微孔节流器静压气体止推轴承性能分析*

传统固有孔节流静压气体止推轴承研究的理论基础均建立在节流孔直径远大于气膜间隙的前提下,为了探究与气膜间隙同一数量级的微孔节流器静压气体止推轴承的静态性能,建立微孔节流静压气体止推轴承模型,通过CFD软件进行三维仿真,分析不同气膜间隙、孔径、供气压力对轴承静态特性的影响,并与环面节流器静压气体止推轴承进行对比。结果表明:无论是微孔节流器还是环面节流器,在节流孔出口处均有压降出现,但微孔节流器相对于环面节流器在节流孔出口边缘处速度和压力变化较为平缓;随着气膜间隙的增大轴承承载力减小,随着微孔节流器孔径减小轴承刚度增大,相同孔径下供气压力越大轴承承载力和刚度越大。     

环形节流静压止推气体轴承承载力和刚度分析

为提高大型重载静压气体止推轴承承载力和刚度,应用FLUENT15. 0对直径150 mm的双排孔节流静压气体止推轴承进行模拟,分析供气压力和轴承间隙对止推轴承压力分布以及刚度和承载力的影响,对比分析轴承间隙内的压力变化和流动情况,并通过与文献实验值进行对比,验证了该方法的准确性。结果表明:随着供气压力的增大,轴承上相同位置处的气膜压力增大,刚度和承载力呈线性增加;随着轴承间隙的增加,气体流速出现了从亚音速向超音速的跨越,轴承间隙内气膜压力骤减,轴承的刚度先增大后减小,承载力一直减小,因此,应合理选择轴承间隙,以维持较高的承载力和轴承刚度,且同时避免超音速区域的出现。     

环形多孔气体静压止推轴承静态性能研究

为提升气体静压止推轴承的静态性能,设计一种新型环形多孔气体静压止推轴承。依据气体润滑原理、采用有限体积法对环形多孔气体静压止推轴承的三维物理模型进行数值模拟,研究节流器上节流孔数量、直径、分布方式和供气压力对气体静压止推轴承静态性能的影响。结果表明：节流孔数量对环形气体静压止推轴承的承载力影响显著,但孔数增加到一定程度后承载力增速放缓;节流孔直径对承载刚度影响较大,随着节流孔直径逐渐减小最佳刚度逐渐增大;节流孔排布方式和供气压力对气体静压止推轴承的静态性能均有明显影响。     

超声速流下多供气空圆盘静压止推气体轴承性能分析

应用Fluent软件对多供气节流小孔盘静压止推气体轴承进行三维流场的模拟计算,分析供气小孔数、气膜间隙和供气压力对圆盘静压止推气体轴承性能的影响,并和Reynolds方程解的结果进行比较,分析气膜内发生超音速流和不发生超音速时气膜内的压力分布和马赫数情况.结果表明,应用Fluent数值模拟可以很方便地处理节流小孔进入到气膜内区域的复杂流场流动;增加供气孔数、减小气膜间隙和降低供气压力能够避免多供气孔静压止推气体轴承气膜内发生超音速.     

机床主轴静压气体止推轴承静态特性随参数变化规律研究

超精密机床主轴一般采用静压气体轴承支承。文章应用大型商业计算流体软件Fluent,并结合MATLAB神经网络拟合工具箱,训练拟合出不同参数与轴承承载力及入流质量流量的映射关系函数,基于此,研究了不同参数对单节流孔圆形静压气体止推轴承静态特性影响的规律。首先,将计算的压力分布与文献中的实验数据进行对比,来验证计算模型与边界的正确性;然后,采用MATLAB神经网络拟合工具箱,训练拟合出轴承半径、节流孔孔径、气膜厚度和外界供气压力与轴承承载力及入流质量流量的映射关系函数;最后,研究了静压气体止推轴承外部供气结构对轴承压力分布的影响;气膜厚度、节流孔直径和供气压力对轴承承载力及入流质量流量的影响。结果表明：外部供气结构对轴承压力没有明显的影响;气膜厚度减少、孔径和外界供气压力的增大会增大轴承的承载力;气膜厚度、孔径和外界供气压力的增大都会增大入流质量流量。     

多孔集成节流器空气静压轴承承载性能计算与分析

为进一步提升空气静压轴承的承载性能,提出一种具有多孔集成节流器的空气静压轴承。在极坐标系下推导空气静压轴承的控制方程并运用有限差分法进行数值离散,运用超松弛数值迭代方法对空气静压轴承的气膜压力和承载力进行数值求解。结果表明:空气静压轴承气膜内的压力分布随着轴承间隙的增大而减小,空气静压轴承承载力随着轴承间隙的减小逐渐增大;随着多孔集成节流器的节流孔数量的增加其最大承载力逐渐增大,但当节流孔数量增大到一定程度后,最大承载力增加不明显;在节流孔边缘外处会产生气旋现象,气旋和气体流速随着轴承间隙的减小而减小。     

气体静压节流器变形量的流固耦合数值分析

由于气体在气膜内部压力和温度的不均匀分布,将导致气体静压节流器的工作平面变形,在高精密和超高精密场合,这种变形不容忽略。采用ANSYS的单向流固耦合分析方法,研究了止推型气体静压节流器在不同供气压力、供气温度、气膜厚度、节流孔直径和节流孔长度下工作平面变形量的大小。研究结果表明:随着气膜厚度、供气压力和节流孔直径的增加,变形量增大;随着供气温度的降低,变形量增大;节流孔长度对变形量影响不大;在5个因素中供气温度是影响最大的因素。     

不同孔式节流器对圆盘止推气体轴承静特性的影响

采用保角变换有限元方法计算采用相同供气孔径的不同孔式节流器对静压圆盘止推气体轴承静特性(包括承载力特性、静刚度特性及流量特性)的影响。对承载力和流量特性的分析结果与Kazim ierski的研究结果一致,即:采用相同供气孔径的简单孔式和环形孔式节流器止推轴承,在其他几何参数和工作参数相同的条件下,前者的承载力系数高于后者,但后者的单位载荷气体消耗率要小于前者。对静刚度特性的分析结果表明,同尺寸供气孔径的简单孔式节流器与环形孔式节流器止推轴承,在其他几何参数和工作参数相同的条件下,可以实现的最大静刚度相当,但前者最大静刚度点对应的气膜高度大于后者,因此采用简单孔式节流器时,止推轴承的设计工作点对应的气膜高度可以大一些,这意味着可在一定程度上降低对轴承制造精度的要求。     

螺旋槽狭缝节流动静压气体止推轴承静态特性

为优化动静压气体止推轴承的承载特性,设计一种具有螺旋槽和狭缝节流器结构的动静压气体止推轴承,采用Fluent对轴承静态特性进行仿真分析,通过改变主轴转速、供气压力,研究气膜厚度、螺旋槽宽度、狭缝厚度等参数对轴承静态特性的影响。结果表明:相对狭缝节流止推轴承,增加螺旋槽结构可以提升轴承的动压效应增强,从而提升轴承的承载力和刚度;相同条件下,气膜厚度越大,轴承的承载力和刚度越小;主轴转速和供气压力增加,承载力和刚度均提升明显;螺旋槽宽度增加,轴承的承载力和刚度先增大后减小;狭缝厚度增大,轴承的承载力先增大后不变,刚度先增加后减小;狭缝深度提升,轴承的承载力减小,刚度先增大后减小。     

真空预载型多孔质气体止推轴承静态特性研究

为了提高孔质静压气体轴承的刚度,将负压腔引入多孔质静压气体止推轴承的设计中,运用有限元方法对真空预载型多孔质静压气体止推轴承进行数值分析,分析负压腔真空度、负压腔面积比S_a/S(负压腔横截面积与轴承横截面积比值)、多孔材料渗透率、供气压力等因素对轴承静态特性的影响。分析结果显示:负压腔中真空度的变化对轴承的刚度几乎没有影响;真空度的增大,改变了气膜的压力分布造成轴承承载能力在一定程度上的下降;在气膜间隙5～12μm之间,真空腔的引入使气膜刚度明显增加;当S_a/S≠0,气膜间隙8～10μm时,S_a/S值的变化对轴承承载能力的影响较刚度更大;在一定承载能力下,轴承刚度随负压腔面积比增大而增大,而气膜厚度随之逐渐减小。试制真空吸附型多孔质静压气体止推轴承,并对其承载能力、刚度进行试验,实验值和理论值有较好的一致性。     

Active inherent restrictor for air-bearing spindles

An active control method for aerostatic bearings is proposed in this paper. The proposed method employs an active inherent restrictor AIR, (which was invented by the authors) to control pneumatic pressure on the bearing surface. The AIR consists of a piezoelectric actuator with a through hole, one end of which is small enough to function as an orifice when the actuator is embedded in the bearing to be controlled. Nine AIRS are incorporated into the aerostatic radial and thrust bearings of an air bearing spindle. According to the radial and/or thrust displacements of the spindle detected by sensors, a microcomputer changes the length of the piezoelectric actuators for controlling the orifice area of the AIRs and for compensating the displacements. Thus, the stiffness and the rotational accuracy in both radial and thrust directions can be improved without the occurrence of pneumatic hammer. Instead of ordinary passive inherent restrictors, the AIR can be incorporated into most conventional aerostatic bearings. An example of retrofit of the AIR to a commercially available air bearing spindle is also shown.     

Static tilt characteristics of aerostatic rectangular double-pad thrust bearings with compound restrictors

Aerostatic rectangular thrust bearings with compound restrictors have often been used in ultra-precision machine tools and precision measuring equipment because high bearing stiffness is easily achieved. Compound restrictors combine a feed-hole restrictor with a groove compensation restrictor. This paper investigates, theoretically and experimentally, the static tilt characteristics of aerostatic rectangular double-pad thrust bearings with compound restrictors, when coupled loads or offset loads are applied. Furthermore, the usefulness of aerostatic thrust bearings with compound restrictors is clarified by comparison with the characteristics of conventional aerostatic thrust bearing with feedhole restrictors.     

Influences of the geometrical parameters of aerostatic thrust bearing with pocketed orifice -type restrictor on its performance

This paper describes the study on the performance of aerostatic thrust bearing with pocketed orifice -type restrictor. Firstly, the performance of the bearings with different geometrical parameters was simulated and some experiments were made to verify the simulations. Then, the rational dimension of this kind of bearing is obtained by analyzing the influences of the bearing's geometrical parameters on its load carrying capacity (LCC), stiffness, mass flow rate (MFR) and the maximum gas velocity (MGV). Therefore, the design and optimization of the bearing is simplified, and further analysis shows that ignoring the influences of orifice length on the bearing's performance will result in large errors, when orifice diameter is small enough.     

可变节流高度气浮支承结构设计及静态性能分析

为研究节流高度的变化对气浮支承性能的影响,设计一种可变节流高度的气浮支承。建立气浮支承CFD模型,分析节流口直径、节流高度、均压腔深度和供气压力的变化对气浮支承静态性能的影响。研究结果表明:气浮支承的承载能力随节流口直径、节流高度、均压腔深度和供气压力增大而增大;节流高度、均压腔深度、供气压力的增大能提高气浮支承刚度,而节流口直径的增大会导致刚度的降低;气浮支承的体积流量随节流口直径、节流高度、均压腔深度和供气压力增大而增大。     

Experimental and CFD study on the mass flow-rate characteristic of gas through orifice-type restrictor in aerostatic bearings

This paper describes the experimental and CFD study on the mass flow-rate characteristic through an orifice-type restrictor in aerostatic bearings. In the conventional design of gas-lubricated aerostatic bearings, the mass flow-rate of gas through an orifice-type restrictor is generally derived from a well-known mathematical model, which is originally developed to describe the mass flow-rate property through an ideal nozzle. It is reasonable to doubt if there is any difference between the property of mass flow-rate through an orifice and that through a nozzle. In this paper, therefore, a series of simulations and experiments are carried out and the results show that the mass flow-rate characteristic through an orifice is different from that through a nozzle. Consequently, the conventional model to determine the mass flow-rate through an orifice-type restrictor in aerostatic bearings may have to be updated to the proposed new model for more precise design and modelling of the gas-lubricated aerostatic bearings.     

基于匀压和阻尼的空气静压轴承静态特性研究*

针对常规空气静压轴承设计时存在的承载能力、刚度与气动锤之间的矛盾,提出一种基于虚拟均压和被动阻尼设计方法。采用该方法设计一种含环布均压槽和阵列阻尼孔的矩形平面空气静压止推轴承,并研究其静态特性。研究结果表明：与常规空气静压轴承结构相比,设计的空气静压止推轴承在供气压力0.5 MPa下的最高承载力提高了43.4%,最高刚度提高了51.3%;减小阻尼孔数量、减小节流孔径、提高供气压力和增设均压槽可获得最佳刚度特性;增加阻尼孔数量、减小节流孔径、提高供气压力和增设均压槽可获得最佳静态特性和动态稳定特性的综合性能。     

气浮主轴轴向闭式支承系统静特性数值分析

求解气体润滑问题的最大难点在于如何获得雷诺方程的精确解。为了提高气浮主轴轴向支承系统的设计精度,在建立小孔节流气体静压止推轴承润滑数学模型的基础上,运用有限元方法对雷诺方程进行离散化。基于MATLAB7.0工具平台,采用超松弛迭代法,开发求解气体静压止推轴承压力方程与静特性的数值仿真软件。以某气浮主轴轴向闭式支承系统静特性参数设计为例,通过数值仿真,获得单侧止推轴承润滑气膜的压力分布,及不同节流孔直径与不同供气压力下的静特性性能;以刚度最大为优化目标,确定该气浮主轴止推轴承的结构参数与操作参数,并由此获得闭式支承系统的静特性。