聊城市地下水质量时空演变特征分析

为对聊城市地下水水质现状进行评价并分析其时空分布演变特征,选取 2018—2022 年地下水井监测数据,借助ArcGIS 处理软件,利用单指标评价法、综合水质标识指数法分别进行分析,结果表明：1） 单指标评价地下水质级别以Ⅳ类、Ⅴ 类为主,总硬度、锰、溶解性总固体(TDS)、钠、氯化物、硫酸盐、氟化物超Ⅲ类水贡献率是反映地下水质量状况的主要指标;2） 综合水质标识指数显示地下水质级别以Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类为主,Ⅴ 类占比较小,评价结果优于单指标评价法;3） 聊城市西部、西南部地下水质量较北部、东北部好,且整体地下水质状况呈现积极向好的变化趋势。     

柳江流域岩溶地下水质量与污染评价

为了解气候变化和人类活动对柳江流域岩溶地下水质量的影响,本文利用在该流域岩溶地下水污染调查时所取得的数据,分别采用单因子评价法和单因子污染标准指数法对其进行了地下水质量和污染评价。评价结果表明:柳江流域岩溶地下水可直接饮用(Ⅱ～Ⅲ类水)的占82. 12%,经适当处理可以饮用(Ⅳ类水)和不能直接饮用(Ⅴ类水)的分别占9. 27%和8. 61%,流域整体上处于轻度污染,局部地区污染较重。     

辛集市地下水环境质量评价与分析

根据2007年的监测资料,对辛集市525km2研究范围内的地下水,采用单因子法和综合法进行了水质评价.评价结果表明:研究区深层地下水均符合地下水质量Ⅲ类标准,浅层地下水有50%属于超Ⅲ类(Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类)水质.主要污染物有总硬度、溶解性总固体、SO2-4、Mn2 、Cl-、F-等.综合污染程度评价表明,辛集市研究区内浅层地下水已受到较普遍的污染.     

定靖中部地区地下水质量与分布特征分析

以2013年在陕北定靖中部地区采集的62组地下水水样的全分析测试结果为数据基础,分别用单指标评价法、内梅罗指数评价法、层级阶梯评价法和模糊综合评价法对地下水进行质量评价,并对评价结果进行综合加权平均,以期得到更加可靠的质量评价结果,旨在为该地区地下水资源的合理开发利用与保护提供依据。评价结果显示,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水所占比例分别为3.23%、11.29%、9.68%、24.19%、51.61%,约75%的地下水不适合直接饮用;该区地下水质量较差。水质整体分布规律为:东北部沙漠—平原地区水质较好,西南部黄土丘陵地区水质差;在局部,油气井开采较密集和芦河周围地区水质较差,说明原生环境和人类活动是造成该区地下水质量差的两个主要原因。     

新疆和田河流域绿洲区地下水质量演化特征

以新疆和田河流域绿洲区1980、2014和2017年地下水化学检测数据为基础,运用单指标评价法进行地下水质量评价及关键指标识别,并分析该区域地下水质量在时间与空间上的演化特征.结果表明:和田河流域绿洲区潜水质量总体较差,1980年浅层地下水有Ⅱ类水存在,Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水共占总水样的61.8％;2014年Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水共占91...     

山东北部沿海区地下水质量评价及其成因分析——以潍坊市昌邑市卜庄镇为例

山东北部沿海区受自然和人为因素影响,水污染日益严重,区域地下水的质量评价和成因分析对区域经济发展具有重要意义。以潍坊昌邑市卜庄镇为对象,对山东北部沿海区地下水质量进行单因子评价和综合质量评价。单因子评价表明:当地4个村庄地下水为Ⅳ类,其它村庄均为Ⅴ类,TDS,F~-,Cl~-,NO~-_3,Na~+指标超过Ⅲ类地下水标准,分别是标准值的0.66～2.72,0.53～9.23,0.32～4.42,0～1.25,0.57～3.76倍。综合质量评价结果表明:地下水F值为4.41～7.44,地下水质量等级为较差-差,其中,11个村庄地下水等级为差,3个村庄地下水等级为较差。当地地下水中NO~-_3主要是受人类活动和农业活动影响,Na~+,Cl~-和TDS超标主要是海水入侵作用,地下水中F~-富集与海水入侵引起的偏碱性环境及Na~+-Ca~(2+)离子交换有关。     

聊城市地下水水质特征及评价方法选择研究

为准确反映聊城市地下水现状,本文以聊城市典型监测点监测数据为依据,运用综合评价法和模糊综合评价法对监测点水质进行评价,并探讨2种水质评价方法的评价效果。结果表明:聊城市浅层地下水和深层地下水水质以Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类水为主,主要超标指标为总硬度和溶解性总固体;各超标指标之间具有一定相关关系;综合评价法评价结果数值偏大,并且缺失Ⅲ类水;模糊综合评价法更适合聊城市地下水水质评价。     

抚顺市区域地下水水质评价及水化学类型分析

依据《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848-2017)对抚顺市2013-2018年平原区浅层地下水水质状况进行评价,以Ⅲ类水作为地下水水质目标,找出主要污染物及超标率。采用"舒卡列夫分类法"分析地下水水化学类型,分析抚顺市监测区域的地下水环境及影响水质和水化学类型的主要因素,为抚顺市地下水合理利用和地下水保护提供依据。     

人类活动对长治盆地浅层地下水的影响分析

文章介绍了长治盆地浅层地下水水位的年内和年际动态特征及多年来的水质变化情况。分析了地下水开采、矿山开采、大型工程、环保工程、农业灌溉、工业和生活垃圾等淋溶液及生活生产废污水对盆地内浅层地下水的水位及水质产生的影响,说明人类活动对盆地浅层地下水的影响是多方面、多层次的,是影响盆地浅层地下水的主要因素之一。     

盐城滨海平原地下水质量现状及健康风险评价

为了查明盐城滨海平原区地下水质量状况,选择具有代表性的267个地下水井,检测了33项化学指标,利用单指标综合评价和影响因素识别相结合的方法研究了本区地下水的质量现状,并同时给出毒理学指标的饮水途径健康风险以供参考。结果表明:一般化学指标对本区地下水质量影响程度最高,原生指标中钠离子、铁、锰、氯化物、溶解性总固体、碘化物,砷化物对超Ⅲ类水单指标贡献率超过20%,污染指标中氨氮贡献率最大,为8%,重金属指标对区域地下水质量影响很小;化学致癌物As、Cd和Cr中,As的健康风险值最大,各含水层所致健康危害风险值数量级在10~(-5)~10~(-3)a~(-1),为研究区首要的环境健康风险管理控制指标;化学非致癌物亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、氟化物中,氟化物的健康风险最大,其数量级在10~(-8)~10~(-6)a~(-1),深层地下水和浅层地下水样品中超过USEPA(1×10~(-4)a~(-1))最大可接受风险的比例分别为82%和88%;重金属指标汞、锰、铜、锌和铅的健康危害风险值均较小,绝大部分都低于10~(-6)a~(-1),其中锰和铅的健康风险值相对较高。开展地下水质量和毒理指标的健康风险评价,可为本区地下水资源的合理开采利用和保护提供参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.