正丁醇/柴油调和燃料的蒸发雾化特性研究

将正丁醇和柴油以一定比例进行调和,测定了燃料的运动黏度、馏程、密度、闭口闪点、十六烷值、热值等蒸发雾化特性,并根据试验数据及三维数值模拟,分析了燃料射流在内燃机燃烧室内的雾化液滴直径、喷雾穿透距离及射流的湍流动能和耗散率,并进行了雾化特性之间的相关性分析。研究结果表明:调和燃料的蒸馏特性中10%馏点出现大幅提前,95%馏点相差不大,密度、低热值与掺混比例呈现线性下降趋势,运动黏度、闭口闪点、十六烷值在掺入少量正丁醇时下降明显,随着掺混比增大下降趋势趋于平缓。雾化特性的雾化液滴直径和湍流动能随掺混比例增加呈现减小趋势,而射流的高速扩展区面积及平均耗散率增大。蒸发雾化特性中运动黏度、密度和50%蒸馏点对燃料的雾化结果影响较大,而雾化结果中的液滴直径受燃料特性的影响较大,闭口闪点、十六烷值、热值对雾化的影响相对较弱。     

着火改进剂对乙醇--柴油燃料排放特性的影响

随着乙醇含量的增加，乙醇柴油混合燃料的含氧量增大，但热值、十六烷值和粘度下降。助溶剂可以提高混合燃料的稳定性，着火改进剂能提高它的十六烷值。在发动机上的研究结果表明：柴油机的排放与负荷、掺醇量、助溶剂及着火改进剂有关。大负荷时，随着混合燃料中乙醇含量的增加，烟度明显改善，NOx排放有所降低，但使用乙醇柴油混合燃料时，未燃乙醇和乙醛排放增加，而且CO和总碳氢(THC)排放高于柴油，但助溶剂与着火改进剂能降低CO和THC排放，THC排放甚至低于柴油。     

乙醇/生物柴油/柴油混合燃料试验研究

对不同掺混比下乙醇/生物柴油/柴油(EBD)混合燃料的理化特性及互溶稳定性进行了试验研究。为了确定不同EBD混合燃料雾化性能的差异,基于电控喷射系统,利用马尔文法、高速摄像法研究了不同掺混比、喷射压力及喷油脉宽对燃油宏观和微观喷雾特性的影响。试验结果表明:在生物柴油/柴油混合燃料中添加乙醇,可显著改善混合燃料的雾化品质;在乙醇/柴油混合燃料中掺入生物柴油,又可显著改善混合燃料的互溶稳定性,能够满足车辆行驶需求。E10B25混合燃料的喷雾特性最佳。     

柴油机燃烧乙醇柴油混合燃料的排放特性研究

将乙醇与柴油混合配制出不同比例的混合燃料,在一台双缸直喷式柴油机上进行排放对比试验,研究了在柴油中添加乙醇及助溶剂能降低柴油机排放废气中所含污染物的机理,并分析了排放污染物随发动机负荷变化的规律.研究结果表明,在柴油中添加体积分数为20%的乙醇,可使柴油机碳烟和CO、HC排放大幅度降低,NO_x排放稍有下降.不添加助溶剂时,乙醇的掺混导致排放尾气中产生乙醇、微量乙醛等有机物,而添加助溶剂可使乙醇、乙醛排放的浓度明显降低.     

燃料理化特性对柴油机低温燃烧过程及排放特性的影响

在一台单缸柴油机上,通过柴油掺混20%的正庚烷、正庚烷与异辛烷混合物以及异辛烷与40%正庚烷(体积分数),研究燃料组分、沸点和十六烷值等理化特性对柴油机传统燃烧和低温燃烧影响机理.结果表明,不同十六烷值燃料在高比例EGR下对滞燃期影响更显著;随掺混燃料十六烷值降低,碳烟排放降低;在20%掺混比下混合燃料沸点、黏度等物理特性和燃料组分等化学特性改变对燃烧和碳烟排放影响较小.与20%正庚烷掺混相比,低沸点、低黏度燃料在更高掺混比(40%)下对碳烟排放的降低作用变得明显.大比例EGR低温燃烧下,THC排放明显升高,其中甲烷占总碳氢比例达60%;NO2对整体NOx排放影响很小.在20%掺混比下,燃料理化特性的改变对THC、不同成分HC、CO和NOx排放影响很小;在40%正庚烷掺混比例下,芳香烃排放降低,NOx及NO2排放较柴油升高.     

大豆生物柴油混合燃料性能试验研究

通过在R4105T柴油机上进行对比试验,分析了0#柴油／生物柴油、乙醇／生物柴油混合燃料以不同比例掺混时对柴油机动力性、经济性及碳烟排放特性的影响。研究结果表明：柴油机使用0#柴油／生物柴油混合燃料时动力性、碳烟排放量均有所下降,油耗率稍有上升;使用乙醇／生物柴油混合燃料时,碳烟排放量低于生物柴油,动力性、经济性随乙醇含量的不同而呈现不同的变化趋势。     

大豆生物柴油混合燃料性能试验研究

通过在R4105T柴油机上进行对比试验,分析了0#柴油/生物柴油、乙醇/生物柴油混合燃料以不同比例掺混时对柴油机动力性、经济性及碳烟排放特性的影响.研究结果表明:柴油机使用0#柴油/生物柴油混合燃料时动力性、碳烟排放量均有所下降,油耗率稍有上升;使用乙醇/生物柴油混合燃料时,碳烟排放量低于生物柴油,动力性、经济性随乙醇含量的不同而呈现不同的变化趋势.     

乙醇/柴油/甲酯混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

对燃料甲酯作为乙醇／柴油混合燃料助溶剂的可行性进行了研究,并对比了柴油机分别使用柴油、乙醇／柴油／甲酯混合燃料、乙醇／甲酯混合燃料和纯甲酯燃料时的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明,燃料甲酯可用作乙醇／柴油的助溶剂。与原机相比,含氧燃料可以大幅度降低柴油机在中高负荷时的烟度,其中E30M70燃料的烟度最小。但当使用含有乙醇的混合燃料时,着火延迟,THC排放增加,且在中高负荷时的压力升高率大,NOx排放较高。     

柴油机燃烧乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的排放特性研究

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上分别燃用柴油、乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料,对不同掺烧比的乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的排放特性进行了对比研究.试验结果表明,随着乙醇掺混比例的增大,燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的排放情况是:烟度排放大幅度降低,中高负荷下CO排放大幅度减少,HC排放量明显增加,Nox排放变化不大.     

乙醇柴油混合燃料发动机的经济性和排放特性的试验研究

在一YC6J170-21车用六缸发动机上进行了添加助溶剂（正丁醇）情况下,无水乙醇与市售0#柴油的混合燃料对柴油机经济性和排放特性影响的研究。试验结果表明：柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料的油耗率比纯柴油高,并且随乙醇比例的增大油耗率增大,但混合燃料的等热值当量油耗率与纯柴油相差不大,混合燃料的有效热效率比纯柴油高。柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料后,NOx和碳烟排放大幅度降低,且随着混合燃料中乙醇比例的增加,下降效果明显。柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料对CO的排放改善不明显,CO排放与原机相当。柴油机燃用乙醇柴油混合燃料后,HC排放比原机增大,且HC排放与混合燃料中乙醇比例及发动机工况有关,乙醇比例越高,HC排放也基本越大。     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料的理化特性研究

对乙醇-柴油燃料直接影响发动机性能和燃料的使用、存储和运输的几种基本物理化学性质进行了研究。通过对不同比例(乙醇含量分别0．2％、0．5％、1％、2％、5％、10Yoo、15％、20％、25％、75％)的混合燃料的密度、粘度、闪点、表面张力、十六烷值、稳定性和磨损性等理化性质的测试和研究，总结出了乙醇含量对混合燃料物性参数的影响规律，归纳出各种参数随温度变化的规律。以密度为特征参数，拟合出混合燃料粘度、表面张力随密度变化的关系，得到了具有较高精度的乙醇一柴油混合燃料的理化特性经验关系式。     

自然吸气直喷压燃式发动机燃用柴油醇的性能和排放

应用助溶剂解决了乙醇和柴油相溶性较差的问题并配制柴油醇燃料,分析了柴油醇的主要理化特性,结果表明,柴油醇的黏度、热值和十六烷值有所下降,但汽化潜热却明显增加。自然吸气直喷压燃式发动机不作任何调整,燃用E10柴油醇,动力性和经济性基本不变,燃用E20柴油醇,动力性下降,小负荷经济性恶化。燃用柴油醇,在中小负荷工况,CO和HC浓度排放增加,NOx浓度排放减少;在大负荷工况,CO浓度排放减少,HC浓度排放变化较小,NOx浓度排放增加,排气烟度降低明显。柴油醇中乙醇含量越多,排放性能变化越大。适当推迟供油提前角对压燃式发动机燃用柴油醇的性能有利。     

Effect of diethyl ether additive in Jatropha biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on the variable compression ratio diesel engine performance and emissions characteristics at different loads and compression ratios

An investigational analysis was performed to assess the effect of diethyl ether (DEE) that acts as an oxygenated additive in Jatropha biodiesel and diesel fuel blends on the performance enhancement and emission reduction of a variable compression ratio (CR) diesel engine. The DEE (10% vol) is added to different concentration levels of Jatropha biodiesel (B5, B10, and B20). The Jatropha biodiesel (JME) is prepared by the transesterification reaction and DEE is prepared through acid distillation of ethanol. The various tests were conducted by varying the loads at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (3, 6, 9, and 12 kg). The DEE was entirely miscible with diesel and Jatropha biodiesel, the addition of DEE increases the cetane and calorific value, kinematic viscosity of the fuel blends compared with neat diesel or Jatropha biodiesel. The results illustrate that at higher loads and CRs, the engine performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency enhances and reduces the brake-specific fuel consumption for DEE-Jatropha biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. Blend A3 (10% DEE + 20% JME + 70% diesel) demonstrated an overall improvement in the engine performance parameters and emission characteristics compared with A1, A2, and diesel fuel blends. It is concluded that the DEE-JME-diesel fuel blend is a promising source of fuel for diesel engine at maximum load.     

Assessment of basic properties and thermal analysis of hybrid biofuel blend

Among the alternative fuels, vegetable oil is seen as a potential source of energy due to its readily available variety of sources and its certain physical properties that are comparable to those of diesel fuels. However, higher contents of triglyceride in vegetable oil contribute to higher viscosity and density that is affecting the inferior engine performance and emissions. The key properties, such as viscosity, density, and calorific value (CV), have a significant effect on fuel atomization, fuel combustion, and exhaust emissions. In this study, refined palm oil (RPO) was blended with a newly introduced novel biofuel, Melaleuca cajuputi oil (MCO), in order to reduce the viscosity and density and enhance blend properties. This blend is analyzed and compared with RPO–diesel and RPO–ethanol blends in terms of viscosity, CV, and density. These hybrid binary biofuel (HBB) blends were prepared on the volumetric basis of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% of MCO, ethanol, and diesel with RPO. The basic fuel properties and the correlation of temperature–viscosity–blend ratio were analyzed. The results showed that the MCO has comparable key properties to those of diesel fuels. The viscosity and density of HBB decrease as the fraction of MCO/ethanol/diesel increases in the blend. The higher the fraction of MCO/diesel in the blend, the higher is the CV observed. Notably, the viscosity of neat RPO and its blends is strongly influenced by temperature variations. The combination of blend technique and preheating had a substantial effect in reducing the viscosity and density of the HBB. Remarkably, the blend of MCO–RPO has the potential to highly considered as a new source of biofuel.     

Remarkable improvement of NOx–PM trade-off in a diesel engine by means of bioethanol and EGR

In order to realize a premixed compression ignition (PCI) engine, the effects of bioethanol–gas oil blends and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM–NO_x trade-off have been investigated focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusion combustion, smoke, NO_x and thermal efficiency. The present experiment was done by increasing the ethanol blend ratio and ethanol and by increasing the EGR ratio in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. It is found that a remarkable improvement in PM–NO_x trade-off can be achieved by promoting the premixing based on the ethanol blend fuel having low evaporation temperature, large latent heat and low cetane number as well, in addition, based on a marked elongation of ignition delay due to the low cetane number fuel and the low oxygen intake charge. As a result, very low levels of NO_x and PM, which satisfies the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of brake thermal efficiency in the PCI engine fuelled with the 50% ethanol blend diesel fuel and the high EGR ratio. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under the highly premixed condition.     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料的应用研究进展

为了有助于开展乙醇-柴油混合燃料在柴油机上的应用研究,本文首先介绍了乙醇的生产原料及其理化特性,分析了乙醇-柴油混合燃料的排放机理,讨论了乙醇-柴油混合燃料的研究进展,指出目前乙醇在柴油机上的混合燃烧主要分为两大类:机内混合与机外混合燃料燃烧。最后重点以清华大学、吉林大学、上海交通大学为例,就各自对乙醇-柴油机外混合燃料燃烧研究的不同“亮点”分别进行论述,指出进一步选择合适的助溶剂以及恰当的着火改进剂等,可使乙醇-柴油混合燃料在柴油机上的应用早日实现。     

A study on the effect of hydrogen enriched intake air on the characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with ethanol blended diesel

This work aims to replace conventional diesel fuel with low and no carbon fuels like ethanol and hydrogen to reduce the harmful emission that causes environmental degradation. Pursuant to this objective, this study investigated the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of the diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode by ethanol-diesel blends with H₂ enriched intake air at different engine loads with a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The results were compared to sole diesel operation with and without H₂ enrichment. The ethanol/diesel was blended in v/v ratios of 5, 10, and 15% and tested in a diesel engine along with a 9 lpm H₂ flow rate at the intake manifold. The results revealed that 10% ethanol with 9 lpm H₂ combination gives the maximum brake thermal efficiency, which is 1% and 4.8% higher than diesel with and without H₂ enrichment, respectively. The brake specific fuel consumption of the diesel-ethanol blends with H₂ flow increased with increasing ethanol ratio in the blend. When the ethanol ratio increased from 5 to 10%, in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were increased, whereas HC, CO, and NO_x emissions were decreased. At maximum load, the CO and HC emission of 10% ethanol blend with 9 lpm H₂ case decreased by about 50% and 28.7% compared to sole diesel. However, NO_x emission of the same blend was 11.4% higher than diesel. From the results, the study concludes that 10% ethanol blended diesel with a 9 lpm H₂ flow rate at the intake port is the best dual-fuel mode combination that gives the best engine characteristics with maximum diesel replacement.     

柴油机燃用柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料滞燃期研究

开展了柴油机燃用柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料滞燃期的研究,并基于发动机试验数据拟合了一个适合柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料滞燃期的预测关系式。研究结果表明,改进后的关系式比已有的滞燃期预测关系式更能准确地预测柴油/二甲氧基甲烷混合燃料着火滞燃期。研究发现混合燃料实际十六烷值随含氧量增加而降低,但降低幅度小于基于燃料质量比例推算出的数值,认为基于燃料质量比例对混合燃料十六烷值推算与实际存在较大差异。     

Analysis of combustion characteristics,engine performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fueled with upgraded waste source fuel

Utilization of the waste products as an alternative fuel could reduce the dependence on fossil fuel. The three types of upgraded waste source fuels discussed in this paper were tire derived fuel (TDF), waste plastic disposal fuel (WPD) and upgraded waste cooking oil (UWCO). The detailed combustion pressure showed that kinematic viscosity and cetane number played an important role in determining the combustion quality. TDF's high kinematic viscosity and low cetane number affected its fuel vaporization process; thus, lengthening its ignition delay. UWCO showed the 14% higher power and 13.8% higher torque compared to diesel fuel (DF). WPD produced the lowest NOx due to its low pressure curve during combustion. TDF had produced the highest exhaust emissions (CO, CO₂, NO and NOx). Particulate matter (PM) emissions by UWCO blends were lower than DF. UWCO's soot concentration was 40% lower than DF and increased to 62.5% from low to high engine speed operation.