the background magnetic field amplitude, the RF amplitude in the cavity, and the initial beam voltage on the output beam.The effects of velocity spread and a finite radial extent of the input beam are also discussed. Power curves for obtaining optimum operating regimes for the TE /sub111/ accelerator are provided.     

Design of a Large Orbit Gyrotron with a Permanent Magnet System

The paper presents results of numerical analysis and outlines the computer-aided design of a novel high-harmonic gyrotron with a beam of electrons gyrating along axis-encircling trajectories. The electron beam is formed by a novel electron-optical system (EOS) based on an electron gun of diode type with thermionic cathode and gradual reversal of the magnetic field. The results of numerical simulations predict satisfactory performance of the EOS and appropriate beam quality parameters. The tube design allows one to install different cavities optimized for excitation of TE_4,1 mode at the fourth harmonic of the cyclotron frequency or TE_3,1 mode at the third one. The target parameters of the device are: frequency about 112 GHz; output power near 1 kW and efficiency of several percent.     

Mode competition using TE03 gyrotron cavities

The gyrotron is a powerful source of millimetre wave radiation. Fusion applications require more power per tube than is currently available This in turn means that the resonator must be highly overmoded, with a dense mode spectrum, which leads to mode competition. The influence of external parameters, such as the applied magnetic field, electron beam, and resonator geometry, on mode competition in tubes designed to operate at 150 and 140 GHz in the TE⁰³ mode is investigated theoretically and experimentally. It can be shown that even when the mode spectrum is fairly dense, single mode operation of a gyrotron is possible. The influence of startup conditions on output power is investigated in the 150 GHz experiment. In some cases, modes with an axial index of 2 were excited.     

Mode competition,suppression, and efficiency enhancement in overmoded gyrotron oscillators

Gyrotron oscillators are of great interest as sources of high power mm wave radiation for electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive in magnetic fusion research devices. Gyrotrons capable of efficiently generating cw power ? 1 megawatt will be required in future magnetic fusion studies. However, as gyrotron power approaches the megawatt level, a very large, overmoded cavity must be employed in order to keep ohmic power losses in the cavity at an acceptable level, and the problem of mode overpopulation becomes severe. Also, it becomes increasingly important to optimize gyrotron efficiency for a number of important reasons including minimizing the problem of collecting the electron beam energy. In the present paper, a detailed experimental and theoretical study of mode competition and mode locking in an overmoded gyrotron is presented. Efficiency enhancement (to 60%) and high peak power (430 kW) were achieved in the TE_2,4,1 mode using magnetostatic profiling in the cavity. With selective mode suppression, peak power of 475 kW was generated in the TE_0,4,1 mode.     

频率可调太赫兹回旋振荡管互作用电路的设计与研究

根据动态核极化核磁共振成像技术对回旋振荡管的要求,设计了130 GHz 回旋振荡管的注波互作用电路,基于线性理论对互作用电路进行了研究并选择了合适的工作点,分析了电路的频率调节特性。利用相对论电子回旋脉塞非线性理论对互作用系统进行了模拟和计算,优化了工作参数,计算了磁场及电子注参数对输出功率及效率的影响。最后,用粒子模拟方法进行了模拟并与非线性理论结果进行了比较,两者符合得很好。模拟结果显示,当电压为10 kV、电流为0.3 A、磁场强度由2.34 T 增加到2.41 T 时,输出功率由1310 W 减小到230 W,对应的效率分别为43.6%和7.7%,振荡管的频率可调范围约为2.7 GHz。     

Power Enhancement of a Small-Orbit Coaxial Cyclotron Autoresonance Maser (CARM) by Employing an External Radial Electrostatic Field

A proposal is presented to enhance the saturation power of a small-orbit coaxial cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) by employing an external electrostatic voltage. Nonlinear simulations show possible increase of 22% of the saturation power with high gain of 67 dB for a transverse electric mode at frequency of 140 GHz. Influences of initial parameters on the saturation power are simulated. It is found that due to the use of an external electrostatic field, saturation power of the wave is sensitive to the ratio of the transverse velocity to the axial velocity, as well as to the spread of the transverse velocity. The physical mechanism of the power enhancement may be that the radial force produced by the radial electrostatic field superposes an extra motion on the electron beam and thus causes an extra energy coupling between the electron beam and the radial electric component of the wave.     

Characteristics and Optimum Operating Parameters of a Gyrotron Traveling Wave Amplifier

Characteristics and optimum operating parameters are determined for a new type of high-power high-efficiency generator of millimeter waves known as a gyrotron traveling wave amplifier. In the example consided, wave amplification results from the interaction of a TE/sub 01/ waveguide mode with the fundamental cyclotron harmonic of an electron beam. The parameter optimization involves the determination of the point of maximum device efficiency as a function of beam density, beam energy, beam positioning, and external magnetic field for the output power required. An analytical linear theory and a numerical simulation code form the basis of theoretical calculations. As a result of the extensive survey in parameter space, the peak efficiency in the beam frame has been found to exceed 70 percent. This result has been applied to the specific design of a 35-GHz amplifier with output power ~340 kW, a power gain of 2 dB/cm, and a laboratory frame efficiency of 51 percent.     

Analysis of the gyrotron amplifier for azimuthally varying TE modes

An analysis of azimuthally varying TE modes shows that the linear gain of the gyrotron amplifier is maximum for the fundamental TE mode operating at the fundamental cyclotron harmonic. In general, highest power at reduced magnetic fields will be achieved when the azimuthal mode number is the same as the cyclotron harmonic number.     

A linear theory and design study for a gyrotron backward-wave oscillator†

A linear theory for a gyrotron backward-wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) is developed. The theory solves a reduced one-dimensional Maxwell-Vlasov equation in the form of a linear integro-differential equation using the Laplace transformation. The relative amplitudes among the waveguide modes and beam modes are completely determined and enable one to calculate gyro-BWO start-oscillation conditions. Using this analysis and including velocity spread effects, a design of a millimetre-wave gyro-BWO has been carried out based on the operating parameters of an existing electron gun. Tunability over a range of 86 GHz to 103 GHz is predicted with output power estimated to be ～ 1 kW.     

LARGE-SIGNAL SIMULATIONS OF A GYROTRON TRAVELING-WAVE AMPLIFIER WITH A MODE-SELECTIVE INTERACTION CIRCUIT

A self-consistent nonlinear theory is used to analyze the saturated performances of a Ka-band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) operating at the fundamental with a mode-selective interaction circuit involving a tapered vane-slot mode converter. The amplifier is predicted to generate 140 kW saturated output power with 33.3% efficiency, a saturated gain of 33dB, and a 3dB bandwidth of 2.7 GHz (8%) for a 70 kV, 6A electron beam with a velocity ratio of 1.0 and an axial velocity spread of 5%.     

System Development and Performance Testing of a W-Band Gyrotron

A high-power W-band gyrotron has been designed and performance tested in Korea, with an output power in the range of tens of kilowatts. The gyrotron consists of a diode-type electron gun operating at 40 kV, a TE6,2 mode interaction cavity, and a mode converter for producing a highly Gaussian output mode beam. Presented here are the detailed component design procedure and the experimental results of the gyrotron’s performance evaluation. A maximum power of 62 kW was achieved with an efficiency of 22 %, and a highly Gaussian output beam was observed. The gyrotron’s output beam is analyzed, and its transmission through an oversized waveguide is discussed. This gyrotron is the first gyrotron developed in Korea with high power greater than 10 kW and high frequency greater than 90 GHz.     

Cyclotron autoresonance masers— recent experiments and prospects

The cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) is considered as a possible source of millimetre and submillimetre coherent radiation with large average power. At present the most acute problems of CARM creation are the formation of a curvilinear relativistic electron beam with a small spread of velocities and mode discrimination. Two kinds of electron-optical systems can be used: a magnetron-injection gun (gyrotron type) and a quasi-Pierce gun with undulator (kicker). Undesirable gyrotron modes in CARM can be suppressed by choosing a proper operating regime. The main schemes of electron-optical and electrodynamic systems were verified in preliminary experiments with CARM. In short pulse operation a power of 30-50 MW was obtained at wavelengths of 4-4 mm and 6 mm with an efficiency 8-10%. Calculations show that CARM with average power 1-10MW at 1-2 mm is realizable.